Academic Year 2022-23

MTech. Semester- I

Mini Project Report

Topic – ZEBRA CROSSING SIMULATION

CE612 - Computational Techniques in

Transportation Engineering

Name: ANINDYA BANDYOPADHYAY

ROLL No: 203122004

Submitted to: Dr. S. Moses Santhakumar

Department of Civil Engineering

National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli
Tamil Nadu
620015

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 CONTENTS

Sl. No. Content Pg.

1 Introduction 3

2 Alternative types of zebra crossing 4-5

3 IRC:103-2012 Specifications for Zebra Crossings 6

4 Flow Diagrams 7

5 Entities and transactions 8

6 Assumptions Made 8

7 GPSS Code 9

8 Outputs 10-15

9 Analysis of results 16

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 INTRODUCTION

A zebra crossing or a marked crosswalk is a pedestrian crossing marked with alternate

black and white stripes (zebra markings). Normally, pedestrians are afforded precedence
over vehicular traffic, although the significance of the markings may vary by jurisdiction.
They are known as "zebra" crossings as the stripes resemble the coat of a zebra.

The first zebra crossing was installed in Slough, United Kingdom in 1951 to enhance
pedestrian safety at new and already existing crossing points. Since then, zebra markings
have been used at crossing points internationally to denote pedestrian crossings. Many
have been replaced by various types of signalled crossing due to safety concerns.

Terminology and usage of the markings varies by country. In the UK and other
Commonwealth countries, they are usually called zebra crossings, as the stripes resemble
the striped coat of a zebra. In the UK, zebra markings are only found at unsignalized,
standalone zebra crossings and must be accompanied with upright belisha beacons. In the
US, they can be found at any type of crossing.

A zebra crossing with Belisha beacons in Abbey Road, London.

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 ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF ZEBRA CROSSING

1. Cow crossing:
The city of A Coruña in Galicia, Spain, has opted for spots rather than stripes at a
pedestrian crossing, resembling a cow instead of a zebra. The reason for this option
is to recognise the importance of the animal for the region's farming.

2. Tiger and parallel crossings:

Tiger crossing is a variation used in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. It is painted
yellow and black. In the United Kingdom, it allows cyclists to cross in a central area
of the road without dismounting and obliges motorists to give way to both cyclists
and pedestrians.

A Tiger-Crossing
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3. Three-dimensional crossings:
Several countries have experimented with "three-dimensional" zebra crossings
based on an optical illusion. The white stripes of the crossing appear to hover above
the ground as though they were a physical barrier. Such crossings can be found in
Australia, Iceland, Malaysia, India, New Zealand and the United States. Crossings can
be combined with speed tables (i.e., raised sections of road designed to physically
slow traffic down) as an additional safety measure.

4. Rainbow crossings:
A zebra crossing immediately outside the Russian Embassy in Helsinki was painted
in summer 2013 with the colours of the rainbow to protest the Russian
government's policy towards lesbian and gay people, the rainbow being one symbol
of the LGBT culture.

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 Indian Road Congress Specifications for Zebra Crossings as per
IRC:103-2012

1. A zebra crossing must be clearly delineated with the help of alternate black and
white stripes, which should have embossed texture for easy detection by persons
with vision impairment. Thermoplastic paint with + 5 mm embossed texture can be
used and raised pedestrian crossings be provided. Alternatively dropped kerb can
be provided. A zebra crossing must always be accompanied by a “STOP” line as per
IRC:35-1970 ‘Code of Practice for Road Markings’.

2. Siting of zebra crossing: A zebra crossing should not be sited within 150 m of
another such crossing.

3. Width of zebra crossing: The width of the zebra crossing must be adequate and
should generally lie within a range of 2-4 m.

4. Zebra crossing at signalized intersections: Unlike in the case of un-signalized

intersections where the pedestrian uses the zebra crossings through judicious gap
selection, a signalized intersection could allow exclusive time slots for movement of
cross pedestrian traffic. In the case of intersections controlled by two phase signals,
an “all red” phase could be inserted to ease pedestrian movements. In case of
intersections controlled by three or four phase signals, zebra crossings could be
utilized in such a manner that pedestrian could move across the road in a direction
parallel to the movement of vehicular traffic during a particular green phase. If
exclusive time slots for movement of pedestrian is not available, use of zebra
crossings at such locations would also warrant judicious gap selection. It is a good
idea to install a flashing warning signal for pedestrian and left turning vehicular
traffic at such intersections that permit uninterrupted infiltration to the left for
vehicular traffic. Wherever pedestrian signal is provided, Stop Line should be
provided to stop the vehicles. The physical design features of zebra crossings at
signalized intersections will be like those at un-signalized intersections.

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 Flow Diagrams for Pedestrians and Vehicles

Pedestrian Segment Vehicle Segment

Start Start

Pedestrian arrival at
crossing Vehicle arrival

Join Queue for Pedestrian

Join Queue for Vehicle

No
No

Is the signal Is the signal

green and green and
Intersection crossing
empty? empty?

Yes
Yes

Cross the road Cross the intersection

Stop
Stop

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ENTITIES AND TRANSACTIONS
The Entities in the System are –
 Zebra-Crossing
 Intersection
 Traffic sign for vehicles
 Traffic sign for pedestrians

The Transactions in the system are –

 Pedestrians
 Vehicles

ASSUMPTIONS MADE
Signal Timings – To simplify the model, no amber time has been considered.
30 s 120 s
Pedestrian Phase

Vehicle Phase

Pedestrian Arrival Rate – It has been assumed that Pedestrians arrive at the
crossing at a rate Uniformly distributed between (15, 25) seconds.
Vehicle Arrival Rate – It has been assumed that Vehicles arrive at the crossing at a
rate Uniformly distributed between (5, 15) seconds.
Pedestrian Crossing time – It has been assumed that the crossing time of the
pedestrians is uniformly distributed between (5, 9) seconds.
Vehicle Crossing time – It has been assumed that the crossing time of the vehicles
is uniformly distributed between (4, 6) seconds.

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ZEBRA CROSSING.gps Page 1

*A Simulation model of a Zebra crossing

*Unit time = 1s

*Pedestrian Segment

HUMAN GENERATE 20,5 ;Create new pedestrian

QUEUE PEDSQ
TEST E X$PLIGHT,F$INTSN ;Block until pedestrian signal is green
;and intersection is free
SEIZE CROSS
DEPART PEDSQ ;End queue time
ADVANCE 7,2 ;Pedestrian crossing time
RELEASE CROSS
TERMINATE ;Pedestrian leaves crossing

*Vehicle Segment

VEHICLE GENERATE 10,5 ;Create new vehicle

QUEUE CARSQ
TEST E X$VLIGHT,F$CROSS ;Block until vehicle signal is green
;and crossing is free
SEIZE INTSN
DEPART CARSQ ;End queue time
ADVANCE 5,2 ;Vehicle crossing time
RELEASE INTSN
TERMINATE ;Vehicle leaves crossing

*Traffic Signal Segment

TLIGHT GENERATE ,,,1

LOC1 SAVEVALUE VLIGHT,100 ;Vehicle signal red

SAVEVALUE PLIGHT,0 ;Pedestrian signal green
ADVANCE 30

SAVEVALUE VLIGHT,0 ;Vehicle signal green

SAVEVALUE PLIGHT,100 ;Pedestrian signal red
ADVANCE 120
TRANSFER ,LOC1

* 0 value of PLIGHT or VLIGHT entity denote 'Green Signal'.

* 100 value of PLIGHT or VLIGHT entity denote 'Red Signal'.

*Timer Segment

GENERATE 3600
TERMINATE 1

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ZEBRA CROSSING.5.1 - REPORT Page 1

5Minutes Simulation Report

GPSS World Simulation Report - ZEBRA CROSSING.5.1

Sunday, December 11, 2022 12:01:00

START TIME END TIME BLOCKS FACILITIES STORAGES

0.000 300.000 26 2 0

NAME VALUE
CARSQ 10002.000
CROSS 10003.000
HUMAN 1.000
INTSN 10005.000
LOC1 18.000
PEDSQ 10004.000
PLIGHT 10001.000
TLIGHT 17.000
VEHICLE 9.000
VLIGHT 10000.000

LABEL LOC BLOCK TYPE ENTRY COUNT CURRENT COUNT RETRY

HUMAN 1 GENERATE 14 0 0
2 QUEUE 14 6 0
3 TEST 8 0 0
4 SEIZE 8 0 0
5 DEPART 8 0 0
6 ADVANCE 8 0 0
7 RELEASE 8 0 0
8 TERMINATE 8 0 0
VEHICLE 9 GENERATE 29 0 0
10 QUEUE 29 0 0
11 TEST 29 0 0
12 SEIZE 29 0 0
13 DEPART 29 0 0
14 ADVANCE 29 1 0
15 RELEASE 28 0 0
16 TERMINATE 28 0 0
TLIGHT 17 GENERATE 1 0 0
LOC1 18 SAVEVALUE 2 0 0
19 SAVEVALUE 2 0 0
20 ADVANCE 2 0 0
21 SAVEVALUE 2 0 0
22 SAVEVALUE 2 0 0
23 ADVANCE 2 1 0
24 TRANSFER 1 0 0
25 GENERATE 1 0 0
26 TERMINATE 1 0 0

FACILITY ENTRIES UTIL. AVE. TIME AVAIL. OWNER PEND INTER RETRY DELAY
CROSS 8 0.189 7.101 1 0 0 0 0 0
INTSN 29 0.457 4.725 1 46 0 0 6 0

QUEUE MAX CONT. ENTRY ENTRY(0) AVE.CONT. AVE.TIME AVE.(-0) RETRY

CARSQ 6 0 29 14 0.929 9.610 18.580 0
PEDSQ 6 6 14 1 3.040 65.147 70.158 0

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ZEBRA CROSSING.5.1 - REPORT Page 2

SAVEVALUE RETRY VALUE

VLIGHT 0 0
PLIGHT 6 100.000

CEC XN PRI M1 ASSEM CURRENT NEXT PARAMETER VALUE

3 0 0.000 3 23 24

FEC XN PRI BDT ASSEM CURRENT NEXT PARAMETER VALUE

45 0 300.344 45 0 1
46 0 302.561 46 14 15
47 0 308.754 47 0 9
48 0 600.000 48 0 25

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ZEBRA CROSSING.6.1 - REPORT Page 1

1 Hour Simulation Report

GPSS World Simulation Report - ZEBRA CROSSING.6.1

Sunday, December 11, 2022 12:07:08

START TIME END TIME BLOCKS FACILITIES STORAGES

0.000 3600.000 26 2 0

NAME VALUE
CARSQ 10002.000
CROSS 10003.000
HUMAN 1.000
INTSN 10005.000
LOC1 18.000
PEDSQ 10004.000
PLIGHT 10001.000
TLIGHT 17.000
VEHICLE 9.000
VLIGHT 10000.000

LABEL LOC BLOCK TYPE ENTRY COUNT CURRENT COUNT RETRY

HUMAN 1 GENERATE 178 0 0
2 QUEUE 178 6 0
3 TEST 172 0 0
4 SEIZE 172 0 0
5 DEPART 172 0 0
6 ADVANCE 172 0 0
7 RELEASE 172 0 0
8 TERMINATE 172 0 0
VEHICLE 9 GENERATE 360 0 0
10 QUEUE 360 0 0
11 TEST 360 0 0
12 SEIZE 360 0 0
13 DEPART 360 0 0
14 ADVANCE 360 0 0
15 RELEASE 360 0 0
16 TERMINATE 360 0 0
TLIGHT 17 GENERATE 1 0 0
LOC1 18 SAVEVALUE 25 0 0
19 SAVEVALUE 25 0 0
20 ADVANCE 25 1 0
21 SAVEVALUE 24 0 0
22 SAVEVALUE 24 0 0
23 ADVANCE 24 0 0
24 TRANSFER 24 0 0
25 GENERATE 1 0 0
26 TERMINATE 1 0 0

FACILITY ENTRIES UTIL. AVE. TIME AVAIL. OWNER PEND INTER RETRY DELAY
CROSS 172 0.328 6.875 1 0 0 0 0 0
INTSN 360 0.498 4.980 1 0 0 0 6 0

QUEUE MAX CONT. ENTRY ENTRY(0) AVE.CONT. AVE.TIME AVE.(-0) RETRY

CARSQ 6 0 360 118 1.662 16.624 24.731 0
PEDSQ 7 6 178 1 3.401 68.781 69.169 0

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ZEBRA CROSSING.6.1 - REPORT Page 2

SAVEVALUE RETRY VALUE

VLIGHT 0 100.000
PLIGHT 6 0

CEC XN PRI M1 ASSEM CURRENT NEXT PARAMETER VALUE

522 0 3493.168 522 2 3
526 0 3516.660 526 2 3
530 0 3537.946 530 2 3
533 0 3555.079 533 2 3
536 0 3571.557 536 2 3
538 0 3587.928 538 2 3

FEC XN PRI BDT ASSEM CURRENT NEXT PARAMETER VALUE

542 0 3604.744 542 0 9
541 0 3606.326 541 0 1
3 0 3630.000 3 20 21
543 0 7200.000 543 0 25

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ZEBRA CROSSING.7.1 - REPORT Page 1

24 Hours Simulation Report

GPSS World Simulation Report - ZEBRA CROSSING.7.1

Sunday, December 11, 2022 12:09:21

START TIME END TIME BLOCKS FACILITIES STORAGES

0.000 86400.000 26 2 0

NAME VALUE
CARSQ 10002.000
CROSS 10003.000
HUMAN 1.000
INTSN 10005.000
LOC1 18.000
PEDSQ 10004.000
PLIGHT 10001.000
TLIGHT 17.000
VEHICLE 9.000
VLIGHT 10000.000

LABEL LOC BLOCK TYPE ENTRY COUNT CURRENT COUNT RETRY

HUMAN 1 GENERATE 4318 0 0
2 QUEUE 4318 6 0
3 TEST 4312 0 0
4 SEIZE 4312 0 0
5 DEPART 4312 0 0
6 ADVANCE 4312 0 0
7 RELEASE 4312 0 0
8 TERMINATE 4312 0 0
VEHICLE 9 GENERATE 8662 0 0
10 QUEUE 8662 0 0
11 TEST 8662 0 0
12 SEIZE 8662 0 0
13 DEPART 8662 0 0
14 ADVANCE 8662 1 0
15 RELEASE 8661 0 0
16 TERMINATE 8661 0 0
TLIGHT 17 GENERATE 1 0 0
LOC1 18 SAVEVALUE 577 0 0
19 SAVEVALUE 577 0 0
20 ADVANCE 577 1 0
21 SAVEVALUE 576 0 0
22 SAVEVALUE 576 0 0
23 ADVANCE 576 0 0
24 TRANSFER 576 0 0
25 GENERATE 24 0 0
26 TERMINATE 24 0 0

FACILITY ENTRIES UTIL. AVE. TIME AVAIL. OWNER PEND INTER RETRY DELAY
CROSS 4312 0.349 6.997 1 0 0 0 0 0
INTSN 8662 0.501 4.998 1 13005 0 0 6 0

QUEUE MAX CONT. ENTRY ENTRY(0) AVE.CONT. AVE.TIME AVE.(-0) RETRY

CARSQ 9 0 8662 2534 1.822 18.171 25.685 0
PEDSQ 7 6 4318 1 3.444 68.918 68.934 0

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ZEBRA CROSSING.7.1 - REPORT Page 2

SAVEVALUE RETRY VALUE

VLIGHT 0 100.000
PLIGHT 6 0

CEC XN PRI M1 ASSEM CURRENT NEXT PARAMETER VALUE

12989 0 86289.478 12989 2 3
12992 0 86307.829 12992 2 3
12995 0 86330.814 12995 2 3
12998 0 86351.732 12998 2 3
13001 0 86375.076 13001 2 3
13004 0 86395.459 13004 2 3

FEC XN PRI BDT ASSEM CURRENT NEXT PARAMETER VALUE

13005 0 86400.241 13005 14 15
13006 0 86401.937 13006 0 9
13007 0 86415.939 13007 0 1
3 0 86430.000 3 20 21
13008 0 90000.000 13008 0 25

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 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

SIMULATION PEDESTRIAN VEHICLE

TIME
Crossing Maximum Average Intersection Maximum Average
utilization Queue waiting utilization Queue waiting
Length time, s Length time, s
5 minutes 0.189 6 65.147 0.457 6 9.61

1 hour 0.328 7 68.781 0.498 6 16.624

24 hours 0.349 7 68.918 0.501 9 18.187

 Three trial simulation has been conducted with three different run times – 5
minutes, 1 hour and 24 hours.
 The system is an under-utilized system because the facility utilization is below 1.
So, congestion will not occur.
 On an average, the pedestrian has to wat for nearly 1 minute to cross the road.
Which is not significantly high.
 On an average, the vehicles have to wat for nearly 15 seconds to cross the road.
Which is not significantly high.
 The maximum queue lengths are also not too high.

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