‫ﻧ ﺲﺟ‬

‫ﺍﮯ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﺗﯽﮭ‬
‫ﮨﮏ‬‫ﭩﺴ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧﯽﺟ‬
‫ﮩ‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﮐﮟ‬
‫ﻭﯽ‬‫ﮐﮦ‬
‫ﺍﻢ‬‫ﺯ‬
‫ﮐ‬‫ﯾﻢ‬
‫ﻭﮧ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﭘﮯ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺋ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﭩ‬
‫ﺮﺿ ﺲ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﮐﺭ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﯿ‬
‫ﮟ‬

COMPLETEHI
STOLOGYPOI
NTS(
FROM FI
NALGUI
DESERI
ES)

-
Youneedtodoal
ltheHi
stol
ogypast-
paperquesti
ons(2009-
2016)andt
hesepoi
ntsonl
yal
ong
wi
tht
hediagr
amsfrom y
ourpract
ical
copyandy ouaredone.

-Thesepoi
ntsar
eext
remel
yimpor
tantt
ocov
ert
he6-
7mcqsf
rom t
hehi
stol
ogypor
ti
ont
haty
ou
normall
yski
p.

-CHAPTERSFROM LAI
QHUSSAI
NINCLUDED:

CHAPTER=12,
16,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23.(
MOSTI
MPORTANT18,
19,
20,
21)
.

Doreadormemor
izet
hesei
mpor
tantpoi
ntsassembl
edchapt
erwi
se.(
ENOUGHFOR
ATTEMTPINGTHEPROFFUHSEXAM).

CHAPTER12:

.
Oldt
ypeofcor
texi
sknownas‘
’
all
ocor
tex
’’

.
Newcor
texi
scal
l
ed‘
’
neocor
tex’
’

.
Int
heint
ernal
pyr
ami
dal
lay
erofpr
imar
ymot
orar
eagi
antpy
rami
dal
cel
l
s,cal
l
edBet
zcel
l
sar
e
f
ound.
.Ther
ear
esi
xlay
ersofcer
ebr
alcor
tex:

1)Mol
ecul
arl
ayer

2)Ext
ernal
Granul
arl
ayer

3)Ext
ernal
pyr
ami
dal
lay
er

4)I
nter
nal
Granul
arar
ea

5)I
nter
nal
Pyr
imi
dal
lay
er

6)Mul
ti
for
mlay
er

.
Thecer
ebel
l
um consi
stsoft
wohemi
spher
esandacent
ral
ver
mis.

.
Cer
ebel
l
arcor
texhast
hreel
ayer
s:

1)Mol
ecul
arl
ayer–Basket&st
ell
atecel
l
s.

2)Pur
kinj
eecel
ll
ayer:
Pur
kinj
eecel
l
s

3)Gr
anul
arl
ayer-Gr
anul
ecel
l
s.

.
Affer
entf
iber
sofcer
ebell
um incl
ude1)cli
mbingfi
berst
hator
igi
nat
efrom i
nfer
iorol
i
var
y
nucl
eus&2)Mossyfi
bersthatori
ginat
einspi
nalcor
dorbrai
nstem .

.Spinal
cor
dhasa‘
H-shaped’
appear
anceoft
hegr
eymat
terwi
thant
eri
or,
post
eri
or&l
ater
al
horns.

.
Out
ert
ot hegreymatt
ert
herei
swhi
temat
teroft
hespi
nal
cor
ddi
vi
dedi
ntodor
sal
&
v
ent
rol
ateral
whitecol
umns.

CHAPTER16:
ENDOCRI
NESYSTEM .
.Thehypophy
sisort
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
andi
sthemast
erendocr
inegl
andpr
oduci
ngsev
eral
hormones.

.
Hypophy
sisdi
vi
dedi
nto(
i)adenohy
pophy
sis(
ii
)neur
ohy
pophy
sis.

.
Neur
ohy
pophy
sisder
ivedf
rom t
heneur
oect
oder
m(di
encephel
on)f
ormspost
eri
orpi
tui
tar
y.

.
Adenohy
pophy
sisder
ivedf
rom t
heRat
hke’
spouch(
oral
ect
oder
m)f
ormsant
eri
orpi
tui
tar
y.

.
Theadenophy
pophy
sisdi
vi
dedi
nto:
par
sdi
stal
i
s&par
sint
ermedi
a.

.Anext
ensi
onofpar
sdi
stal
i
sisknownaspar
stuber
ali
s.

.
Theneur
ohy
pophy
sisi
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wopar
ts:
par
sner
vosaandi
nfundi
bul
um .

.Chr
omophobesandchr
omophi
l
sar
ethecel
l
sofpar
sdi
stal
i
sbasedupont
heol
dcl
assi
fi
cat
ion
.

.
Onbasi
soft
hei
rhor
monal
secr
etor
yact
ivi
tyt
her
ear
efi
vecel
lty
pes:

1)Somat
otr
opes(
aci
dophi
l
ic)

2)Mammot
ropes(
aci
dophi
l
ic)

3)Cor
ti
cot
ropes (
basophi
l
ic)

4)Gonadot
ropes(basophi
l
ic)

5)Thr
yot
ropes (
basophi
l
ic).
.
Theadrenal
glandi
sdi
vi
dedi
ntoout
ercor
texandi
nnermedul
l
a.Thecor
texf
urt
herdi
vi
dedi
nto
t
hreezones:

1)z
onagl
omer
ulosa

2)z
onaf
asi
cul
ata consi
stsofcel
l
sknownasspongi
ocy
tes.

3)z
onar
eti
cul
ari
s

.Theadr
enal
medul
l
aconsi
stsofmai
nlychr
omaf
fi
ncel
l
sont
hei
rst
rongabi
l
ityt
ochr
omi
um
salt
s.

.
Themedul
l
arycel
l
scont
ainav
ari
etyofsol
ubl
epr
otei
nscal
l
edchr
omogr
ani
ns.

.
Thepar
enchy
maoft
hyr
oidgl
andconsi
stsoft
hyr
oidf
oll
i
clessur
roundi
ngacol
l
oid.

.Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofcel
l
sint
hyr
oidgl
andcal
l
ed:
(1)f
oll
i
cul
arcel
l
s(2)par
afol
l
icul
arcel
l
s.

.Thef
oll
i
cul
arcel
l
sini
nact
ivest
atear
elowcuboi
dal
buti
nhy
per
act
ivest
ateassumecol
umnar
shape.

.Parafol
li
cularcel
lsal
socal
l
ed‘’C-cel
ls’
’secretehor
monecal
cit
oni
nwhi
chl
ower
sthepl
asma
calcium l
evelacti
ngasanantagonisttoParathyr
oidhor
mone.

.
Thepar
athy
roi
dgl
andconsi
stsof(
1)chi
efcel
l
s(2)oxy
phi
l
lcel
l
s.

.
Pineal
glandconsi
stsof(
1)pi
neal
ocy
tes(
2)i
nter
sti
ti
alcel
l
s.

.
Pineal
ocy
tessecr
etemel
atoni
n.
.Cal
cif
iedconcr
eti
onsappeari
npi
neal
ECM,
thesemul
ber
ryshapedst
ruct
uresar
eti
tl
edas
‘
’CORPORAARENACEA’ ’
.

CHAPTER18(
DIGESTI
VESYSTEM)V.
IMP

-TONGUE

.Theepi
thel
i
um i
sofstrati
fi
edsquamousty
pe,beingnon-
kerat
ini
zedonthevent
ral
(lower
surf
ace)andpar
ti
all
ykerati
nizedont
hedor
sal
( upper
)surf
aceofthetongue.

.
Thedor
salsur
faceoft
onguedi
vi
dedi
ntoant
eri
or2/
3rd&post
eri
or1/
3rdbyaV-
shapedsul
cus
t
ermi
nal
is.

.
Ther
ear
eli
ngual
papi
l
laeont
hedor
sal
sur
faceoft
ongue&off
ourt
ypes:

(
a)Fi
l
ifor
m

(
b)Fungi
for
m

(
c)Ci
rcumv
all
ate

(
d)Fol
i
ate

.
Fil
for
m papi
l
laear
ethemostnumer
ousofl
i
ngual
papi
l
lae.

.
Fungi
for
m papi
l
laear
ethemostabundantatt
het
ipoft
het
ongue.

.
Numer
oust
ast
ebudsar
epr
esentonci
rcumv
all
atepapi
l
lae.

.
Ther
ear
eVonEbner
’sgl
ands,
ant
eri
orl
i
ngual
glands&mucousgl
andspr
esenti
nthet
ongue.
.
Fol
i
atepapi
l
laear
elessi
nnumberandpr
esentont
hesi
desoft
het
ongue.

.
Tubul
ardi
gest
ivet
ractwal
lhast
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ourconcent
ri
clay
ersorcoat
s:

(
a)Mucosa

(
b)Submucosa

(
c)Muscul
ari
sext
erna

(
d)Ser
osa

-
ESOPHAGUS:

.
Mucosaf
urt
herdi
vi
dedi
nto:

1)Epi
thel
i
um :
Str
ati
fi
edsquamousnon-
ker
ati
nizedepi
thel
i
um .

2)Lami
naPr
opr
ia:
CTandl
ymphat
icnodul
es.

3)Muscul
ari
smucosa:
Smoot
hmuscl
esr
unni
ngmai
nlyi
nlongi
tudi
nal
dir
ect
ion.

-Submucosa:
Hasesophageal
glandspr
oper
.

-Muscular
isext
erna(
V.I
MP): esophagusconsist
sofi
nnerci
rcular&outerl
ongi
tudinal
lay
ers
butdif
feri
nthewaythatithasbothskel
etalandsmoot
hmuscl esinfol
l
owingarrangement.

UPPER1/
3RD:
ONLYSKELETAL

MI
DDLE1/
3RD:
MIXTUREOFSMOOTH&SKELETAL

LOWER1/
3RD:
ONLYSMOOTH.
-
Abdomi
nal
par
tofesophagusi
sser
osa,
wher
east
hor
aci
c&cer
vical
par
tisadv
ent
it
ia.

STOMACH:
(IMP)

.
Mucosaofempt
yst
omacht
hrowni
ntol
ongi
tudi
nal
fol
dscal
l
ed‘
rugae’

.
Nogl
andspr
esenti
nthesubmucosaoft
hest
omach.

.
Mucul
ari
sext
ernacomposedoft
hreel
ayer
sofsmoot
hmuscl
e:

(
1)i
nnerobl
i
que

(
2)mi
ddl
eci
rcul
ar(
thi
ckenedatpy
lor
ust
ofor
mthepy
lor
icsphi
nct
er)

(
3)out
erl
ongi
tudi
nal
.

Lami
napr
opr
iaconsi
stsoft
hreet
ypesofgl
ands:

-
Fundi
cgl
ands

-
Car
diacgl
ands

-
Pyl
ori
cgl
ands.

.
Cel
l
soft
hef
undi
cgl
and:

(
1)Mucousneckcel
l
s

(
2)Par
iet
alcel
l
s(mosti
mp)

(
3)Chi
efcel
l
sa.
k.a(
zymogeni
ccel
l
sorpept
iccel
l
s)secr
etespepsi
nogen.
(
4)Endocr
inecel
l
s

(
5)St
em cel
l
s.

Par
iet
alcel
l
s:

.
Secr
eteHCL&i
ntr
insi
cfact
orandar
eal
socal
l
edoxy
nti
ccel
l
s.

.
Lar
ger
oundt
opy
rami
dal
cel
l
s.

.
Cent
ral
l
ylocat
ednucl
eus,
lar
geGol
giappar
atus,
eosi
nophi
l
icst
ain.

.
EM st
udyr
eveal
spr
esenceofi
ntr
acel
l
ularcanal
i
cul
us.

.
Ther
ear
emi
crot
ubul
esandv
esi
cles.

SMALLI
NTESTI
NE:

-
Sev
eral
feat
urest
hati
ncr
easet
hesur
facear
eaf
orabsor
pti
oni
ncl
udes:

(
1)Pl
i
caeCi
rcul
ari
s(a.
k.a)Val
vesofKer
cker
ing.

.
Mostpronouncedi
njej
unum andabsenti
nthepr
oxi
mal
par
tofduodenum anddi
stal
hal
fof
i
l
eum .

(
2)Vi
l
li

.
Ten-
fol
dincr
easei
nsur
facear
ea.
.
Diff
erencei
ntheshapeofvil
l
i i
ndi
ffer
entpart
sofsmal li
ntest
ine:mi
xtur
eofl
eaf
-shaped&
f
ingerli
kevi
l
lii
nduodenum .I
leum ent
ir
elyhasfi
ngershapedvill
i.

(
3)Mi
crov
il
li

.Ent
erocy
teshav
emi
crov
il
li
ont
hei
rapi
cal
sur
faces.

.
Incr
easesur
facear
eabyaf
act
orof20(
MOST).

(
4)Cr
ypt
sofl
eiber
kuhn

-
Themucosaoft
hesmal
li
ntest
inei
sli
nedbysi
mpl
ecol
umnarepi
thel
i
um .

-
Thi
sepi
thel
i
um consi
stsof5t
ypesofcel
l
s:

(
1)Ent
erocy
tes

(
2)Gobl
etcel
l
s

(
3)Ent
eroendocr
inecel
l
s

(
4)Panet
hcel
l
s

(
5)M cel
l
s.

Feat
uresofcel
l
s

ENTEROCYTES:
-
Tal
lcol
umnarcel
l
s,ov
alnucl
eus.

-
api
cal
sur
facehast
housandsofmi
crov
il
li
.

-
Henceast
ri
atedbr
ushbor
der.

-
EM r
eveal
sagl
ycocal
yxcoatont
ipofmi
crov
il
li
.

-
Bindt
oeachot
herbyj
unct
ional
compl
exes.

GOBLETCELLS:

-
Mucussecr
eti
ng,
uni
cel
l
ular.

-
fewmi
crov
il
li
.

ENTEROENDOCRI
NECELLS:
(rememberj
ustt
hename).

PANETHCELLS:

-
excul
siv
elyi
nthebot
tom ofcr
ypt
sofLei
ber
kuhn.

-
Secret
orypr
oducthast
heabi
l
ityt
oki
l
lcer
tai
nbact
eri
aandpr
otozoa,
hencer
egul
atei
ntest
inal
f
lor
a.

M-
cel
l
s:

-
Thesear
eant
igen-
tr
anspor
ti
ngcel
l
s.

-
Playav
eryi
mpor
tantr
olei
nthei
mmunol
ogi
cal
sur
vei
l
lanceoft
hei
ntest
inal
lumi
nal
regi
ons.

-
Thesubmucosaoft
hesmal
li
ntest
inet
her
ear
egl
andscal
l
edBr
unner
sgl
andoft
heduodenum .

-
Themuscul
ari
sexter
naconsist
sofinnerci
rcular&out
erl
ongi
tudi
nal
lay
ersofsmoot
hmuscl
es
i
nbet
weenwhichtheyconsi
stofMyenteri
cplexus.
-
Onl
ythepost
eri
orsur
faceofduodenum hasadv
ent
it
ia,
ther
estofsmal
li
ntest
inehasser
osa.

COLON:

-
Themuscul
ari
sext
ernaofcol
onconsi
stsofi
nnerci
rcul
ar&out
erl
ongi
tudi
nal
lay
erofsmoot
h
muscl
e.

-
Theout
erl
ongi
tudi
nal
aregat
her
edi
ntot
hree,
flatbandscal
l
edt
eni
aecol
i.

-Theser
osaofcolonischar
acter
izedbypresenceofnumer
oussmal
lpr
otuber
ancescal
l
ed
appendi
cesepi
ploicaecomposedofadiposeti
ssue.

APPENDI
X:

-Thel
aminapr
opri
aoft
heappendi
xisheav
il
yinf
il
tr
atedwi
thl
ymphocy
tesandcont
ains
numerousl
ymphoi
dnodul
es.

-
Teni
aecol
iar
eabsent.

RECTUM &ANALCANAL:
(IMP)

-
Rect
um i
smost
lyl
i
ket
hecol
on.

-
Theanal
canal
mucosashowsanumberofl
ongi
tudi
nal
fol
dscal
l
edanal
col
umns.

-
Thedepr
essi
onsbet
weenanal
col
umnsar
ecal
l
edanal
sinuses.
-
Thelowerendsoft
hecol
umnsar
ejoi
nedt
ooneanot
herbymucosal
fol
dsknownasanal
v
alv
es.

-Abov
ethel
evel
ofanal
val
ves,
mucosai
sli
nedbysi
mpl
ecol
umnarepi
thel
i
um .

-Bel
owt
hel
evel
ofanal
val
ves,
mucosai
sli
nedbyst
rat
if
iedsquamousnonker
ati
nizedt
ype.

-
Ther
ear
eanal
glandsi
nthesubmucosa.

-
Themuscul
ari
sext
ernaconsi
stsofi
nnerci
rcul
ar&out
erl
ongi
tudi
nal
lay
ersofsmoot
hmuscl
e.

-Atl
evelofanal
col
umnst
hei
nnerci
rcul
arl
ayerbecomest
hickenedt
ofor
mthei
nter
nal
anal
sphi
ncter.

-
Theext
ernal
anal
sphi
nct
erconsi
stsofskel
etal
muscl
ebel
ongst
opel
vi
cfl
oormuscul
atur
e.

SALI
VARYGLANDS:

-
Thesal
i
var
ygl
andsar
ecompoundshav
ingahi
ghl
ybr
anchedductsy
stem .

-
Duct
scl
assi
fi
edi
ntogener
all
ythr
eet
ypes:
(1)i
nter
cal
ated(
2)st
ri
ated(
3)excr
etor
y.

I
NTERCALATEDDUCTS:
SIMPLECUBOI
DEPI
THELI
UM

STRI
ATEDDUCTS:
LOW COLUMNAREPI
THELI
UM .
I
NTRALOBULARDUCTS=I
NTERCALATED+STRI
ATEDDUCTS.

EXCRETORYDUCTS=I
NTERLOBULAR+I
NTRALOBULAR+MAI
NDUCTS.

-Themai
nductisli
nedbyst r
ati
fi
edcol
umnarepi
thel
i
um t
hatchangest
ost
rat
if
iedsquamous
nonker
ati
nizedneari
tsopeni
ngtooral
cav
ity.

PAROTI
D=SEROUSI
NNATURE.

SUBMANDI
BULAR=MI
XED.

SUBLI
NGUAL=MUCOUSI
NNATURE.

PANCREAS:

-
Maj
orpar
toft
heor
gani
smadeupofexocr
inepor
ti
on.

-
Theendocr
ineconsi
stsofi
slet
sofLangher
ans.

-Thereareser
ouscel
l
sint
hepancr
eat
icaci
ni,
api
cal
regi
oncont
ainsaci
dophi
l
iczy
mogen
granules.

-
Somesecr
eti
onsofthepancr
eat
icaci
nial
soexhi
bitl
owcuboi
dal
epi
thel
i
alcel
l
sknownas
‘
’
cent
ro-
aci
narcel
l
s’’

-
Acel
l
ssecr
ete–gl
ucagon.

-
Bcel
l
ssecr
ete–i
nsul
i
n.

-
Dcel
l
ssecr
ete-somat
ost
ati
n.
LI
VER:
(VERYI
MPORTANT)

-
Thel
i
veri
scov
eredbyat
hinconnect
ivet
issuecapsul
ecal
l
ed‘
’
Gli
sson’
scapsul
e’
’.

-FI
G18-
15OFLAI
QHUSSAI
NHI
STOLOGYI
SAMUST!
!

-
Thepar
enchy
maconsi
stsofepi
thel
i
alcel
l
scal
l
edhepat
ocy
tesar
rangedasanast
omot
icpl
ates
.

-
Bet
weent
hepl
atesar
epr
esentbl
oodsi
nosoi
dscal
l
edhepat
icsi
nusoi
ds.

-
Thr
eet
ypesofl
obul
esi
nli
verst
ruct
ure:

(
a)Cl
assi
cHepat
icLobul
e.

(
b)Por
tal
Lobul
e.

(c)Hepat
icaci
nus.

-
Ther
e’sar
elat
ivel
ylar
gev
enul
ecal
l
ed‘
cent
ral
vei
n‘i
nthecl
assi
clobul
e.

-Attheangl
esoft
hehexagonal
hepat
icl
obul
esar
epr
esentr
oughl
ytr
iangl
ear
eascal
l
edpor
tal
areas.

-
Bil
efl
owsi
nnar
rowchannel
scal
l
edBi
l
ecanal
i
cul
i.

Feat
uresofhepat
ocy
tes:
(imp)

1)pol
ygonal
cel
l
swi
thsi
xormor
esur
faces.

2)packedcl
osel
y,ar
rangedasanast
omot
icpl
atesar
rangedr
adi
all
yar
oundt
hecent
ral
vei
n.

3)mosthav
esi
ngl
espher
ical
nucl
eus.
4)Hav
etheusual
cel
lor
ganel
l
ese.
gGol
gi,
mit
ochondr
ia.

5)Pr
esenceofi
ntr
acel
l
ularchannel
scal
l
edbi
l
ecanal
i
cul
i.

6)Thesurfaceoft
hehepat
ocyt
eissepar
atedfrom t
hewal
lofthesinusoi
dbyanar
rowspace
thatcont
ainsty
peII
Icol
l
agedcal
ledt
he‘’
peri
sinusoi
dal
space’
’orspaceofDI
SSE.

-
Theper
isi
nusoi
dal
spaceconsi
stsofst
arshapedcel
l
scal
l
edhepat
icst
ell
atecel
l
s(orI
tocel
l
s).

-
Hepat
icsi
nusoi
dshav
etwot
ypesofcel
l
s:

.
(1)ENDOTHELI
ALCELLS

(
2)KUPFFERCELLS.

CHAPTER-
19(
URI
NARYSYSTEM)
**

-Thehumanki
dneyhast
womai
nregi
onscal
l
ed–‘
’
medul
l
a’’
&‘’
cor
tex.
’
’

-Theur
ini
fer
oust
ubul
ehast
wopar
ts–‘
’
anephr
on’
’&‘
’
acol
l
ect
ingt
ubul
e.’
’

-Therearethreety
pesofnephr
ons–(1)‘
’
super
fi
cial
’
’cor
ti
cal
(2)mi
dcor
ti
cal
ori
nter
medi
ate
cort
ical
,(3)juxt
amedul
lar
ynephrons.

-Di
ffer
encesamongthesethr
eenephronsi
ncl
ude.(
1)hav
ingt
hei
rrenal
cor
puscl
esi
nout
er
par
tofrenalcor
tex&consi
stshor
tloopofHenl
e.

-(
2)hav
ingt
hei
rcor
puscl
esi
nmi
dregi
onofcor
texandl
oopofHenl
eofi
nter
medi
atel
engt
h.

-(
3)hav
ingt
hei
rcor
puscl
esi
ndeepestpar
tofcor
texandl
ongl
oopofHenl
e’
s.

-Renal
cor
puscl
ehasaBowmann’
scapsul
&gl
omer
ulus.

-Thepodocyt
esarelar
ge,ir
regul
arl
yst
ar-
shapedcell
swhi
chshar
eacommonbasal
lami
na
wit
htheendothel
i
alcel
lsofthegl
omerul
arcapi
ll
ari
es.

-Numeroussecondar
ypr
ocesses,
knownasPEDI
CELSmakedi
rectcont
actwi
tht
hecapsul
ar
sur
faceofthecommonbasall
amina.

-TheFootprocesses(pedi
cels)ofeachpodocy
tesint
erdigit
atewi
ththoseofthenei
ghbouri
ng
podocyt
es.Theelongatedspacesbetweentheint
erdi
git
atingpedi
cel
sar ecal
l
ed‘’
fi
lt
rat
ion
sl
it
s.’
’

-Thef
il
tr
ati
onbarr
ierconsti
tutedbyst
ruct
urest
hatint
erv
enebet
weent
hebl
oodi
nthe
gl
omerul
arcapi
l
lar
ies&t hefil
trat
eint
hecapsul
arspace.
-Bar
ri
erconsi
stsof3component
s:

.
Thef
enest
rat
edcapi
l
lar
yendot
hel
i
um .

.
Thegl
omer
ularbasementmembr
ane.

.Thef
il
tr
ati
onsl
i
tswi
thsl
i
tsdi
aphr
agms.

-
ThePCT(
proxi
mal
conv
ulat
edt
ubul
e)i
sthet
ort
uousandt
hel
ongestpar
tofnephr
on.

-Examinat
ionofacr
osssect
ionoft
heproxi
malconvulatedt
ubul
eunderLM r
eveal
sthatt
his
partofthenephr
oni
sli
nedbyasimplecuboi
dalepi
theli
um .

-
Eachli
ningcel
lcont
ainsacent
ral
l
ylocat
edspher
ical
nucl
eus,
lumi
nal
sur
faceofcel
l
sshowsa
‘
’
brush-
border
.’
’

-
Theneighbour
ingcel
l
sofPCTar eboundt
oeachot
herbyj
unct
ional
compl
exesconsi
sti
ngof
t
ightj
uncti
ons&zonulaeadher
ent
es.

-Pr
inci
palfunct
ionofPCTistoact
ivel
yabsor
bsodi
um f
rom t
hegl
omer
ularf
il
tr
ate&t
opumpi
t
i
ntotheint
ercel
lul
arspace.

-TheLoopofHenl
econsistsoff
ourpart
s:(i
)athi
ckdescendi
ngsegment.(
ii
)athi
n
descendi
ngsegment(
ii
i)thi
nascendi
ngsegment(i
v)t
hickascendi
ngsegment.

-Thedi
stalt
ubul
eofthenephroncompri
sesoft
wopar
ts–par
srect
a(di
stal
str
aightt
ubul
e)&
parsconvul
ata(
dist
alconv
ulatedt
ubul
e).

-
Dist
alst
rai
ghtt
ubul
eli
nedbycuboi
dal
cel
l
s.

-
Dist
alconv
ulat
edt
ubul
ehav
enobr
ushbor
derunl
i
kePCTandhav
ever
ysmal
lmi
crov
il
li
unl
i
ke
PCTaswell.

-I
notherdif
fer
encesf
rom PCT,
theDi
stal
Conv
ulat
edt
ubul
ehasi
ssmal
l
eri
ndi
amet
er&begi
ns
atthevascul
arpol
e.

-
Pri
nci
pal
funct
ionofDCTi
sther
esor
pti
onofsodi
um f
rom t
hegl
omer
ularf
il
tr
ate.

-
Col
l
ect
ingt
ubul
es&col
l
ect
ingduct
s:

.Coll
ecti
ngtubul
eshav
eanav
eragedi
amet
erof40mi
cromet
ersandhav
esi
mpl
ecuboi
dal
epi
theli
um .
.
Col
l
ect
ingduct
sar
eli
nedbysi
mpl
ecol
umnarepi
thel
i
um .

.Col
l
ect
ingduct
scont
aint
wot
ypesofcel
l
scal
l
edt
hel
i
ghtcel
l
s&t
hedar
kcel
l
s.

.
Thel
i
ghtcel
l
sar
eal
socal
l
edt
hepr
inci
pal
cel
l
spal
est
aini
ng,
oval
,cent
ral
l
ypl
acednucl
ei.

.
Thedar
kcel
l
sar
eal
socal
l
edi
nter
cal
atedcel
l
s,ar
efewerandcont
aincent
ral
roundnucl
ei.

-
JGAPPARATUS:

.compr
isesoft
hreecomponent
s(i
)Macul
aDensa(
ii
)JGcel
l
s(i
i
i)Ext
ragl
omer
ularmesangi
al
cell
s.

Feat
uresofMacul
aDensacel
l
s:

.Si
mpl
ecuboi
dal
epi
thel
i
um.

.Cell
saretal
lcol
umnari
nshape,
Gol
giappar
atusi
slocat
edi
nsubnucl
earposi
ti
on.Dar
ker,
denserappear
ance.

JGCELLSFeat
ures:

.Lar
gesi
zeandt
hei
rnucl
eiar
espher
ical
.Cy
topl
asm f
ull
ofgr
anul
es,
whi
chdonotst
ain.
secr
eter
enni
n.

-
Ext
ragl
omer
ularmesangi
alcel
l
sar
eal
socal
l
edl
aci
scel
l
s.

URETER:
.
THREECOATS (
i)Mucosa(
ii
)Muscul
ari
s(i
i
i)Adv
ent
it
ia.

.
Mucosa .i
ntof
olds,
starshapedl
umen.t
ransi
ti
onal
epi
thel
i
um wi
th3-
5cel
ll
ayer
s.l
ami
na
pr
opr
iahasCT.

.
Muscul
aris thickwithtwolayersofsmoot
hmusclenotcl
ear
lydemar
cated.I
nnerl
ongi
tudi
nal
,out
erci
rcularlayerwhereasathir
dlay
erofl
ongi
tudi
nal
lyr
unni
ngmusclefi
ber
sisaddedouter
t
othecir
cularlayer.

.
Theadv
ent
it
aout
ermostl
ayer,
wit
hlooseCT,
bloodv
essl
s,l
ymphat
ics.

URI
NARYBLADDER:

MUCOSA numer ousfoldsthatdisappearwhenbladderisdist

endedwit
hurine.Epit
heli
um
Transi
ti
onalepit
heli
um , l
ayerschangewi thstat
eofdistent
ion.Inemptytr
ansit
ionalepi
thel
i
um
shows6-8layerswher easindist
endedi tshows2-3layers.PLAQUESregi
onpresentonthe
epit
hel
ium oftheurinarybl
adder.

MUSCULARIS Consistsofinter
laci
ngbundl
esofsmoothmusclef
iber
sanddi
sti
nct
ioni
nto
l
ayer
sisnotpossi
bleexceptintheneckregi
onoft
hebladder.

I
nthi
sregi
on,
thi
ninnerl
ongi
tudi
nal
,thi
ckmi
ddl
eci
rcul
ar,
thi
nout
erl
ongi
tudi
nal
.

Adv
ent
it
ia/
Ser
osa Mostcov
eredbyadv
ent
it
a,super
iorsur
facecov
eredbyser
osa.

URETHRA:

FEMALEURETHRA I ni
ti
alpartofuret
hrali
nedbyt r
ansi
ti
onalepi
thel
ium wher
easr
emaini
ng
par
tli
nedbystr
ati
fi
edsquamousnonker at
ini
zedepit
hel
ium .Numerousmucoussecr
eti
ng
si
mpleaci
nargl
andscall
edurethral
glandsorglandsofLit
tre.

MALEURETHRA Pr
ost
ati
cur
ethr
a=Tr
ansi
ti
onal
epi
thel
i
um .
 Membr anousuret
hra=Str
ati
fi
edcol
umnarepi
thel
i
um i
nter
sper
sedwi
th
pat
chesofpseudost
rat
if
iedcolumnarepi
thel
i
um .

Peni
l
eUr et
hra=Psuedost
rat
if
iedepi
thel
ium exceptati
tsdi
stal
par
twher
eiti
sli
nedby
st
rat
if
iedsquamousnonkerat
ini
zedepit
heli
um .

CHAPTER–20(MALEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEM).

-Eacht
est
esi
scov
eredbyat
hickcapsul
eofdensei
rr
egul
arCTcal
l
edt
uni
caal
bugi
nea.

-Thinandi
ncomplet
eCTsept acall
edsept
ulat
est
isradi
atef
rom t
hemedi
asti
num t
est
ist
othe
capsul
eanddivi
defurt
herthei
nteri
orofor
ganto250pyri
madali
nter
communi
cati
ng
compartment
scall
edtest
icul
arlobul
es.

-Beneat
htuni
caal
bugi
neaal
ayercal
l
edt
uni
cav
ascul
osal
i
ningsept
ulat
est
is.

-Eacht
est
icul
arl
obescont
ainsonet
ofourhi
ghl
yconv
ulat
edsemi
nfer
oust
ubul
es.

-Semi
nfer
oust
ubul
esar
e0.
2mm i
ndi
amet
er.

-Tubul
irect
iconst
it
utet
hei
nit
ial
par
toft
hemal
egeni
tal
ductsy
stem .

-Thetubul
irect
ipassi
ntomedi
ast
inum t
est
ist
ojoi
nanet
wor
kofanast
omosi
ngchannel
s
cal
ledret
etesti
s.

-SEMINIFEROUSTUBULESARELINEDBYACOMPLEXSEMI
NIFEROUSEPI
THELI
UM WHI
CHI
S
MODIFIEDSTRATIFI
EDCUBOIDALEPITHELI
UM .

-Sper
matogoni
aar
ethecell
sofsemi
nif
erousepi
thel
i
um andaredi
videdint
oTYPEADARK&
TYPEAPALEspermatogoni
aal
ongwit
hTYPEBsper mat
ogoniadependingont
henucl
ear
str
uct
ure.

-Ser
tol
icel
l
salsocal
ledthesustenacul
arcel
l
s,t
all
col
umnarcel
l
sext
endf
rom basal
lami
nat
o
thel
umenofsemini
feroustubul
es.

-Sert
oli
cellhasnucleusthatexhi
bit
sdi
sti
nct
ivef
eat
uresl
i
ke(
fol
dingsi
nnucl
earenv
elope)or
(nucl
eolusbeingprominent).

-Hasli
piddropl
ets,
gly
cogengr
anul
es,
spi
ndl
eshapedcr
yst
all
oid.ER,
GOLGI
,mi
tochondr
ia
underEM .

-Cel
l
sofl
ater
alwal
lboundbyoccl
udi
ngj
unct
iond.
-Basal
compar
tmenthassper
mat
ogoni
aandpr
imar
ysper
mat
ocy
tes.

-Adl
umi
nal
compar
tmenthassecondar
ysper
mat
ocy
tes,
sper
mat
ids,
sper
mat
ozoa.

-FUNCTIONS* * physi
cal andnutrit
ionalsupportt
odev
elopi
nggerm cel
l
s,import
antblood-
testi
sbar
rierf
ormati
on, phagocytosis,secret
ionofAMH(anti
mull
eri
anhormone),ant
igen
bindi
ngprotei
nproduct
ion, secr
etionofinhibi
n.

-Occludi
ngjunct
ionsbetweent
headj
acentser
tol
icel
lsest
abl
ishabl
ood-
test
isbar
ri
erbet
ween
thebasalandadl
umi nal
compart
mentsofsemini
fer
oustubul
es.

-Roleinisol
ati
ngthehapl
oidger
m cel
l
sinacompar
tmentt
opr
eventanyki
ndofi
mmune
responseagainstt
hecel
ls.

-Intersti
ti
alcell
sofley
digarrangedasgroupsincloseassociati
ontobloodcapi
ll
ari
eshav e
followingfeatur
es largeovoidcell
s,centr
aldar
kst ai
ningnucleus,eosi
nophi
li
ccytopl
asm ri
ch
i
nl ipiddropl
ets.Rodshapedcr yst
all
oidsofRei
nkear ecommonl yseeninthecyt
oplasm of
i
nt ersti
ti
alcel
ls.Theysecret
et hemalesexhormonet estost
erone.

-Tubulir
ecti
orvasar
ect
apr
oxi
mal
par
tli
nedbyser
tol
icel
l
swher
easdi
stal
par
tli
nedbysi
mpl
e
cuboidalepi
thel
i
um .

-Ret
etest
ishav
esi
mpl
ecuboi
dal
epi
thel
i
um .

-Duct
uli
eff
erent
eshascol
umnarepi
thel
i
um .

-
EPI
DIDYMI
S:

.
Comashapedbodyt
hatov
erl
i
est
hepost
eri
orsuper
iorsur
faceoft
est
s

.
Crosssect
ionr
eveal
sthatt
heductofepi
didy
misi
sli
nedbyapseudost
rat
if
iedcol
umnar
epi
thel
i
um .

Functi
onsincl
udet
hestorageofspermat
ozoa,i
tst
ranspor
ttot
heduct
usdef
erens,
reabsor
pti
onofmostoftheflui
dleav
ingt
estes.

-
DUCTUSDEFERENS(
VASDEFERENS).
.
Thr
eecoat
s(Mucosa,
Muscul
ari
s,Adv
ent
it
a).

-Mucosa lumenstarshaped,
pseudost
rat
if
iedcol
umnarepi
thel
i
um i
nwhi
cht
all
col
umnar
cel
lsbearster
eoci
l
ia.

-Muscul
aris Composedofthreel
ayer
sofsmoot
hmuscl
e t
hini
nnerl
ongi
tudi
nal
,thi
ckmi
ddl
e
cir
cul
ar,thi
ckouterl
ongi
tudi
nal.

-Adv
ent
it
a

-
Thedi
stal
endoft
heduct
usdef
erensi
sdi
l
atedt
ofor
mtheampul
l
a.

SEMI
NALVESI
CLES:

Mucosat
hrowni
ntol
ongi
tudi
nal
fol
ds.Li
ningepi
thel
i
um ofpseudost
rat
if
iedcol
umnarv
ari
ety.

Pri
nci
palcel
lst
all
col
umnarandbearshor
tmi
crov
il
li
onapi
cal
sur
face.Shor
tbasal
cel
l
sreston
basal
lamina.

-
Muscul
ari
s Consi
stsofi
nnerci
rcul
ar&out
erl
ongi
tudi
nal
lay
ersofsmoot
hmuscl
e.

-Seminal
vesi
clesf
uncti
onsasgl
andswhi
chsecr
eteay
ell
owv
iscousf
lui
dthatconst
it
utes
about70%ofthevolumeofsemen.

-Thesecr
eti
onal
socont
ainst
hey
ell
owi
shpi
gmentcal
l
ed‘
’
FLAVI
N’’
.

PROSTRATEGLAND(
IMP).

.
Lar
gestaccessor
ysexgl
andofmal
e.

.Cov
eredbyat
hincapsul
eofdensei
rr
egul
arCT.

.St
romaoft
hepr
ost
rat
eisf
ibr
omuscul
arconsi
sti
ngofcol
l
agen,
elast
ic&smoot
hmuscl
e
f
iber
s.

.
Par
enchy
mahas30-
50t
ubul
oaci
nargl
ands.

-
Mucosal
glands,
submucosal
glands&mai
npr
ost
rat
icgl
ands.

-Smallspher
icalbodi
esknownasprost
rati
cconcentr
ati
onsorCORPORAAMYLACEAar
e
obser
vedintheluminaofsomeoftheprostat
ical
veol
i.

-Thepar
enchy
maoft
hegl
andi
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreezones:

-(
i)per
ipher
alzone=cont
ainst
hemai
npr
ost
ati
cgl
andsabout70%ofgl
andul
armass.maj
or
si
teofprost
ati
ccancer
.

-(
ii
)tr
ansi
ti
onalzone=cont
ainst
hesubmucosal
glands,
sit
eofBPH(BENI
GNPROSTATI
C
HYPERPLASIA).

-Cent
ral
Zone=mucosal
glands,
resi
stantt
ohy
per
plasi
aaswel
lasmal
i
gnancy.

CHAPTER21(FEMALEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEM)

-Thesurf
aceofov
aryi
scov
eredbyasi
mpl
ecuboi
dal
epi
thel
i
um (al
socal
l
edger
minal
epi
thel
i
um).

-Ov
aryconsi
stsoft
wozones(
cent
ral
deepzoneofmedul
l
a&out
erzoneofcor
tex).

-
Theov
ari
ancor
texhasscat
ter
edspher
ical
bodi
escal
l
edov
ari
anf
oll
i
cles.

-AlayerofdenseCT,
knownast
uni
caal
bugi
neal
i
esbet
weenger
minal
epi
thel
i
um &under
lyi
ng
cor
tex.

-Theovar
iesofaf
emal
echi
l
dcont
ainonl
yonet
ypeofov
ari
anf
oll
i
clescal
l
edpr
imor
dial
fol
l
icl
es.

-Ov
aryofanadul
tfemal
ehast
hreev
ari
eti
esofov
ari
anf
oll
i
cles.

-Pr
imordi
alf
olli
cleunderthei
nfl
uenceofgonadot
ropi
chor
monessecr
etedbyadenohy
ophy
isi
s
i
scall
edthegrowingfoll
i
cles.
-Onl
yonegr
owi
ngf
oll
i
clesmat
urewhi
l
eot
her
sunder
goat
resi
a.

-Remainsoft
heov
ulat
edf
oll
i
clear
econv
ert
edi
ntot
emper
orygl
andul
arst
ruct
urecal
l
edcor
pus
l
uteum .

-Pr
imor
dial
fol
l
icl
ehasani
mmat
ureov
um ar
rest
edi
npr
ophaseofmei
osi
sI.

-Theoocyt
eofpri
mor
dial
fol
l
icl
econt
ainsal
arge,
eccent
ri
csi
tuar
ted,
vesi
cul
arnucl
euswi
th
promi
nentnucl
eol
us.

-Thefol
l
icul
arcell
sal
socal
ledgranul
osecel
lsar
esquamousepi
thel
i
alcel
l
sthatsur
roundt
he
oocyt
eandattachedt
oeachotherbydesmosomes.

-Pri
mordialf
oll
i
clegr
owsint
o Unil
aminarpr
imar
yfol
l
icl
e Mul
ti
lami
narpr
imar
yfol
l
icl
e
Secondarfol
l
icl
e Matur
eGraaf
ianfol
l
icl
e.

-AtUni
l
aminarpr
imar
yfoll
i
clestage, al
ayerofamorphous,
homogeneousmat
eri
alappear
s
bet
weentheoocy
teandthegranulosecel
lscal
led‘
’
zonapell
uci
da.
’
’

-Lay
ersoft
hecai
nter
na&t
hecaext
ernaar
efor
meddur
ingt
heMul
ti
lami
narf
oll
i
clest
age.

-Theinnerl
ayerthecai
nternaconsist
smainl
yofcuboi
dalsecr
etor
ycel
ls.Sy
nthesi
zeand
secr
etetheandrogenandrostenedi
one,whi
chpassest
othegranul
osecel
lswherei
tis
convert
edint
oest r
ogencalledestr
adi
ol.

-Thecaexter
naout
erl
ayeroft
hecaf
oll
i
cul
iconsi
stoff
ibr
obl
ast
s,col
l
agenf
iber
s&smoot
h
musclefi
bers.

-Secondar
yfol
l
icl
est
agei
schar
act
eri
zedbyt
hepr
esenceofacav
itycal
l
edt
heant
rum f
oll
i
cul
i.

-Theli
quorfol
li
cul
ii
sanexudat
eofpl
asmat
hatappeari
nthecl
eft
sbet
weent
hest
rat
um
granal
osum .

-Mostsecondaryfol
li
clesunder
goat
resi
a,oneoft
hem mat
uresandbecomesaGr
aaf
ian
fol
l
icl
eoraterti
aryfol
li
cle.

-Ruptur
edfoll
i
cledoesnotdisi
ntegr
atebutoncei
str
ansf
ormedi
ntoat
emper
oryendocr
ine
organcal
ledcorpusl
uteum .

-Thegr
anul
oselut
eincel
lsar
epalestai
ning,l
argecel
l
s,cy
topl
asm y
ell
owi
shwi
tht
hel
utei
n
pi
gment,pr
inci
pal
functi
ontosecr
eteprogest
erone.

-Thethecal
utei
ncell
shav
efatdropl
etsincyt
opl
asm ,
mit
ochondr
iawi
tht
ubul
arcr
ist
ae,
SER.
Secr
etesest
rogensaswel
lasprogest
erones.

-Degenerat
ionoft
hecorpusluteum r
esul
tsi
naut
oly
sisofthelut
eincel
lsandincr
easei
nCT,
fi
nal
lythewholemassistransf
ormedintoawhi
ti
shscarcall
edcorpusalbi
cans.
UTERI
NETUBES.

-Mucosa longi
tudi
nalf
oldsthroughoutthelengt
h,epi
theli
um l
ini
ngtheovi
duct
sisofsi
mpl e
columnarv
ariet
yandcontainseit
hercil
iatedornonci
li
atedcel
ls.Laminapr
opri
aofuter
ine
tubeshasl
ooseCT, r
eti
cular&coll
agenf i
bers.

-
Muscul
ari
s t
hicki
nnerci
rcul
ar&at
hinout
erl
ongi
tudi
nal
lay
erofsmoot
hmuscl
efi
ber
s.

-
Out
ermostcov
eri
ngoft
heut
eri
net
ubei
scal
l
ed‘
’
ser
osa.
’
’

UTERUS.

-
OUTERLAYER=PERI
METRI
UM

-
MIDDLELAYER=MYOMETRI
UM

-
INNERLAYER=ENDOMETRI
UM .

-
Per
imet
ri
um i
sei
therser
osaoradv
ent
it
iadependi
ngont
hesur
faceofut
erusbei
ngexami
ned.

-
My omet
ri
um isthet
hickestcoatwit
hthreel
ayersofsmoothmuscles.(
i)t
hinouterlay
erof
l
ongit
udi
nal
lyarr
angedmuscl es.(
ii
)middlel
ayerofci
rcul
arl
ydi
sposedmusclefibers.(
ii
i)i
nner
l
ayerofl
ongi
tudi
nalmuscles.

-Endometr
ium =li
ningepi
thel
i
um i
sofsi
mpl
ecol
umnarv
ari
etywi
tht
wot
ypesofcel
l
s(i
)
ci
li
ated(
ii
)secret
ory.

-Thefunct
ional
isalsocal
ledthest
ratum f
unctonal
eist
het
hicksuper
fi
cial
zonewhi
chi
s
sloughedoffatthebegi
nningofeachmenstrualcy
cle.

-
Thebasal
i
sorst
rat
um basal
eist
hedeeper
,nar
rowerzoneoft
heendomet
ri
um .

-
4phasesofmenst
rual
cycl
e(i
)pr
oli
fer
ati
ve(
ii
)secr
etor
y(i
i
i)pr
emenst
rual
(iv
)menst
rual
.
VAGI
NA:

-
THREECOATS(MUCOSA,
MUSCULARI
S,ADVENTI
TIA).

-
MUCOSA t
ransv
ersef
oldsorr
ugae,
twol
ayer
s=epi
thel
i
um &l
ami
napr
opr
ia.

Epi
thel
i
um ofthestrat
if
iedsquamousnonker
ati
nizedvar
iet
yal
thoughsomeoft
hesuper
fi
cial
cel
l
soft heepi
thel
i
um contai
nskerat
ohyal
i
ngranules.

Lami
napr
opr
iawi
thl
ayerofl
ooseCT,
cont
aini
nganumberofel
ast
icf
iber
s.

Muscul
ari
s Consist
sofsmoot
hmusclef i
berswhicharear
rangedi
ntotwoint
ermingli
ngl
ayer
s
,thei
nnerl
ayeri
scomposedmainl
yofthecircul
arl
yarr
angedmusclefi
ber
s.Thethickout
er
l
ayeri
scomposedofbundl
esofl
ongit
udinal
lyrunni
ngsmoothmusclefi
bers.

Adv
ent
it
a l
ayerofdenseCTt
hatbi
ndst
hev
agi
nat
othesur
roundi
ngst
ruct
ures.

-
Thev
agi
nal
wal
lhasnogl
ands.

CHAPTER22(
EAR)

-Aur
icl
eiscomposedof‘
’
ELASTI
CCARTI
LAGE.
’
’

-Thecar
ti
lagi
nouspar
tofmeat
uscont
ains‘
’
cer
umi
nousgl
ands.
’
’

-Secr
etor
ypr
oductofsebaceous&cer
umi
nousgl
andsmi
xtof
ormt
heearwax.

-Audi
tor
ytubei
sli
nedbypseudo-
str
ati
fi
edcol
umnarci
l
iat
edepi
thel
i
um.

-Membr
anousl
aby
rint
hisf
il
ledwi
thf
lui
dcal
l
ed‘
’
endol
ymph.
’
’
-Osseousl
aby
rint
hconsi
stofcent
ral
cav
itycal
l
ed‘
’
vest
ibul
e.’
’

-Cr
ist
aeampul
l
ari
sar
e3i
nnumberwher
easmacul
aar
etwoi
nnumber
.

-St
ereoci
l
iaofHai
rcel
l
sar
eembeddedi
nat
hickgl
ycopr
otei
nmat
eri
alcal
l
ed‘
’
cupul
a.’
’

-Ot
oli
thsar
ecomposedofcal
cium car
bonat
e.

-Tect
ori
almembr
aneov
erl
i
est
heor
ganofcor
ti
.

CHAPTER-
23(
EYE)

-
Middl
elay
erofey
ebal
li
sal
socal
l
ed‘
’
uveal
regi
on.
’
’

-Cor
neoscl
eral
junct
ioni
scal
l
edcor
neal
li
mbus.

-
Cor
neal
epi
thel
i
um =St
rat
if
iedsquamousnon-
ker
ati
nized.

-
Bowmann’
smembr
aneofcor
neacont
ainst
ype-
1col
l
agenf
iber
s.

-
Ret
inadev
elopsasi
nvagi
nat
ionoff
orebr
aincal
l
edt
he‘
’
opt
icv
esi
cle.
’
’

-
Dil
atedf
iber
sradi
ati
ngf
rom t
heci
l
iar
ypr
ocessesar
ecal
l
ed‘
’
zonul
arf
iber
s.’
’

-
Cont
racti
onofl
ongi
tudi
nal
fiber
sofci
l
iar
ymuscl
es Faci
l
itat
est
hedr
ainageofAqueous
Humor.

-Cont
ract
ionofr
adi
alf
iber
sofci
l
iar
ymuscl
ecauset
hel
enst
ofl
att
enf
ort
hedi
stantv
isi
on.

-Ret
inal
pigmentepi
thel
i
um i
sasi
ngl
elay
erofl
owcol
umnarcel
l
s.

-Lenscapsul
econt
aincol
l
agent
ypeI
V.