UNIVERSITY PHYSICS

Chapter 4 MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSTION (Lecture 2)

Dr. Fatma Al Ma’Mari and Dr. Ridha Horchani

Fall 2020, PHYS2107, SQU
Circular Motion

V
Direction of velocity 1

V
r
4 r 2
r r
V
v  r
V
3
The Magnitude of the velocity vector v is constant

The direction of velocity changes continuously, but it

always remains tangential to the circular path
An object moving in a circle undergoes acceleration!!
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4-5 Uniform Circular Motion

Uniform Non-uniform

Constant speed Speed is not constant

The acceleration
produced in a
circular motion is
called centripetal
acceleration
(towards the center)
Time taken for one revolution

T=?

𝑥
𝑣= Eq. (4-35)

𝑡 6
4-5 Uniform Circular Motion

 A particle is in uniform circular motion if

o It travels around a circle or circular arc
o At a constant speed
 Since the velocity changes, the particle is
accelerating!
 Velocity and acceleration have:
o Constant magnitude
o Changing direction
 Acceleration is called centripetal acceleration
o Means “center seeking”
o Directed radially inward

 The period of revolution is:

o The time it takes for the particle to complete one full
revolution

Circumference of circle

2𝜋𝑣
𝑎=
𝑇
Example 4.10: A jet is flying at 134.1 m/s along a straight line and makes a turn
along a circular path level with the ground.
What does the radius of the circle have to be to produce a centripetal acceleration of
1 g on the pilot and jet toward the center of the circular trajectory?

The centripetal acceleration equal to the acceleration of gravity:

9.8 m/s2 = v2/r.

r = (134.1 m/s)2/9.8 m/s2

= 1835 m = 1.835 km.

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The angle θ that the position vector has at any particular time is ωt 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡

𝑟Ԧ = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡) 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) 𝑗Ƹ
+y
𝑟𝑥 y= 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑟𝑥y = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡)

𝐴
𝑟Ԧ 𝜽
-x +x

𝑟𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑟𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡)

-y

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Example 4.11: A proton has speed 5 × 106 m/s and is moving in a circle in the xy
plane of radius r = 0.175 m.
What is its position in the xy plane at time t = 2.0 × 10−7 s = 200 ns?
At t = 0, the position of the proton is 0.175 m𝑖Ƹ and it circles counterclockwise.
Sketch the trajectory.

2𝜋 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋(0.175)
𝜔= 𝑇= 𝑇= 6 = 2.2 × 10−7 𝑠
𝑇 𝑣 (5 × 10 )

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜔= = −7 = 2.856 × 107 rad/s
𝑇 2.2 × 10
𝑟Ԧ = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡) 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) 𝑗Ƹ
𝑟(2.0
Ԧ × 10−7 ) = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡) 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) 𝑗Ƹ wt= 5.712 rad

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Example 4.11: A proton has speed 5 × 106 m/s and is moving in a circle in the xy
plane of radius r = 0.175 m.
At t = 0, the position of the proton is 0.175 m𝑖Ƹ and it circles counterclockwise.
Sketch the trajectory.

+y

-
𝑟(0)
Ԧ = 0.175 𝑖Ƹ
-x +x

-y

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Non-Uniform Circular Motion
+y
𝑎𝑇

𝑎Ԧ

𝑎𝑐
-x +x

Non-uniform
-y
Speed is not constant
 Example 4.12: A particle moves in a circle of radius r = 2.0 m. During the time
interval from t = 1.5 s to t = 4.0 s its speed varies with time according to
6
𝑣 𝑡 = 4.0 − 2
𝑡
What is the total acceleration of the particle at t = 2.0 s?
+y
Centripetal acceleration is 𝑎 𝑇 = 1.5𝑚/𝑠 2
V(2s)=2.5 m/s
𝑣2 (2.5)2
𝑎𝐶 = = = 3.1 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑎Ԧ 𝜽
𝑟 2
Tangential acceleration
𝑎𝐶 = 3.1𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑑𝑣 −12 -x
𝑎𝑇 = = 3 = 1.5𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡

Total acceleration is

Direction is -y

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 Relative Motion in One Dimension

+y
-x +x

-y

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18
19
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 Measures of position and velocity depend on the
4-6reference
Relativeframe
Motion in One
of the Dimension
measurer
o How is the observer moving?
o Our usual reference frame is that of the ground

X
22
Z
Ball thrown vertically from a moving train
To you: The ball moved vertically up and down

The ball followed parabolic path, but the train has

To observer: moved forward. So the ball lands on your hands. 23
 Train (T) Earth (E)

Velocity of the train with respect to the Earth

𝑣Ԧ 𝑇𝐸 = 10 𝑚/𝑠

Velocity of the person with respect to the train

𝑣Ԧ𝑃𝑇 = −2 𝑚/𝑠

Person (P)

Velocity of the person with respect to the Earth??

𝑣Ԧ𝑃𝐸 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑃𝑇 + 𝑣Ԧ 𝑇𝐸

𝑣Ԧ𝑃𝐸 = −2 + 10 = 8𝑚/𝑠 24
VA VB

25
 YA YB

XA
XB

VAE=10m/s VBE=10m/s

VBA =0m/s VAB = 0m/s

Y
X 26
 YA YB

XA
XB

VAE=10m/s VBE=20m/s

VBA =10m/s VAB= -10m/s

Y
X 27
Cars A and B are moving away from each other. Car A moves north at 25 m/s with
respect to the ground. Car B moves south at 15 m/s with respect to the ground.
What is the velocity of A with respect to B?

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A train is traveling east at 26.8 m/s relative to the ground. A passenger inside the
train is walking to the front of the train at 1.7 m/s relative to the train. Directly
overhead the train, there is a airplane flying west horizontally at 257.0 m/s relative
to the ground. What is the velocity of the airplane with respect to the passenger on
the train?

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Velocity of the passenger relative to ground Vpg= 26.8+1.7=28.5 m/s (east)

Velocity of the airplane relative to ground Vag=257 m/s (west)

Velocity of the airplane relative to passenger Vap= 28.5+257 m/s=

285.5 (west)

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Relative Velocity in Two
Dimensions

Not included

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