Ics 93,020 7 T ASO ROMANIAN STANDARD _ SPAS 1242/9-76 FOUNDATION GROUND ‘Supersedes Geophysical investigation of ground by radio prospecting methods | Previous editions; Teren de fundare - Cercctarca geofizicl a terenului prin metode radiometrice a | Validation dave ‘Terrain de Fondation - Investigation géophysique du Sol par méthodes radiomériques ae 7 i 1976-07-01 1. GENERALITIES 1.1 The present standard refers to prospection and exploration of the ground, on the surface and in the depth, with the geophysical investigations established in STAS 1242/1-73 and 1242/2-74, by radio prospecting methods. The prospection and exploration of the ground are performed: = on the surface, for earth layers with thicknesses < 0.30 m, = inthe depth, upto 20 min drillings with & =45.,.60 mm, 1.2 The investigation by radio prospecting methods is used for the determination of the following physical and ‘mechanical characteristics (defined according to STAS 3950-74) of the foundation ground: = pearth density, = ps density of earth in dry state, | ~ — whumidty, = nporasity = D compaction degree with a view to verify the earth compaction and the execution of the constructions fiom the earth (dems, barrages ete) “The radio prospecting methods are applied to unsaturated earths, = cohesive, such as: clay, dusty clay, sandy clay, dusty-sandy clay, clayey dust, clayey-sandy dust; = semi-cohesive, such as: clayey sand, dusty sand, clayey-dusty sands defined according to STAS 1243-74 1.3 The purpose of the geophysical investigations by radio prospecting methods is to complete the data of the geological-technical and geotechnical studies on cchosive unsaturated earths, necessary to the design and the execution ofthe constructions with a view = to choose the most favourable variant from the point of view of the safety of the constmtion and the economicity of the works, depending on the characteristics and the stability of the ground from the location to be studied: = to-control the execution ofthe works of improvement of the foundation ground (on layers or in the depth); to study the humidity dymamies in the foundation ground in natural conditions oF in ease of losses from the networks of water supply or sewerage In case of special matters concerning the humility dynamics in the foundation ground, the investigations by radio prospecting methods are performed in sealed tubated drillings. 14 Forth pertemance of he avesigons by io prospecting methods the dxgner pt atthe dips of the investigation body the data according to STAS 1242/8-75. | ‘ASOCIATIA DE STANDARDIZARE DIN ROMANIA (ASRO), ‘Adresa postli: str. Mendeleev 21-25, 70188, Sucuregt 1, Draoja Generala: Tel: +40 1211.82.96; Fax: +40 1 210.0833, Diretia Standardiare: Tel. +40 1810.43.08; 1401 310.48.08, Fax +40 1916.58.70, Dicecta Publcai: Sen. VanzBe/Abonamente: Tel ¥40 1 212.7725, 40 1 212.7920, +40 1212.77.23, +40 1912.04.88, Fax: 401 21025.14, 40,1 2127620 @ASRO _ Enite or partial mutisicaton or use ofthis stancar in any kno publications ana by any means (electronical, mectanieay, photocopy, micromedsa ets) is sey foraden wateut a par witien consant of ASAO1.5 ‘The investigation ofthe foundation ground by radio prospecting methods is performed in the following stages: = reconnaissance of the ground and study of the documentary and archive material; = drawing out the program and establishment ofthe investigations volume; = investigation ofthe foundation ground by radio prospecting methods: = elaboration of the synthesis of the radio prospecting investigations. 2, Reconnaissance of the ground and study of the documentary material 21 The reconnaissance of the ground and study of the documentary material are performed according to the Provisions of STAS 1242/ Program and volume of investigations 3.1 The program and the volume of investigations by radio prospecting methods, respectively the establishment of the detail degzoe of the network of points in a given location depends on: + location surface; = earth volume (in situ er from embankments) to investigate; ~ construction type and importance: = execution manner of the foundation ground or embankments compaction improvement works “The more an-uniformly the earth and the lower quality ofthe exeeution, the smaller the network mesh and inversely Having an established network of points, it can be evaluated afterwards the density of the radio prospecting determinations in the depth, or on the surface, 3.2 For the verification of the compaction degree by radio prospecting methods itis necessary to establish the total ‘number of points where the radio prospecting determinations shall be executed and to caiculate the total number of radio prospecting determinations in these points. ‘The density of the determinations, on the surface and in depth, is informatively given, in the Annex 5 of the present standard, depending on the warks type end the locaton surface, 4, INVESTIGATION OF FOUNDATION GROUND BY RADIO PROSPECTING METHODS on is made by the investigation body, according 4.1 ‘The selection of the radio prospecting method of inves to STAS 1242/8-15. 4.2 Tho used radio prospecting methods are: = gamma-gamma method; = neutroa-neutron method 4.3 Principle of the mothods 43.1 The gamma-gamma method is based on the interaction of the gamuna radiations, emitted by a radioactive source (gamma-setive) with the constituent particles of the studied earth and on the recording of the gamma radiations retro-sprayed; the intensity of the recorded gamma radiations is, eventually, inversely proportional tothe carth density. 43.2 The neutron-neutron method is based on the inet-action ofa fast neutrons flux with the hydrogen contained in the water molecules from the studied earth and on the recording of the resulted thermic neutrons; the density of the thermic neutrons is, eventually, proportional to the water content inthe volume wnit. 4.4 Equipment 44.1 For the ground investigation on the surface (sub-clause 1.1) by radio prospecting method itis used the system surface densimeter (Fig. |) - surface humidimeser (Fig 2).7 a STAS TaD 76 ‘The densimeter is based on the gamma-gamma method and the humidimeter on the neutron-neutron method, This system contains: ‘Surface densimeter (Fig.1) made up of = C3 137 gamma radietion source with an activity of 10 m Ci (I: = Detectors type C-7.C-5 (2) = Lead sereens (3); = Blectronies associated (4) to detector and to the retro-sprayed gamma radiations intensity recording apparatus = Hane for the sonree driving (51 3 2. eS fo measure / f eae _Lésmitted gamma rdieions Tig Surface humidimeter (Fig.2) made up of: = Ra-Be fast neutrons source with an activity of 10m Ci Us, = Detectors for thermic neutrons (2); = Lead sereens (3); = paraffin screens (4); Electeoaies associated (5) to detector and to the thermised neutrons flux intensity recording apparatus; = Container (6) for the neutrons source; = Handle for transnart and drivina (7). \/ |(eFast neutrons lux Fig2‘STAS 12429-76 4.4. For the ground investigation in the depth (sub-clause 1.1) by radio prospecting method itis used the system ‘depth densimeter (Fig.3) - dept humidimeter (Fig). ‘This system contains: = Depth densimeter (Fig.3) made up of: Cs 137 gamma radiation source with an activity of 10 m Gi (1s, Detectors type C.T.C.-5 (2): Lead screens (3); Electronics associated (4); Dailling tube (5); Coaxial cable (5), Figs3 STAS 12439-76 = Depth hemidimeter (Fig) made up of: =» Ra-Be fast neutrons source with an activity of 10 m Ci (2); = Detectors for thermie neutrons (2); = Blectronics associated tothe apparatus (3); ‘Access tbe (9: Coaxial cable (5). 5 a 4 bee orn bree 4 3 Weal ' a : | 2 i/ LA ast ont “=H Fig ‘The recording is performed on the surface with an electronic impulses counter or with an integrator, clectrcally coupled tothe sonde through « conductor cable. 4.5 Preliminary works The determination of the mechanical and physical characteristics of the foundation ground by radio prospeoting methods is preceded by preliminary works inthe laboratory and on the job.STAS 124070-76 4.1 The preliminary works in the laboratory consists in the verification of the functioning of the equipment and its calibration forthe types of earths which are about to be studied. “The verification of the functioning is performed secording to the directions from the leaflets of each type ‘of apparatus. ‘The ealieration of each apparatus fora certain type of earth is performed in the laboratory on calibration ‘media made ofthat earth. ‘The dimensions of the calibers are established depending on the investigation and influence range of each type of transducer as well as depending on the transducer sizes ‘The maximum dimensions ofthe calibers arc informatively given in the table. Table ‘Radio prospecting equipment Calibers dimensions, ‘Necessary earth volume, Surface densimeter - humidimeter Tsx0sx0s as system Depth densimeter ~humidiraeter = 10; H=10 0.785 system ‘On basis of the measurements made on models, itis established the calibration curve for the given type of apparatus and earth. ‘The calibration curve established in the laboratory fora certain type of earth is verified on the job forthe same type of earth, This is made by comparing the values obtained by radio prospecting determinations to the values “obtained by classical determinations on samples of that earth; the samples are taken from the same points and ‘depths where the radio prospecting determinations were performed, 43.2 ‘The preliminary works on the job consists in materalizing the profiles of radio prospecting investigations on the indicated location andthe preparation of the work sector. ‘The preparation ofthe work sector consists in the following operations: =the differential excavation for the determination of the foundation ground characteristics by radio prospecting methods onthe surface (by layers); = the execution of the drifing holes (if necessary their lining) forthe determination of the foundation ground ccharacteristies by radio prospecting methods in dept. ‘The execution of the drilling holes is performed manually or mechanically, by a diameter determined by the diameter ofthe sonde from the depth densimeter —humidimeter system ( = 45...60 man). 4.6 Working procedure Depending on the exploration, on the surface or in the depth and implicitly on the equipment, i is established the procedure af work oa the surface, 4.6.1_ Exploration of the ground on the surface ‘The exploration of the ground on the surface is punctually performed: on singular profiles or on profiles Jispesed as uniform as posstale on the surface to investigate (as a rule they are disposed in a net). The density of the points and the works volume are according to sub-clause 3. “To perform these explorations the following operations are necessary: ‘The apparatus putting into function is made by testing its supply according to the directions from the leafiet Apparatus background measurement ‘The apparatus is put on a metallic or wooden support in a horizontal position with the soreened source at distances of about I'm to the Soil and at least 20 m to any other radio-active source emitting gamme radiations. Ia this position the background of the apparatus is measured, namely the reference counting speed, ‘This operation is made atthe beginning and the end of each working day. Im ease the background of the apparatus differ with + 20% of the background value recorded in the previous days, it results that distwbances appeared in the electronics of the apparatus and this is about to be repaired in laboratory conditions. After the repair itis verified the background and, if necessary, itis made its correetion,STAS 12409-76 Execution of the measurements in the established points “The apparatus is putin the work sector (prepared i conformity with sub-clause 4.5.2), the souree is brought in ‘work position, it is measured the counting speed depending on the density or the humidity of the earth and the respective value is recorded in the remarks tag. "The source is brought in a sereened position and the apparatus is rotated with 90° bringing it in the second wok. position. ‘The source is brought in work position, it is measured the counting speed corresponding tothe secand position of the apparatus, recording the respective valuc in the remarks tag. "The source is brought in a screened position and the apparatus is turned off in order to displace it to the next point TP-during the measirements itis ascertained in a point the values ofthe counting speed much different to those recorded ip the previous points, the measurements are repeated both in that point and in the previous two points. In ‘case the repeated values are also much different tothe inital ones the measurements stop and the equipment is sent 1 the laboratory for verification “The above operations are or both types of apparatuses identical 4.62. Exploration ofthe ground in depth ‘The exploration in the depth is performed in the drilling holes having a depth equal to the thickness of the improved foundation ground or to the thickness of the fillings from the compacted embankment plus 0.5m (distance between the source and the counter, by humidimeter) “The exploration in the depth is puncteally performed: by singular profile or by profiles disposed as uniform as possible on the surface to be investigated (as a rule they are disposed in a net). The density ofthe points and the ‘works volume are according to sub-clause 3 ‘To perform these explorations the following operations are necessary: ‘The apparatus putting into function is made according to sub-clause 46.1, Apparatus background measurement ‘The sonde of the apparatus, situated in the container, is put on a support in @ horizontal position at a height ‘of about I m to the soil and itis removed any radio-sctive, emitting nuclear radiations to a distance of atleast 5m. “The sande occupies in the container every time the same position marked on the sonde and container bodies. In this position itis measured the background of the apparatus, namely the reference counting speed. ‘This operation is made atthe beginning and the end of each working day. Incase the background of the apparatus differs with + 20 % it proceeds in conformity with sub-clause 4.6.1. Apparatus background measurement “The sonde of the epparatus is introduced at the first depth, the apparatus is put in work position, it is measured the counting speed depending on the ground density or humidity and the respective value is recorded in the remarks tag, The measurements continue on the entize depth of the drilling hole at intervals equal to 0.2m. "Afier ending the measurements in the same drilling hole the functioning of the apparatus is stopped, the sonde is removed and the respective container is introduced, ‘The above operations are for both types of apparatuses identical, 4.7 The explorations on the surface and in the depth with the densimeter and the humidimeter are successively performed, their assembly being considered one determination, 4.8 During the performance of the explorations by radio prospecting methods and espectally when ‘manipulating the sondes of the depth densimeter and humidimeter there azo respected the provisions of STAS 5942-73 and the meesures of protection of the population against the noxious effects of the ionizing radiations imposed by the Health Ministry 4.9 ‘The data from the job, obtained by radio prospecting methods are recorded in bulletins according to the templates of the annexes { and 2 of the present standard. 4.10. Results expression ‘The values of the counting speed (impulses/100 or impulses/min.) or the indications of the impulse integrator instrument (divisions number) constitute the base to calculate the p, py wy and D mechanieal-physical characteristics ofthe foundation ground, “To their turn, these are submitted ta statistical processing by values groups or by profile intervals (of depth ‘The results obtained axe presented as tables and plates with the variation ofthe respective sizes values variation tocenable an interpretation as conclusive as possible of the data from the job.STATS 4.10.1 _p, pa wand n characteristics calculation ‘The passing from the counting speed values (expressed in impulses/100 s oF impulses/min.) or from the integrator indications values (number of scale divisions) to p and w values is made with the calibration curves specific to each type of apparatus and type of studied earth, ‘The passing trom the p and w, values to and w values is made by calculation, withthe (1) and (2) relations wen" a % @ where ° ‘earth density, in g/cm’; pe density of earth in dry state, in g/m’; w earth humidity in % of mass w, earth humidity in % of volume; Pope Water density in glem’ “The caleulation ofthe n charactrisics is performed withthe alignment chart n= (2 »). 4.102 Calculation of D characteristic The D compaction degree of the foundation ground for civil and industil constructions or of the embankments i calculated with the relation 3): pe % 8 ‘ where pe density of eat in dy sate, in fen? density of earth in dry state cbtaned in lbratory on the Protor eure (STAS 1913/13-73) Pam ‘or according to STAS 1913/14-73, in cm’. The quality of the compaction is verified comparing the obtained values with those indicated in STAS 9850-74, ‘The values of p. paw, m and D characteristics obtained by calculation sub-clause 4.10.1 and 4.10.2 for each surface point or for each depth are centralized in a table (according tothe template of annex 3) 4.103 Statistical processing ofthe data om the job The py density of earth in dry state reflects the quality of the earths compaction (in case there is & homogeneity of the earths from the pit and normal conditions of execution) and the p, values can be statistically processed. ‘On basis of the py values obtained in all the points from the studied location and by all the depths in each poi, here are caeulate > statistical dstribution on values groups “1.3.19 gles = satisical distribution ofp values by depth intervals ‘An example of statistical processing of p, values is presented in the snex 4 For the locations the foundation ground of which was compacted by earth ile there are drawn vp elon diagrams according to the legal provisions in force For this purpose there are calcalated the medium py by horizons of 0.25 m thickness and the medium quadratic deviation ofthe a values compared tothe mein Medi Value. 5 INVESTIGATIONS SYNTHESIS 5.1. The results obtained from the foundation ground investigation by radio prospecting methods are synthesized ina specialty study which is annexed to the geological and geological-technical study. 5.2 The specialty study is drawn up according tothe provisions of STAS 1242/8-75. 5.3 The annexes of the study consist in: + tables with value of p, py, w.n characteristies; = graphics with the variation of the respective values, for the compacted ground, compared withthe natural undisturbed ground; ~ graphic with cialon diagrams of the radio prospecting probings, which contsins = vatlation ofthe Pa Vales with the dept; ‘= variation ofthe possible deviation limits ofthe py win Values with the depth; =_ sections with p, variation along the studied profiles,73 STAS 12425-76 | 5.4 The specialty study, by interpretation of results obtained in the ground investigation by radio prospecting methods whieh, correlated with notes made cn the job during the execution, shall highlight | 1. quality of the foundation ground compaction in depth and on the surface in comparison with the Values imposed by the design and in comparison with the natural uncisturbed ground; statistical percentage distribution of ps values by depth intervals and by areas. 2. the compaction degree achieved in the given execution conditions «4 its integration in the limits Imposed by STAS 9850-74; 3. weal consolidated areas in the compacted earth massive or aloag the verified ayers, In case of investigations by radio prospecting methods, performed in polygons or on experimental tracks, the resuls interpretation shall lead to the indication of the efficient technology of compaction works execution, ANNEX 1 NUCLEAR UNIT RECORDING TAG ~ pearth density Order... Site Profile no... Drilling no... Depth. ay Counting speed (visions, Visine F ‘Remarks = fypulsl00s,impulce/min) | counting speod 1 Z Date Operator Counter Verifierio STAS 1240-76 ANNEX 2 NUCLEAR UNIT RECORDING TAG = wy humidity, in % of volume - Order Site, Profile no, Drilling no. Dept, Counting speed (vino, Weim Remarks inpuse/l00s,impulse/min) | counting § % 1 z Dae Operator Counter Verifier ANNEX 3 NUCLEAR UNIT CENTRALIZER OF RADIO PROSPECTING DETERMINATIONS, Orde. sense Profile no Drilling no. Depth, ‘OndernimberoF a D the profile or % co depth nm Dae Operator Counter Verifier(Pe et9} 199 © qm peos oq oF ove oer UH 1 780) ewoo © siya usny sonyen exp He ALON woREUEA, wil apm pale |e fad wile | om | vm} o |e ail «| | er] 0 [oe yo See [owe ree fe [tear aaloer aan -ones- ona oe ano sino l ean ov ev 2v ore 9 au nr ST¥ aan daa NO NoLIMaTISI ZORINGDONE SHIH PA _ ue vowaaa7 el : fos Lo» rs A ———fas Lox a ToL fo on o g Sie —for| ae on} +E C7 a e Bi e@ eee 3 i Fg la a z a a cgi x 7 sarod civnus owtiogasoud 010 beh ae eee ah HL dO ANY 1 NI NOLLYDS Hata Notsae Ce PAA Oe aa fT oh oh ont > XANNV dNOXO SINION TENE 9TETCT OLS BEL NINOUPSRUSIC THOUSELYLS SENTVA PO NouwravA Po2 STAS 1249-76 ANNEX 5 Density of radia prospecting determinations on the surface (on layers) Tors ope Tasaton sirtace Profle nanwor mash amber oF (es (x) terminations perm Enh ahion 3x10 ors ibankmen's 5x10 0.06 Platforms Jo0...109000 10x 10 0.05 “Ear dans and barages 0x20 201s Density of radio prospecting determinations in the depth Works ope Location] Profilenetwok | Nomberot | Compact’ | __Nomber of surface mesh, poinigon | ondepth | determinations per ©) (msm) Es (n) ft Tonpacton wih Geheny Rammer oes 020 or) Compaction with earth piles $x 10 oot 016 100..2000, iox10 os | 2.20 0.80 10x25 08, oan 10x50 ot oa1e Bavages arth dams 200...1000 | $1250 0.008 | 2.10 0x2 Embanlanents Dxso ou ‘oe Platforms 2000...10000 | 50x50 00s | 2.10 0032 ‘Tracks 50350 0.008 0.0016 soon 100_| 0.002, 0.0008 ‘The total number of points where the radio prospecting determinations are performed results from the :multiplication ofthe location surface of the objective, the foundation ground of which is about to be verified, with the density corresponding to the adopted profiles network. In the case of radio prospecting determinations in the depth, the total number of determinations result from the multiplication of the location surface with the compaction depth and with the density corresponding to the adopted profiles necwork, knowing that in the depth there are executed 4 determinations/meter In the case of radio prospecting determinations on the surface (on layers) the total number of points is ‘equivalent to the total number of determinations on each layer. This last number is to be multiplied with the number of layers to verify Tlaborated by in cooperation with MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD INDUSTRY Institute of Stadies end Design for Land Reslamation = Institute of Research in Constiction and Economy of Projet coordinatorens. Dumitru Bair Constructions Bucharest ‘inal dral: Romanian stitute of Standardization = Trstitue of Atomic Bhysies- Bucharest CConsiractions and Constnetions Materials Deparment + Trajan Vuia" Polytectrea! Instn ~ Timisoara Eng, Alexandea Cristeseu