EXPERIMENT:9 Am To find the value of ‘v’ for different values of ‘u’ in case of concavemirror and to find the focal length. |ATERIAL REQUIRED An optical bench, two sharp-edged needles (pins), concave mirror of less than 20 cm focal length, three uprights (with clamps), index needle (may be a knitting needle), metre scaleand spirit level. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 1. Principal axis of a mirror is the line passing through the centre of curvature and pole of the mirror. 2. Principal focus is the point where rays parallel to principal axis, focus after reflection from the surface of the mirror (Fig. E 9.1). 3. Geometrical centre of the mirror is called pole, P. 4. Focal length is the distance between the pole, P and the focus, F. Fig. E 9.1 Focal length of a concave mirror. DEX CORRECTION Usually the distance between concerned points of two elements isnot the same as the distance between their uprights as read onthe scale. For example, in Fig, E 9.2 the reading of two uprightsdo not give the actual distance between the tip of the pin and the pole of the mirror. A correction must, therefore, be applied. It is called the index correction. CBSE+2 PHYSICS LAB MANUAL na° Pp x \ Index needle h—— Ri vtibstuulastislutioa lal Bde A ale a Fig. E 9.2 Determination of Index correction PARALLAX position of an image on the optical bench by a pin Fig. FE 9,3 (a), (b), (e) Locating the 65 CBSE+2 PHYSICS LAB MANUALThis is employed in the location of image of an object. .E 9,3 (a) O and [are the object and image points For example, as for a mirror/lens. shown in the be An object point O and its real image ‘T’ are conjugate points Le. any of the Wwe t considered as object and the other as its image. Thus it helps in accurate adjustment to check for no parallax at both the points. Itwe Y there is no parallax between an object O (pin) and its image I, then by moving the eye through which we are observing, to the lef and then to the right, object and its image both appear to move together relative fo the lens/mirror. IL implies that the position of both are same on the optical bench [Figs. E 9.3 (d) and (©)]- If their positions are not same then in one position they may appear to coincide and in another they will appear separate (Figs. E 9.3 (b) and (©)]. This method of locating the position of an image on the optical bench by a pin is called the method of parallax. Fig. E 9.3 (d), (e) Ray diagram) SIGN CONVENTION 1r finding focal length of a concave mirror 1. All the distances are measured from the pole P of the mirror (orthe optical centre of a len 2. The distance measured in the direction of propagation of incident YS are taken as positive and those measured in the opposite direction are tsken as negative. CBSE+2 PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 663. The heights measured upw are taken as positive and the E94). ards (above the Principal axis of the heights measure mirror/lens) ‘d downwards are taken a: S Negative (Fig, Note: In the cartesian sign cony. Snlon, the object is always placed to the tet of the murror (or the lens). Object on eh Mirror Hews + ward vee Ineide MPonitive 7 coi tewlwiee leas ~ + carts downwards | Distance in of poate Wewitive) | direction of Fay (Newativel Distance along the irection of inekdent ray (Positive) rekent Fig. EF 9.4 The carte: sian sign convention -——»—— -w specifi To locate the image, we need to trace only a few speci ie paths or rays (a minimum of two) 4s shown in Fig. E 9.5. c the image. Conveniently, any two rays ean be taken to locate the imag 67 CBSE+2 PHYSICS LAB MANUALcither passes through the 1. An incident ray parallel to the principal axis of the mirror either passes through the | Principal focus F (concave mirror) oF appears to be diverging from i (conven mirror) 2. An incident ray passing through the centre of curvature C (concave MIETON) OF appearing to pass through it (convex mirror), retraces its path i.e, reflect u>f : : focal length of the convex lens can b ing the distances w and y, the e pe a (E 10.3). The focal length of the lens may also be determined by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/w and I/v. 75 CBSE+2 PHYSICS LAB MANUAL (|1, Obtain approximate value of the focal length of the thin convexlens By hi focusing the image of a distant object. It can be found by obtaining a sharp imag. of the Sun or a distant tree on a screen, say a plane wall, or a sheet of paper placed on the other side of the and measuring the distance between the lens and the image witha scale. This stance is a rough estimate of the focal length,/of the convex lens. Note: Do not look at the image of Sun directly as it may hurt your eyes. 2. Place the optical bench on a rigid table or on a platform, and usingthe spirit level, make it horizontal with the help of levelling screws provided at the base of the bench. ; 3. Clamp the convex lens on an upright and mount it vertically almostngar to the middle of the optical bench such that its principal axisis parallel to the optical bench. In this position, the lens would liein a plane perpendicular to the optical bench. 4. For the determination of the index correction, bring a mounted pin close to the lens. Adjust the index needle (a sharp-edged knitting needle would also serve the Purpose) horizontally sugh that its one end touches one of the curved surfaces of the lens andthe other end touthes the tip of the pin. Note the positions of thetwo uprights on the scale provided on the optical bench. The difference of the two would give the observed length of the index needle. The actual length between the tip of the pin and optical centre O would be length of the index needle (as measured by a scale) plus half of the thickness of the lens because optical centre of a double convex lens with surfaces of equal curvature is at its geometrical centre. The difference of the two lengths is the index correction. Find index correction for both the pins. Fig. E 10.3 The ray diagram for finding the focal length of a convex lens. (CBSE#2 PHYSICS LAB MANUAL =5.Place the vertically mounted sharp pins P and P' (Fig. E 10.3) on left and right hand sides of the lens respectively. Adjust the pins P and s P’ so that the heights of the tips of these pins become equal to the height of the optical centre O of the lens from the base of the optical bench. Let the pin P (placed on left hand side of the lens) be the object pin and the pin P' (lying on right hand side) be the image pin. Put a small piece of paper on one of the pins (say on image pin P') to differentiate it from the object pin P! 6, Displace the object pin P (on left side of the lens) to a distance slightly less than 2ffrom the optical centre O of the lens (Fig. E 10.3). L Locate the position of the real and inverted image onthe other side of the lens above the image pin P'. 7. Using the method of parallax, adjust the position of the image pin P' such that the image of the object pin P coincides with theimage pin P' Note: As the value of u changes from 2/to f, v changes from 2/toinfinity. Since the values of w and v are interchangeable, i.e., the objectand image are two conjugate points, therefore it is clear that completerange of values for both u and v between f and infinity are obtained for a movement of the object pin over the range 2/to f: 8. Note the upright position of the object pin, convex lens and imagepin on the optical bench and record the readings in an observation fAble. 9. Move the object pin P closer to the optical centre O of the lens (sayby 2 cm or 3 cm). Repeat the experiment and record at least six sets of readings for various distances of object pin between fand2/ from the lens. Osservations 1. Approximate focal length of the convex lens =... cm 2. Length of the index needle as measured by the metre scale, ca cm 3. Thickness of the thin convex lens (given), ¢ = ... em 4. Actual length between the optical centre O of the lens and tip ofthe pin, /9 = Lo a0) CBSE+2 PHYSICS LAB MANUAL asen the centre of convex 5. Observed length of the index needle, /', = Distance between the centre of © lens and tip of the object pin = Position of lens upright — position of object pin upright on thescale m—...em =..cm 6. Index correction for object distance, ¢) = Iy— larly for image pi —T=..cm Table E 10.1: Determination of u, Mean A. Calculate the corrected val s of wand v. Compute the value 10.3). Tabulate them in the table a given convex lens of fusing Eq. (E and find the mean value of the focal length of the Error CBSE+2 PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 78or AL hu ‘ Av Powe wef [4] w Maximum of six values of A/is to be reported with the result asthe experimental error. CALCULATION OF FOCAL LENGTH BY PLOTTING GRAPHS (A detailed method of plotting g raphs has been illustrated inChapter \ Article 1.7 (p. no. 15). B.u — v Graph: axis should be ake w along X-axis and v along Y-axis. Scales ofx- and y- me. Draw a hyperbola curve for various valu 10.4). Note that six sets of readings for w between fand 2f, on the graph by interchanging values of w and v. of wand v (Fig. E give you 12 points The point u = 2f; 2fis shown as point Z onu — v graph (Fig. E 10.4). The point Z is the point of intersection of a line OZ bisecting the angle ZXOY with hyperbola. Draw two lines AZ and BZ perpendicular to Y- and X-ax respectively. The lengths AZ and BZ are both equal to distance 2/, Thus by plotting the w — v graph, the focal length of the lens can be obtained. Distance OA (= 2/) on Y-axis = Distance OB (= 2/) on X-axis Mean focal length of the convex lens, / 40-30 «-20 ~10 Co) uem) <— Fig. E_10.4 u versus v graph for convex lens = ... cm CBSE+2 PHYSICS LAB MANUAL. ral[i cre Fix a sharp edged bright pin in the clamp and place it horizontally just above the minor. Adjust the Position of the pin such that its tip B lies just above the pole Pof the mirtor or lies inthe principal axis of ‘4 Shift the clamped pin toa distance roughly equal to twice the rough focal length of the concave mir (obtained instep 1) fom the pote P ofthe miror placed pin and pote P lie along the same vertical le (principal) axis ofthe mitror) $ Adj the positon ofthe pn ol he pralix between he tip ofthe pin and its inverted img is removell 6. Measure the vertical distance between the tip of the pin and the mi Tor using a plumb ine and scale. This distance would be the real radius of curvature of the | se “a niror 7. Pour some water onthe curved surface ofthe mirror Lower th pin slowly ilo gin th parallax benen the tp ofthe pin ad is invert na by the water-filled mirror is removed, 2 eS need 9. Remove ser fom he minor td ease the vert dstane betwee he ina immo. Ths dite would the spreads of car oft ere ot i a 10. Repeat te experinet (sep 1109) ten two mor tines Caste mStOsLAB MANUAL 108 eeBSERVATIONS approximate value of the focal length of the concave mirror, f =...cm. ‘approximate value of the radius of curvature, R= 2 =...m Table E 15.1: Observations for R, R and n,, CALCULATIONS Calculate 7, and its mean value ERROR The refractive index of water with respect to air is “.n,, + An, =... nn, is mean value and An, is the maximum of the three values of error PRECAUTIONS 1. Pin should be kept horizontal and above the curved reflecting surface of the horizontally placed concave mirror such that the tip of the pin lies above the pole of the mirror in its vertical principal axis 2. Aperture of mirror should be small 3. The mirror should be very thin otherwise multiple reflections will form and unclear ‘image The quantity of water taken in the mirror should be sufficient so that the water surface remains horizontal, or else the surface may not remain horizontal because of surface tension 5 Bye should be kept at a distance of more than 25 em form the pin SOURCES OF ERROR BSE PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 105 _The line joining PC may not be vertical