MTM Lab Report..501

Lab report MTM 2017-ME-501
MACHINE TOOLS AND MACHINING

LAB REPORT
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. SHAHID FAROOQ
SUBMITTED BY: JAVERIA ASIF
2017-ME-501
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LAHORE (NAROWAL CAMPUS)
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Lab report MTM | 2017-ME-501
LATHE MACHINE
Definition:
Lathe is a machine, which removes the metal from a piece of work to the required shape
and size.
➢ Lathe is one of the most important machine tools in the metal working industry. A lathe
operates on the principle of a rotating workpiece and a fixed cutting tool.
➢ The cutting tool is feed into the workpiece, which rotates about its own axis causing the
workpiece to be formed to the desired shape.
➢ Lathe machine is also known as “the mother/father of the entire tool family”.
➢ Henry Maudsley was born on an isolated farm near Gigghleswick in North Yorkshire and
educated at University College London. He was an outstandingly student, collecting ten Gold
Medals and graduating with an M.D. degree in 1857.
# Function of lathe Lathe is to remove excess material in the form of chips by

rotating the work piece against a stationary cutting tool
➢Industrial revolution demanded
# More production
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# More Precision
# Changes in Manufacturing process
# Lead to the Development of High speed
# Special purpose lathes
MAIN PARTS:
Lathe Machine is also known as “Centre Lathe”, because it has two centres between
which the job can be held and rotated. The main parts of centre lathe are:
➢ Bed,
➢Head stock
➢Tail stock
➢Carriage etc
# Lathes are the oldest machine tools
# Lathe Components
# Bed: supports all major components
# Carriage: slides along the ways and consists of the cross slide, tool post, apron
# Headstock – Holds the jaws for the work piece, supplies power to the jaws and
has various drive speeds
#Tailstock – supports the other end of the workpiece
# Feed Rod and Lead Screw – Feed rod is powered by a set of gears from the
headstock
Working principle of lathe
If the tool moves parallel to work piece cylindrical surface is formed
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If the tool moves inclined to the axis it produces a taper surface and is called taper
turning.
It holds the work between two supports called centers.Chuck or Face plate is also
used for holding the work.
# Chuck or face plate is mounted on machine spindle
# Cutting tool is held and supported on a tool post.
# Movement of the job is rotation about spindle axis
# Tool is fed against the revolving work
# Movement of the tool is either parallel to or at any inclination to the work axis
To perform different lathe machine operations on a lathe, the workpiece may be

supported and driven by any one of the following methods:
1. Workpiece held between centres and tool driven by carriers and catch plates.
2. Workpiece held on a mandrel which is supported between centres and driven by carriers
and catch plates.
3. Held and driven by chuck with the other end supported on the tailstock centre.
4. Held and driven by a chuck or a faceplate or an angle plate.
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Types of Lathe Machine Operations :

The lathe machine operations are classified into three main categories and are as follows.
Following are the Lathe machine operations done either by holding the workpiece between
centres or by a chuck:
1. Operations Done by Holding Workpiece Between Centers:

Turning:
It is the most common type of operation in all lathe machine operations. Turning is the
operation of removing the excess material from the workpiece to produce a cylindrical
surface to the desired length. The job held between the centre or a chuck and rotating at a
required speed. The tool moves in a longitudinal direction to give the feed towards the
headstock with proper depth of cut. The surface finish is very good.
Straight Turning:
The workpiece is held on the chuck and it is made to rotate about the axis, and the tool is
fed parallel to the lathe axis. The straight turning produces a cylindrical surface by removing
excess metal from the workpiece.
Rough Turning:
It is the process of removal of excess material from the workpiece in minimum time by
applying high rate feed and heavy depth of cut. in rough turning the average depth of cut
2mm to 4mm can be given and feed is from 0.3 to 1.5mm per revolution of the work. When
a workpiece has different diameters and is to be turned, the surface forming steps from one
diameter to the other is called the shoulder, and machining this part of the workpiece is
called shoulder turning.
Eccentric turning:
When a cylindrical surface two separate axis of rotation, with the first axis, is offset to the
other axis then such a workpiece is machined by the operation called eccentric turning. Here
three sets of centre holes are drilled. By holding the workpiece at these three centers the
machining operation for each of the surface can be completed Shoulder Turning.
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Taper Turning:
#A ''taper'' is the uniform increase or decrease in the diameter of the workpiece and
measured along with its length.
# Taper turning means to produce a conical shape by a gradual reduction in diameter from a
cylindrical workpiece. The amount of taper in the workpiece is usually specified on the basis
of the difference in diameter of the taper to its length. It is known as a cone and it is
indicated by the letter K. It has the formula K = D-d / 1 to produce the taper on the
workpiece.
#D = Larger diameter of taper
# d = Small diameter of taper.
Facing:
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It is an operation of reducing the length of the workpiece by feeding the perpendicular to

the lathe axis. This operation of reducing a flat surface on the end of the workpiece. For this
operation, regular turning tool or facing tool may use. The cutting edge of the tool should
set to the same height as the center of the workpiece.
Chamfering operation:
It is the operation of getting a beveled surface at the edge of a cylindrical workpiece. This
operation is done in case of bolt ends and shaft ends. Chamfering helps to avoid damage to
the sharp edges and protect the operation getting hurt during other operations. Chamfering
on bolt helps to screw the nut easily.
Knurling operation:
It is an operation of obtaining a diamond shape on the workpiece for the gripping purpose.
This is done to provide a better gripping surface when operated by hands. It is done using a
knurling tool. The tool consists of a set of hardened steel roller, and it is held rigidly on the
tool post. Knurling is done at the lowest speed available on a lathe. It is done on the handles
and also in case of ends of gauges. The feed varies from 1 to 2 mm per revolution. Two or
three cuts may be necessary to give the full impression.
Thread Cutting:
It is the important operation in the lathe to obtain the continuous ''helical grooves'' or ''
threads''. When the threads or helical grooves are formed on the out surface of the
workpiece is called external thread cutting. When the threads or helical grooves are formed
on the inner surface of the workpiece is called internal thread cutting. The workpiece is
rotating between the two centers i.e., live centre and dead centre is the lathe.
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Here the tool is moved longitudinally to obtain the required type of the thread. When the
tool is moved from right to the left we get the left-hand thread. Similarly, when the tool is
moved from left to the right we get the right-hand thread. Here the motion of the carriage is
provided by the lead screw. A pair of change gears drives the lead screw and by rotating the
handle the depth of cut can be controlled.
Filling:
It is the finishing operation performed after turning. This is done on a lathe to remove burrs,
sharp corners, and feed marks on a workpiece and also to bring it to the size by removing
the very small amount of metal. The operation consists of passing a flat single-cut file over
the workpiece which revolves at a high speed. The speed is usually twice that of turning.
Polishing:
This operation is performed after filing to improve the surface quality of the workpiece.
Polishing with successively finer grades of emery cloth after filing results in a very smooth,
bright surface. The lathe is run at high speeds from 1500 to 1800m per min, and oil is used
on the emery cloth.
Grooving:
It is the process of reducing the diameter of a workpiece over a very narrow surface. It is
done by a groove tool. A grooving tool is similar to the parting-off tool. It is often done at the
end of a thread or adjacent to a shoulder to leave a small margin.
Spinning:
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it is the process of forming a thin sheet of metal by revolving the job at high speed and
pressing it against a headstock spindle. Support is also given from the tailstock end.
Spring Winding:
Spring winding is the process of making a coiled spring by passing a wire around a mandrel
which is revolved on a chuck or between centers. A small hole is provided on the steel bar,
which is supported by Tool Post and the wire is allowed to pass through it.
Forming:
It is the process of turning a convex, concave or of any irregular shape. Form-turning may be
accomplished by the following method:1. Using a forming tool. 2. Combining cross and
longitudinal feed. 3. Tracing or copying a template.
2. Operations Done By Holding The Work By A Chuck

Lathe machine operations performed by holding the work by a chuck or a faceplate or an
angle plate are:
Drilling:
Drilling is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a workpiece. It is done by a rotating

tool, the rotating side of the cutter, known as drilling drill. In this operation, The workpiece is
revolving in a chuck or a faceplate and the drill is held in the tailstock drill holder or drill
chuck. The feeding is adopted is affected by the movement of the tailstock spindle. This
method is adopted for the drilling regular-shaped workpiece.
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Reaming:
Reaming is the operation of finishing and sizing a hole which has been already drilled or
bored. The tool is used is called the reamer, which has multi-plate cutting edges.
The reamer is held on the tailstock spindle, either directly or through a drill chuck and is held
stationary while the work is revolved at a very slow speed.
Boring:
Boring is the operation of enlarging the hole which is already drilled, punched or forged. It
cannot produce a hole. Boring is similar to the external turning operation and can be
performed in a lathe. In this operation, the workpiece is revolved in a chuck or a faceplate
and the tools which are fitted to the tool post is fed into the work.
It consists of a boring bar having a single-point cutting tool which enlarges the hole. It also
corrects out of roundness of a hole. This method adopted for boring small-sized works only.
The speed of this process is slow.
Counterboring:
Counterboring is the operation of enlarging the end of the hole through a certain distance. It
is similar to a shoulder work in external turning. The operation is similar to boring and plain
boring tools or a counterbore may be used. The tool issued called a counterbore. The speed
is slightly less than drilling.
Taper Boring:
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The principle of turning a tapered hole is similar to the external taper turning operation and
is completed by rotating the work on a chuck or a faceplate. The feeding tool is at an angle
to the axis of rotation of the workpiece. A boring tool is mounted on the tool post and by
swiveling the compound slide to the desired angle, a short taper hole is machined by hand
feeding.
Tapping:
Tapping is the operation of cutting internal threads of small diameter using a multipoint
cutting tool called the tap. In a lathe, the work is mounted on a chuck or on a faceplate and
revolved at a very slow speed. A tap of required size held on a special fixture is mounted on
the tailstock spindle.
Undercutting:
Undercutting is similar to grooving operation when performed inside a hole. It is the process
of boring a groove or a large hole at a fixed distance from the end of a hole. This is similar to
the boring operation, except that a square nose parting is used. Undercutting is done at the
end of an internal thread or a counterbore to provide clearance for the tool or any part.
3. Lathe Operations Done By Using Special Attachments

Lathe machine operations are performed by using special attachments:
Milling:
Milling is the operation of removing metal by feeding the work against a rotating cutter
having multiple cutting edges.
For cutting keyways or grooves, the work is supported on the cross-slide by a special
attachment and fed against a rotating milling cutter held by a chuck. The depth of cut is
given by vertical adjustment of the work provided by the attachment.
The depth of cut is given by vertical adjustment of the work provided by the attachment.
The feeding movement is provided by the carriage and the vertical movement of the cutter
is arranged in the attachment.
Grinding:
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Grinding is the operation of removing the metal in the form of minute chips by feeding the
work against a rotating abrasive wheel known as the grinding wheel. Both internal and
external surface of a workpiece may be ground by using a special attachment mounted on
the cross slide. For the grinding external surface, the work may be revolved between centers
or on a chuck. For internal grinding, the work must be revolved on a chuck or faceplate.
The feeding is done by the carriage and the depth of cut is provided by the cross slide.
Grinding is performed in a lathe for finishing a job, sharpening a cutter, or sizing workpiece
after it has been hardened.
CENTRE OR ENGINE LATHE:
Centre lathe machine is most widely used lathe machine and it is still present in every
workshop. The operations like turning, facing, grooving, knurling, threading and more such
operations are performed on this type of machine.
The headstock of an engine lathe is rigid and tailstock is moveable which is further used to
support an operation like knurling. It can easily feed the cutting tool in both directions,
longitudinal and lateral directions with the help of feed mechanisms. Centre Lathe machines
are driven by gear mechanism or pulley mechanism.
SPEED LATHE:
Speed lathe is also known as wood lathe. As the name indicates speed lathe works at high
speed. The headstock spindle rotates at very high speed. In speed lathe feed is provided
manually.
The speed ranges of this machine operated between 1200 to 3600 RPM. Speed lathe is used
for spinning, centering, polishing and machining of wood.
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CAPSTAN AND TURRET LATHE:

The capstan and turret lathe machine used for Mass production it is a modified version of
the engine lathe machine. This machine is used where there sequence of operation is
performed on the workpiece.These machines are provided by hexagonal turret instead of
the tailstock in which multiple operations are performed in a sequence without changing its
tool manually.
It also consists of three tool post. It requires more floor space than other lathe machines.
The main advantage of using capstan and turret is that even less skilled operators can do a
job.
TOOL ROOM LATHE:

The tool room lathe machine operates on speed up to 2500 RPM. The parts are almost
similar to engine lathe machine but the parts are built very accurately and should be
arranged in proper sequence because this lathe is used for highly precise work with very
fewer tolerances. It is mainly used in grindings, working on the tool, dies gauges and in
machining work where accuracy is needed.
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BENCH LATHE:
Bench lathe machines are mounted on the bench. This type of lathe machine is small in size
and used for very small precise work. It has all the similar parts of engine lathe and speed
lathe.
AUTOMATIC LATHE:
As the name indicates “Automatic lathe” performs work automatically. Standard lathes have
some drawbacks i.e. They are not used for mass production. But automatic lathes are used
for mass production. Here there is no need to change the tool manually because it changes
automatically. The main advantage of automatic lathe is that a single operator can handle
machines more than 4 to 5 machines at a time.
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These types of lathes are high speed and heavy-duty.
SPECIAL PURPOSE LATHE:

It is used to perform special types of operations that cannot be performed on standard lathe
machines.
Some examples of special purpose lathe include vertical lathe, wheel lathe, T lathe , double
spindle lathe, production lathe, etc. Wheel lathe is used for machining of journals and rail
rods. It is also used for turning the threads on locomotive wheels. The T-lathe is used for
machining rotors for jet engines. The axis of the lathe bed is at right angle to the axis of the
headstock spindle in the form of a T.
CNC LATHE MACHINE:

CNC stands for Computerized Numerically Controlled.
This is widely being used in present time due to its fast and accurate working. It is one of the
most advanced lathes. It uses computer programs to control the machine tool. One program
is fed to the computer according to which it starts its working at very high speed. Once one
program is fed it can perform the same operation for number of workpieces without
changing it. To perform a different operation other than the previous one you have to
change the program.
These machines are used for mass production of tools just like capstan and turret machines.
A semi skilled operator can easily operate it after the initial setup is done.
The components manufactured by CNC lathes are very precise and accurate.
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LAB SESSION # 1
OBJECTIVE:
Study of different parts of lathe machine.
INTRODUCTION:
Lathe Machines are used in metalworking, woodturning, metal spinning, thermal spraying,
glass working, and parts reclamation. The various other operations that you can perform with
the help of Lathe Machine can include sanding, cutting, knurling, drilling, and deformation of
toolsthatareemployedin creating objects which have symmetry about the axis of rotation.
The function of Lathe is to remove the metal in the form of chips from a piece of work by
mounting the same rigidly on a machine spindle and revolving at the required speed and
the cutting tool is fed against the work either longitudinally or crosswise to make the work to
the required shape and size.
Parts of the Lathe Machine and their functions:
A lathe machine tool consists of several parts:

1. Headstock
2. Bed
3. Tailstock
4. Carriage
5. Saddle
6. Cross-slide
7. Compound rest
8. Toolpost
9. Apron
10. Lead Screw
11. Feed rod
12. Chuck
13. Main spindle
14. Leg
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Head Stock:
Head Stock is situated at the left side of the lathe bed and it is the house of the
driving mechanism and electrical mechanism of a Lathe machine tool. It holds the
job on its spindle nose having external screw threads and internally Morse taper for
holding lathe center. And it is rotating at a different speed by cone pulley oral geared
drive. There is a hole throughout spindle for handling long bar work. Head Stock
transmit power from the spindle to the feed rod , lead screw and thread cutting
mechanism.
Bed:
It is the base of the lathe machine. It is made of single piece casting of Semi-
steel(Chilled Cast Iron). The bed consists of two heavy metal slides running
lengthwise ,with ways or ‘V’ formed upon them and rigidly supported with cross
girths. It is sufficiently rigid and good damping capacity to absorb vibration. It
prevents the deflection produced by the cutting forces. It supports the headstock,
tailstock, carriage and other components of the lathe machine.
Tail Stock:
Tail Stock is situated on the right side above the lathe bed. It is used for: Support the
long end of the job for holding and minimizes its sagging. It holds the tool for
performing different operations like drilling, reaming, tapping, etc. And it is also used
for a small amount of taper for along job by off setting the tailstock.
COMPOUND REST:
It is attached over the cross slide. It is used during the taper turning opening operations to set
the tool for angular cuts. Here the micrometer dial is mounted to show the depthof cut.
CROSS SLIDE:
It is attached to the upper side of saddle and carries compound slide and tool post. The cross
slide can be moved cross wise by hand or power. The micrometer dial is mounted on the
cross slide hand wheel, with an accuracy of 0.05mm.
SADDLE:
It is a H shaped casting fitted on the bed and moves along the guide ways. It carries the cross
slide, compound rest and a tool post.
LEAD SCREW:
It is a longer screw with standard ACME square threads and used for transmitting power for
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automatic feed for thread cutting operation.
FEED ROD:
The feed rod is the long shaft used for the movement of carriage along the axis of bed. It is
used for operations like facing, turning and boring.
APRON:
Apron is attached to the saddle and hangs in front of the bed. It has gears, levers, clutches
for moving the carriage automatically. A split nut is attached for engaging and disengaging
the carriage from the lead screw. It is used in thread cutting work.
BED:
Bed is the base of the lathe. The headstock is mounted on the left end; the carriage is in the
middle and the tailstock at the right end of bed. The bed is made up of cast iron, alloyed
with nickel, chromium. The bed is made up of cast iron to observe shock and vibration
created during machining. The guide ways of the bed may be flatter inverted ‘V’ shape.
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LAB SESSION # 02
OBJECTIVE:
Performing Centering, Turning , Facing and Taper Turning Operations
CENTERING OPERATION:
We use this operation for producing a conical hole in the face of the job to make the bearing
support of the lathe center when the job is to hold between two centers. (Head-stock and
Tail- stock).
Centering of the workpiece also helps in smooth performing of the operations. Before
performing any other operation, centering of the workpiece is essentially performed.
TURNING OPERATION:
The operation by which we remove the excess material from the workpiece to produce a
cone-shaped or a cylindrical surface.
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Diameter of the workpiece is reduced during turning operation, usually to specified
dimension , or to produce a smooth surface finish.
Operation is performed with the help of a cutting tool which removes the metal from the
outer surface
There are several ways to perform turning operation . Turning can also be of different types
depending upon the where the workpiece will be used.
TYPES OF TURNING:
Following are the types of Turning.
❖ Straight Turning
❖ Shoulder Turning
❖ Rough Turning
❖ Finish Turning
❖ Taper Turning
❖ Eccentric Turning
TAPER TURNING OPERATION:

A taper is defined as a uniform decrease or increase in the diameter of a workpiece along
with its length.
The operation by which a conical surface of the gradual reduction in diameter from a
cylindrical workpiece is produced is called taper turning.
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USES OF TAPERS:
➢ Easy assembly and disassembly of parts.
➢ Giving self-alignments in the assembled parts.
➢ Transmitting the drive in the assembled parts.
FACING OPERATION:
Facing operation is for making the ends of the job to produce a smooth flat surface with the
axis of operation or a certain length of a job.
Facing operation is performed to reduce the length of the workpiece. It is also performed to
give a smooth surface finish.
PERFORMING THE OPERATIONS:

Turning is a simple but important operation that is performed on lathe machine. We have to
centralize the workpiece in the chuck, adjust the rotation direction and speed and control
the feed driven to the workpiece. Facing is performed to reduce the length of the workpiece
. While taper turning is used to variably reduce the diameter of the workpiece along a
certain length.
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MATERIAL USED:
➢ Mild Steel Rod
TOOLS USED:
➢ Universal lathe Machine
➢ Three Jaw Chuck
➢ Chuck Key
➢ Vernier Calliper
➢ Single- Point Cutting Tool
➢ Try Square
PROCEDURE OF CENTERING:
 First loosen the jaw in the chuck key to position the work piece, and then tighten the
jaws.
 Fix the Single-Point cutting tool in the toolpost.
 Switch on the lathe machine, check whether the tip of the cutting tools touches the
center of the workpiece.
 If not adjust the workpiece in the chuck to get it in the center.
 Keep on adjusting the chuck screws until tip of the cutting tools touches the center of the
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workpiece.
PROCEDURE OF TURNING:
 First loosen the jaw in the chuck key to position the work piece, and then tighten the
jaws.
 Fix the Single-Point cutting tool in the toolpost.
centre of the workpiece.
 If not adjust the workpiece in the chuck to get it in the centre.
 Switch on the lathe and move the carriage near to the workpiece. Give it a small cross
feed, and then move carriage longitudinally to the required length slowly.
 Bring the carriage to the original position, give a small cross feed and move carriage
longitudinally. Repeat this step until required diameter is obtained.
 To get the smooth surface give a very small feed when diameter is nearing the required
value.
PROCEDURE OF TAPER TURNING:

 First loosen the jaw in the chuck key to position the work piece, and then tighten the jaws.
 Fix the cutting tool in the toolpost.
 Perform the centering operation for the smooth operation.
 The taper turning operation is done on the workpiece according to the taper angle
calculated. The compound rest base is swirled and set a calculated taper angle, for this the
tool is moved by 45 degree to the lathe axis.
 Then depth of cut is given by cross slide and feed is given with the help of compound slide.
PROCEDURE OF FACING:
 Fix the cutting tool in the toolpost.
centre of the workpiece.
 Give a desirable feed on the perpendicular direction of the axis of the job.
 To get a smooth surface finish , give very small feed when required length is about to be
achieved.
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LAB SESSION # 03
OBJECTIVE:
Performing the Knurling, Boring and Parting Off Operatins
PARTING OFF OPERATION:

It is the operation of cutting off a bar type job after complete the machining process.
In this operation a bar type job is held on a chuck, rotates at turning speed, a parting off tool
is fed into the job slowly until the tool reaches the center of the job. That operation is
performed when we have finished the job and we have to separate it from the base
material.
Parting off operation can also be performed to cut a certain bar or cylinder into required
number of pieces.
BORING OPERATION:
In this operation, we can enlarge the diameter of the existing hole on a job by turning inside
with some farm tool known as a boring tool.
The boring tool is a fitted on tail-stock. Before perform the boring operation a small hole is
made in the work piece , which is to be enlarged during the boring.
Boring increase the internal diameter of the work piece. A number of other operations
require boring before there performance.
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KNURLING OPERATION:
It is the process of producing a rough surface on the workpiece to provide effective
gripping.
Knurling tool is held rigidly on the tool post and pressed against the rotating job so that
leaving the exact facsimile of the tool on the surface of the job.
Knurling operation is performed to to produce grip on the rquired surface of the work
piece.
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PERFORMING THE OPERATIONS:
Boring operation is performed to increase the internal diameter of the work piece that helps in adjusting
the workpiece to the required mechanism. Knurling operation produces the grip on the workpiece and
parting off operation is performed to separate our job from the base material.
MATERIAL USED:
Mild Steel Rod
TOOLS USED:
➢ Universal lathe Machine
➢ Three jaw Chuck
➢ Chuck key
➢ Single- Point cutting tool
➢ Knurling tool
➢ Awl as boring tool
➢ Vernier calliper
PROCEDURE OF BORING:
 Fix the boring tool in the toolpost.
 Switch on the lathe machine, check wether the tip of the cutting tools touches the centre of the
workpiece.
 First a small hole is drilled in the work piece with the help of drilling tool.
 Then boring tool is fixed on tailstock .
 After that lathe is switched on and feed is given in the direction of workpiece by moving the
tailstock.
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 To get the smooth finish very small feed is given at the end.
 After complete operation internal diameter of the workpiece is measured with vernier calliper.
 Process is repeated till the required dimensions are obtained.
PROCEDURE OF KNURLING:
 Fix the knurling tool in the toolpost.
 After that that lathe is turned on and knurls are produced at the required surfaces by giving the
feed with the help of carriage.
 Operation is repeated till required depth of the knurl is abtained.
PROCEDURE OF PARTING OFF:

 Then fix the Single-point cutting tool in the toolpost
 Move the carriage to the required length
 Switch on the lathe
 Then give the feed perpendicular to the workpiece with the help of cross slide.
 Feed must be very small and gradual to avoid the workpiece from wearing.
COMMENTS:
 For smooth finishing the process may be repeated twice or more.
 The workpiece finished smoothly.
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LAB SESSION # 04
OBJECTIVE:
Study of Drilling Machine and its operations.
INTRODUCTION:
Drilling is a material-removing or cutting process in which the tool uses a drill bit to cut a hole of
circular cross-section in solid materials.
This is the most common machining process; one estimate is that 75% of all metal cutting material
removed comes from the drilling operation.A drill press is preferable to a hand drill when the location
and orientation of the hole must be controlled accurately. A drill press is composed of a base that
supports a column, the column in turn supports a table. Work can be supported on the table with a vise
or hold down clamps or the table can be swiveled out of the way to allow tall work to be supported
directly on the base. Height of the table can be adjusted with a table lift crank than locked I place with a
table lock. The column also supports a head containing a motor. The motor turns the spindle at a speed
controlled by a variable speed control dial. The spindle holds a drill chuck to hold the cutting tools (drill
bits, center drills, deburring tools etc.)
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Drilling Machine Main Parts:
A drilling machine consists of the following parts:
 Base
 Column or Pillar
 Arm
 Worktable
 Drill head
 Feed Mechanism
 Spindle
 Drill jigs
 Chuck
 Electric Motor
 Pully or gears
Base:
It is one of the main parts of a drilling machine, it carries the entire weight of the machine, and transfer
the weight to the ground.
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The base of a drilling machine is generally made of cast iron or steel, and it is very rigid. The base is
generally bolted with the ground or in some case the base is supported by two or four legs.
Column or pillar:
The column or pillar is situated on one side of the base. In general, we use a radial column so that the
movement of the arm is possible in a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction. The column is also made of
cast iron or steel and is also very rigid so that it can carry the load of the arm as well as a drill head.A
sliding table is mounted on the column so that the table can have up and down motion according to the
need.
Upper arm:
At the top of the column, there is an upper arm, which carries the drill head and also the house of the
driving mechanism. The upper arm is also made of the same material as the base. To make the structure
rigid. In some drilling machine, a guide way is provided so that the drill head can slide over this.
Worktable:
The worktable is generally made of cast iron and it is mounted on the column. T-slots are provided at
the top surface of the table may be in some table there is a vice which also helps to hold the job.The
table can move up and down as also right or left according to the job and tool arrangement. The up and
down motion of the table can be given by hand as well as by some electrical mechanism. We use a rack
and pinion mechanism for a vertical moment of the table.The shape of the table can be rectangular or
also circular.
Drill head:
One side of the arm a drill head is mounted, a drill head is consist of various feed and driving
mechanism.A drill chuck is mounted over it. A drill head can slide up and down as per the requirement
of the job.A V-types belt is provided to transfer the power from the motor to the pulley and from pulley,
the mechanical power is transferred to the drill head.The different types of speed can be generated
by the cone pulley mechanism as well as a gear-train mechanism.
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Feed Mechanism:
In a drill machine, we use an electric motor, V-belt, and pulley to transfer the power from the motor to
the spindle. For the up and down motion of the drill head, we use hand and as well as automatic feed by
an electrical motor. Here also a rack and pinion is used to convert the rotational movement from
electrical motor or by hand to the straight-line movement.
Spindle:
It is a circular taper shaft which helps to hold the drill chuck. It is made of high carbon chromium steel
or stainless steel or steel alloys. It transfers the rotary motion from drill head to drill jigs.There is
a keyhole provided on the spindle to change the drill chuck.The spindle also can move up and down
with the help of rack and pinion mechanism.
Chuck:
The chuck is mounted on the lower end of the spindle, it holds the drill jig. Here also a keyhole is
provided to change the drill jigs. Drill chucks are generally self-centering. In a drill machine, we
use three-jaw chuck. And it is made of special alloy steel.
Electric Motor:
In a drilling machine, we use a single-phase ac motor. This can run at an rpm of 600-5000, or maybe
more for high duty drilling machine.
Pulley or gears:
Pulley or gears is used to transmit power and also for getting different speed. In a drilling machine, we
use bevel gear to transmit power at an angle of 90 degrees.
So now we are going to learn how power transferred in a Drilling machine.
How does Power Transmission happen in the Drilling machine?
The power transmission in the drilling machine used to transmit power for its working.This power is
supplied from the electric motor.The process of transmission takes place with the help of the v-bolt and
the pair of pulley stacks opposite to each other.The speed of the spindle is fixed or controlled with the
help of the pulley stacks.
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Drilling Machine Types:
In the market there are various types of Drilling machine available, here I mention some of the popular
types of drilling machines.
 Sensitive Drilling Machine

 Vertical or Pillar
 Radial Arm
 Gang Type
 Multi-Spindle
 Numerically control
 Special Purpose Drilling Machine
Sensitive Drilling Machine:
The sensitive drilling machine has only a hand-feed mechanism for feeding the tool into the workpiece.
This enables the operator to feel how the drill is cutting and accordingly he can control the down feed
pressure.
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Vertical or Pillar Drilling Machine:
Vertical or Pillar Drilling Machine is free standing and is of a far heavier construction able to take larger
drills. It has a heavy frame to support a wider range of work. The table height is adjustable and power
speed and feeds are available. The larger drills normally have a taper shank located within taper bore in
the spindle end. These tapers are standardized as Morse tapers.
Radial Arm Drilling Machine:
The radial drill machine is free-standing and the workpiece is clamped in the position on the base. It is
used for heavy large and heavy work. The arm is power-driven for the height location. The drill head is
positioned using motorized drives and it transverse the swinging arm.The workpiece remains
stationary o the machine base or worktable. The machine spindle is moved to the location required.
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Gang Type Drilling Machine:
In the Gang type Drilling Machine, several spindles/ or stations are mounted on one long table as
shown in the figure.
Multi-spindle Drilling Machine:
In the Multi-spindle drilling machine, there are many spindles mounted on one head to allow many
holes to be drilled simultaneously.
Numerical Control Drilling Machine:
Numerical control drilling machine can automatically change tooling with a turret or automatic tool
changer. Speeds, feeds, and table position is controlled using a computer program.
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Twist drill nomenclature:
It is designed with cones like internal structure, narrow at the top of the web with a gradually increasing
thickness to the shank. It is a multi-point cutting tool. I also wrote an article on the single-point cutting
tool you can check that too.
Drilling Machine Operation:
These are the following operations that can be performed in the Drilling machine.
 Plane drilling operation

 Core drilling operation
 Step drilling operation
 Boring operation
 Counter boring operation
 Reaming operation
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 Countersinking operation
 Spot facing operation
 Tapping operation
 Trepanning operation
Drilling operation:
When we need a circular hole in a workpiece of any size there, we can use drilling operation, by a
drilling operation you can form any size of holes in a workpiece. Although you can use a lathe for drilling
operation too, drill machine is an appropriate machine to do holes in a workpiece. The cutting tool we
used for this type of operation is drill bit. A drill bit is a multipoint rotary cutting tool which helps to
remove material from a workpiece.
Core Drilling:
When sand castings are made, cores are used to displace the metal where holes are desired. When cast
the molten metal flows around the core. After the metal solidifies the casting is removed from
the mold and the core disintegrates leaving the desired holes. The holes are usually quite rough and
require heavy body drill to clean up the sidewall of the whole.
Step Drilling:
More than one diameter can be ground on the drill body which saves an extra operation.
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Boring:
When you need to enlarge the diameter of the existing hole you need to perform the boring
operation, but the accuracy is not greater than reaming operation. The boring tool is generally a single-
point cutting tool.
Reaming:
It is an operation of finishing a drilled hole. A finished hole has the specified diameter size, is perfectly
round, the diameter is the same size from end to end, and it has a smoothly finished surface. A drill hole
is seldom accurate enough in size or sufficiently smooth to be called a precision hole.When greater
accuracy is required the whole must be drilled undersize by a certain amount and finished by the
reaming.
Counter Boring:
It is the operation of boring a second hole, a larger diameter than the first but concentric with it. When
this operation is done on a drilling machine a tool known as counter bore is used. The small diameter on
the end of the tool known as the pilot keeps the counterbore concentric with the original hole. Pilots are
interchangeable with others of different sizes to fit the various sizes of holes.
Counter Sinking:
It is the operation of producing an angular surface at the end of a hole. A countersink is used. The
countersink is made in many diameters size and several angles. The angle size depends upon the reason
for countersinking. Flathead screws require a countersink with an 82 included angle, where a Centre
hole is must be 60. Various types of rivet heads have included angles of from 90 to 145 degree.
Spot Facing:
It is the operation of machining a flat, circular surface around a whole to provide a seat for a Bolt head,
nut or washer. It is usually performed on casting. A Counterbore may be used for spot facing. The
Surface machined should be a square with the hole.
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Tapping:
Holes that are to be tapped(threaded) are first are drilled to a specified size. In order to tap holes on a
standard drilling machine, a tapping attachment must be used. This attachment is held in the spindle of
the drill press by a tapered Arbor, who drives the friction type mechanism.
Drilling tools:
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Indexable insert drills
Solid carbide drills
Exchangeable tip drills
Composite solutions
Gun drills
Drilling Machine Advantages:
 This machine is needed to mark on the end of components of dresses especially for setting pocket,
dart & so on.
 It can make the hole permanently for a long.
Drilling Machine Dis-advantages:
 The use of a machine is limited.
Drilling Machine Application:
 It is used to make a hole in the fabric for button attaching and to make a reference mark for
attaching different small components on the garments.
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LAB SESSION # 05
OBJECTIVE:
Study of Milling Machine and its operation.
INTRODUCTION:
Milling machine is one of the most versatile conventional machine tools with a wide range of metal
cutting capability. Many complicated operations such as indexing, gang milling, and straddle milling etc.
can be carried out on a milling machine. Milling machines are among the most versatile and useful
machine tools due to their capabilities to perform a variety of operations. Milling machines can be
classified as horizontal and vertical.
(A)Horizontal Milling Machine Column:
The column houses the spindle, the bearings, the gearbox, the clutches, the shafts, the pumps and the
shifting mechanisms for transmitting power from the electric motor to the spindle at a selected speed.
Knee:
The knee mounted in front of the column is for up or down motion supporting the table and to provide
up and down motion along the Z axis.
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Fig : Horizontal milling machine
Saddle :
The saddle consists of two slide ways , one on the top and one at the bottom located at 90◦ to each
other for providing motions in the X or Y axes by means of lead screws.
Table:
The table is mounted on top of the saddle and can be moved along the X axis. On top of the table are
some T-slots for the mounting of workpiece or clamping fixtures.
Arbor:
The arbor is an extension of the spindle for mounting cutters. Usually, the thread end of an arbor is of
left hand helix.
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(B) Vertical Milling Machine Column:
The column houses the spindle, the bearings, the gearbox, the clutches, the shafts, the pumps and the
shifting mechanisms for transmitting power from the electric motor to the spindle at a selected speed.
Knee:
The knee mounted in front of the column is for supporting the table and to provide an up or down
motion along the Z axis.
Saddle:
The saddle consists of two slide ways, one on the top and one at the bottom located at 90◦to each
other, for providing motions in the X or Y axes by means of lead screws.
Saddle:
The saddle consists of two slide ways, one on the top and one at the bottom located at 90◦to each
other, for providing motions in the X or Y axes by means of lead screws.
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Table:
The table is mounted on top of the saddle and can be moved along the X axis. On top of the table are
some T-slots for the mounting of workpiece or clamping fixtures.
Milling head :
The milling head consisting the spindle, the motor and the feed control unit is mounted on a swivel base
such that it can be set at any angle to the table.
Ram:
The ram on which the milling head is attached can be positioned forward and backward along the slide
ways on the top of the columns.
Various cutting operations that can be performed on milling machine.
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Anatomy of a Milling Tool
Milling is done using a cylindrical milling tool mounted in a milling tool holder that is then mounted in
the tool spindle on the machine.
End Mills
End mills are the most common milling cutters. End mills are available in a wide variety of lengths,
diameters, and types. A square end mill is used for most general milling applications. It produces a sharp
edge at the bottom of pockets and slots.
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Face Mills and Indexable End Mills
Face mills are tools with a large diameter that are used to cut a wide shallow path for facing operations.
Facing is used for machining a large flat area, typically the top of the part in preparation for other milling
operations. A face mill is a solid body that holds multiple carbide inserts that can be replaced as they
wear out. The more inserts, the faster the metal removal rate. Cutters with a 45 degree lead angle are
used most frequently.
• Milling machines are widely used in the tool and die making industry and are commonly used in
the manufacturing industry for the production of a wide range of components.
• Typical examples are the milling of flat surface, indexing, gear cutting, as well as the cutting of
slots and key-ways.
Direction of Cutter Rotation
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Up Cut Milling:
In up cut milling, the cutter rotates in a direction opposite to the table feed as illustrated in
figure. It is conventionally used in most milling operations because the backlash between the lead screw
and the nut of the machine table can be eliminated.
Down Cut Milling

In down cut milling, the cutter rotates in the same direction as the table feed as illustrated in
figure. This method is also known as Climb Milling and can only be used on machines equipped with a
backlash eliminator or on a CNC milling machine. This method, when properly treated, will require less
power in feeding the table and give a better surface finish on the workpiece.
Milling machine operations

The following operations are performed using suitable milling cutters.
1. Plain milling 9. Flute milling
2. Face milling 10. Keyway milling
3. Side milling 11. Drilling & reaming
4. Straddle milling 12. Boring
5. Angular milling 13. Gear cutting
6. Gang milling 14. Thread milling
7. Form milling 15. Cam milling
8. End milling
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Advantages and disadvantages:
 Not good at cutting radial cuts.
 The machinery takes up a lot of space.
 Mills are very expensive to purchase and maintain.
 Uses a lot of electricity.
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LAB SESSION # 06
OBJECTIVE:
Study of Shaper Machine and its operations.
SHAPER MACHINE
Shaper Machine Definition:
The Shaper Machine is a reciprocating type of machine tool basically used to produce Horizontal,
Vertical or Inclined flat surfaces by means of straight-line reciprocating single-point cutting tools similar
to those which is used in operation. The flat surface produced may be horizontal, vertical or inclined at
an angle.
Working Principle of Shaper Machine:
A shaper machine is working on the following principle:
 A shaper machine holds the Single point cutting tool in ram and workpiece is fixed over the table.
 The ram holding the tool reciprocates over the workpiece and metal is cut during the forward
stroke called a cutting stroke and
 No metal is cut during its return stroke is called an Idle stroke.
 The feed is given at the end of the cutting stroke.
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 Generally, the cutting stroke is carried out at slow speed and the idle stroke is carried at high speed
with the help of quick return mechanism.
In the shaper machine, there is another mechanism called Quick return Motion Mechanism. In the
forward stroke, the Slider moves fast and removing the material from the workpiece. Whereas in the
return stroke, the Slider moves faster than the forward stroke that means Quick return, it takes less time
to return, called a return stroke.
Types of Shaper Machine:
Based on the type of driving mechanism types of shaper machines.
 Crank type (Example: Quick return Motion Mechanism)

 Geared type shaper
 Hydraulic type
Based on ram travel types of shaper machines.
 Horizontal Shaper
 Vertical Shaper
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Based on the table design types of shaper machines.
 Standard or Plain Shaper

 Universal shaper
Standard or Plain Shaper:
In this machine, the table has only two motions: crosswise in the horizontal plane and vertical
movement (up and down). The table is not provided with a swiveling motion.
Universal shaper:
This machine is similar to plain shaper except that the table can be tilted at a various angle, making it
possible to inclined flat surfaces.The table can be swiveled about 360 degrees about a central axis
parallel to the cutting stroke direction and also perpendicular to it, that is, around two horizontal axes.
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Based on cutting stroke types of shaper machines.
 Push type shaper machine

 Draw type shaper machine
Operations Performed on Shaper Machine:
There are 4-types of operations performed in a shaper machine and those are:
 Horizontal cutting
 Vertical cutting
 Inclined cutting
 Irregular cutting
Horizontal cutting:
Horizontal surfaces are machined by moving the work mounted on the machine table at a cross
direction with respect to the ram movement. The clapper box can be set vertical or slightly inclined
towards the uncut surface. This arrangement enables the tool to lift automatically during the return
stroke. The tool will not drag on the machined surface.
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Vertical cutting:
A vertical cut is made while machining the end of a workpiece, squaring up a block or machining a
shoulder. The feed is given to the tool by rotating the down feed screw of the vertical slide.The table is
not moved vertically for this purpose. The apron is swiveled away from the vertical surface being
machined.
Inclined cutting:
An angular cut is done at any angle other than a right angle to the horizontal or to the vertical plane.The
work is set on the table and the vertical slide of the tooth head is swiveled to the required angle either
towards the left or towards right from the vertical position.
Irregular cutting:
A round nose tool is used for this operation. For a shallow cut the apron may be set vertical but if the
curve is quite sharp, the apron in swiveled towards the right or left away from the surface to be cut.
Parts of a Shaper Machine with Function:
Base:
The Base is designed to take the entire load of the machine tool and it is bolted to the floor of the shop.
This is made of grey cast iron to resist vibration and to take the compressive load.
Column:
The column is a Box like casting made up of cast iron and mounted on a base. It is provided with
accurately machined guide ways on the top on which the ram reciprocates. The guide ways are also
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provided on the front vertical face for the movement of cross rail. The column encloses the ram driving
mechanism.
Cross rail:
The cross rail is mounted on the ground vertical guide ways of the column. It consists of two parallel
guide ways on its top perpendicular to the ram axis is called as a saddle to move the table in crosswise
direction by means of a feed screw. The table can be raised or lowered to accommodate different sizes
of the job by rotating elevating screw which causes the cross rail to slide up and down on the vertical
face of the column.
Saddle:
It is mounted on the cross rail to hold the table firmly on its top. The crosswise movement of the saddle
causes the table to move crosswise direction by rotating the cross feed screw.
Table:
It is mounted on the saddle. It can be moved crosswise by rotating the cross feed rod and vertically by
rotating the elevating screw.
The table is a box-like casting with accurately machined top and side surfaces. These surfaces having t-
slots for clamping the work. In Universal shaper, the table may be swiveled on a horizontal axis and its
upper part may be tilted up or down. In heavy Shaper, the front face of the table is supported by
adjustable table support to give more rigidity.
Ram:
It is a reciprocating member of the shaper which holds the tool and the reciprocates on the guide ways
on the top of the column by means of quick return motion mechanism. It houses the screwed shaft for
altering the position of the RAM with respect to the work. The RAM is in semi-cylindrical form and
heavily ribbed inside to make it more rigid.
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Tool Head:
The tool head holds the cutting tool firmly and provides both vertical and angular movement to the tool
with the help of a down feed screw handle. The head allows the tool to have an automatic relief during
the return stroke. The vertical slide of a tool head consists of a swivel base which is graduated in
degrees. So, the vertical slide can set at any angle with the work surface.
A tool head again consists of:
 Apron
 Clapper box and clapper block
Apron consisting of clapper box and tool post is clamped on the vertical slide by the screw.
The apron can be swiveled upon the apron swivel pin towards left or right. The clapper box houses
the clapper block by means of a hinge pin. The tool post is mounted on the clapper block. During
forwarding cutting stroke the clapper block keeps the rigid support to the tool by fitting securely into
clapper box and while returning stroke the tools slide over the work by lifting, the block out of clapper
The below diagram is shown the principal parts of the Shaper Machine:
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Specification of Shaper Machine:
The specification of shaper machine depends upon the following:
 The maximum length of stroke ram.

 Types of the drive ( Crank, Gear and Hydraulic type)
 Power input of the machine
 Floor space required to establish the machine
 Weight of the machine in tonne.
 Feed
 Cutting to return stroke ratio.
 Angular movement of the table.
Advantages of Shaper Machine:
 The single point tool used is inexpensive or we can say low tooling cost.
 The cutting stroke having a definite stopping point.
 The work can be held easily in the shaper machine.
 The set up is very quick and easy and also can be readily changed from one job to another job.
Disadvantages of Shaper Machine:
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 By nature, it is a slow machine because of its straight-line forward and returns strokes the single
point cutting tool requires Several strokes to complete a work. (They are slow)
 The cutting speed is not usually very high speeds of reciprocating motion due to high inertia force
developed in the motion of the units and components of the machine.
 To generate straight and flat surfaces.
 Smooth rough surfaces.
 Make internal splines.

 Make gear teeth.
 To make dovetail slides.
 Make key ways in pullies or gears.
 Machining of die, punches, straight and curved slots.
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LAB SESSION# 06
OBJECTIVE:
Study of Planer Machine and its operations.
INTRODUCTION:
Planer Machine Definition:
A planer is a machine tool primarily designed to produce planes and flat surfaces by a single-point
cutting tool. A planer machine is just like a shaper machine but, it is very large and massive and it is
capable of machining heavy jobs which can’t be done by the shaper.
The main difference between planer and shaper is that In a planer, the work is loaded over the table and
reciprocates past the stationary cutting tool and the feed is given by the lateral movement of the tool
but In shaper, the ram holding the tool reciprocates over the stationary work loaded over the table and
feed is given by the crosswise movement of the table.
Planer Machine Main Parts:
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A planer machine consists of the following parts:
 BED
 Table or Planten
 Housing or Column
 Cross rail
 Tool head
 Driving and
 Feed Mechanism
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Planer Machine Parts:
Bed:
It is a box-like a cast iron casting with cross ribs. It is very large and heavy in weight. The bed supports
the column and all the moving parts of the machine. The length of the bed is twice the length of the
table, so that table maybe slides on it. The bed is provided with accurately machined v-type or flat type
guide ways for smooth sliding of the table. The bed houses the driving mechanism for the table.
Table:
The table is a rectangular cast iron casting having accurately machined top surface to locate the work
accurately. T- slots are provided on the entire length of the table to hold the work properly and holes
are drilled on its surface in regular intervals for supporting the poppets and stop pins. At each end of the
table, a hallowed space is provided to collect the chips and a groove is cut on its side for clamping planer
reversing dogs at different positions. The planer may have a single table or two separate tables mounted
on guide ways and reciprocates separately or together. Hydraulic bumpers are fitted at the end of the
bed to stop the table from overrunning and giving cushioning effect.
Housing or Column:
Housing is a rigid box-like vertical structure fastened on each side of the bed. They are also called as
uprights. These are heavily ribbed to take heavy load during cutting action. The front face of each
housing is provided with precision ways for sliding the cross rail up and down and also having two side
tool heads slide upon it. The column houses the cross rail elevating screw, vertical and cross feed screws
for tool heads. These screws may be operated by power or hand.
Cross Rail:
It is a rigid cast-iron box-like casting that connects the two housings. It provides additional rigidity to the
machine. The cross rail may be moved up and down on the face of the housing by means of elevating
screw and can be clamped at any position and it is parallel to the top surface to the table. The front face
of the cross rail provided with accurately machined guide ways for cross-feeding the tool head saddle by
means of a screw.
Tool Head:
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The planner tool head is similar to that of the shaper in construction and operation. Tool heads are
mounted on a cross rail by a saddle, which moves crosswise to give cross feed. The swivel base is
pivoted on the saddles and it is graduated to 60 degrees on each side, so that which can be tilted at any
desired angle for machining angular surfaces by rotating down feed screw.
How Planer Machine Works?
Initially, the tool head of the machine is in a stationary position and the worktable can be move. The tool
single point cutting tool is fixed in the tool head and the workpiece is fixed on the work table. Now we
switch on the machine that means power supply to the machine and the worktable moves forward
hence it cuts the material and it is called cutting stroke. The worktable moves downward there is no
cutting of material so this is called the return stroke. The process will be continued unless you change
the power supply or others.
Planer Machine Mechanism:
There is two important planer mechanism:
1. Table drive mechanism

2. Feeding mechanism
The different table drive mechanisms are:
1. Open and cross belt drive

2. Reversible motor drive (move to 37 slides)
3. Hydraulic drive
Open and Cross-belt Drive Mechanism:
This mechanism is used in a small size planer. The principle operation of the open and cross belt drive is
illustrated in the figure.
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Open and Cross-belt drive mechanism
The countershaft mounted on housing is driven by the motor on which fast and lose pulleys are fixed. By
shifting the belt from loose to fast pulley the machine is started or by shifting the belt from fast to loose
pulley the machine can be stopped. The small diameter pulley drivers the crossed belt and large
diameter pulley drivers the open belt. The crossed belt further connects to the larger diameter pulleys
3(loose pulley)and 4(fast pulley) which are keyed to the main shaft of the table and the open belt
connects the smaller diameter pulleys 1 (loose pulley) and 2(fast pulley) on the main shaft.
The motion is now transmitted from the larger pulley on the countershaft to the fast pulley on the main
shaft and no motion is transmitted by crossed belt to the main shaft.
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At the end of the return stroke, second trip dog will hit against the belt shifter lever causing the cross
belt to shift from loose pulley (4) lever causing the cross belt to shift from loose pulley (4) to fast pulley
(3) and open belt to shift from fast pulley (2) to loose pulley (1) to repeat the cycle of cutting stroke and
return stroke. The length and position of the stroke may be adjusted by shifting the dog position.
Planer Machine Operation:
The common operation that can be performed in the planer machine are:
 Planing Flat horizontal surfaces

 Planing Flat vertical surfaces
 Planing angular surfaces and machining dovetails
 Planing curved surfaces
 Planing slots and grooves
Planer Machine Types:
Following are the different types of planers machines generally used:
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 Double housing Planer Machine
 Open side Planer Machine
 Pit Planer Machine
 Edge or Plate Planer machine
 Divided table Planer Machine
Double Housing Planer Machine:
This planer is widely used in most of the workshops. It consists of a long heavy base with accurately
machined guide ways on which a table reciprocates.
The bed length is slightly greater than twice the length of the table. Near the middle of the bed, two
vertical housings are mounted. One on each side and these are connected at the top by a cross member
as shown in the figure below:
Salient features of Double housing Planer Machine:
Following are the salient features of Double housing planer:
 These are high speed, heavy-duty and rigid machines.

 They ensure a high degree of surface finish.
 Work is mounted on a table which reciprocates while the tool is held on the machine frame and fed
into the work
 Planer can accommodate the work as large as 3000mm*3000mm*18.25mm
 It is capable to make deep cuts and apply heavy feeds to finish the work in a short time.
 The tool is stationery and work is moving.
 Multiple tooling permits machining of more than one surface at a time.
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 Tools used are heavier, stronger and larger.
 Cutting and return speeds are uniform throughout the stroke.
 A wide range of cutting and return speeds are available.
 Planer consumes heavy power up to 150 horsepower.
 It requires a large floor area.
Open side Planer Machine:
It has only one housing on one side of the base on which a cross rail on a table as shown in the figure.
Three tool heads can be mounted on the machine. In this machine, a single housing has to take up the
entire load, Therefor it should be rigid and robust to resist the forces.The cross rail can slide vertically
along the guideways of the housing and it carries to tool heads which can be moved horizontally and
vertically another tool head is fitted on the housing and it can also be moved horizontally and vertically.
Pit Planer Machine:
A pit planer as shown in the figure.
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It has a massive construction in which the table is kept in a pit and it is stationary. The column carrying
the cross rail reciprocates on a horizontal rail mounted on both sides of the table as you can see in the
figure.
The table of the planer is made a level with the floor, so that very heavy work can be loaded very easily.
The cross rail carries two tool heads and these can be moved horizontally and vertically to give the cut.
The driving screw is used for driving the column by means of a motor.
Edge Planer Machine:
This planer is also known as plate planer and it is used for squaring and bevelling the edges of steel
plates used for different pressure vessels and in ship buildings works.
The table carries the work that remains stationary. The work can be clamped by air-operated clamps.
The tool-head mounted on a carriage moves along two horizontal guide ways on a base front end as
shown in the figure.
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The operator can stand on a platform of a carriage and moves along with it. The carriage holding the
tool reciprocates past the edge of the plate.
Divided table Planer Machine:
A simple divide table planer as shown in the figure ,consists of two tables on the bed that can
reciprocate separately or together. This design saves the idle time while setting work
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This planer is mainly suitable for mass production work where identical machining is to be done, by
loading the work on one of the tables, while the other reciprocates past the cutting tool for finishing the
work.
Planer Machine Specification:
A Planer may be specified by the following dimensions:
 Distance between two housings

 Height from top of the table to the cross rail in its upmost position.
 The maximum length of table travel
The open size planer is specified by the largest job that can be machined on its table.
In addition to these basic dimensions, other particulars are:
 Number of feeds available

 Number of speeds available
 Length of bed.
 Length of table
 Power input
 Floor space required
 Method of a driving table, geared or hydraulic
 Net weight of the machine
Advantages of Planer Machine:
There are some advantages of Planer Machine and those are:
 Greater accuracy
 Good surface finish
 The major advantages are at a time more than one tool can perform on the workpiece
 Low maintenance requires comparatively other machine tools
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Disadvantages of Planer Machine:
These are some disadvantages of Planer Machine:
 The machine price is high

 The power consumption is quite more
 Skilled worker required
 Only tool single point is used. We can not use other than a single-point cutting tool
Application of Planer Machine:
These are the applications of Planer Machine:
 Planer machine used for providing flat surfaces on the workpiece

 It is also used for cutting angular surfaces.
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LAB SESSION# 07
OBJECTIVE:
Study of slotter machine and its operations.
INTRODUCTION:
Slotter Machine Definition:
Slotter machine is defined as a machine tool uses for removing unwanted material chips from the
workpiece to make splines, grooves and more. Here the Ram (Tool attached) moves reciprocating,
whereas In shaper the ram moves horizontally. This is a reciprocating type of Machine tool. (The
Reciprocating type of Machine tools is Shaper, Planner and Slotter Machine). We also called this
machine is a vertical shaper machine. It is known mostly for machining internal surfaces. The tool we
use in this is Single Point cutting Tool which is made up of High-Speed Steel.
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Schematic Diagram of Slotter Machine:
Slotter Machine Parts:
A slotter machine consists of these following parts:
 Base
 Column
 Saddle
 Cross-slide
 Rotating or Circular table
 Ram and tool head
 Ram drive
 Feed drive
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Base:
It should be sufficiently rigid to take up the entire load of the machine. It has to take all the load
(dynamic and Impact loading) while operating. The guide ways perpendicular to the column face should
be accurately finished to move the saddle easily and accurately.
Column:
The right vertical cast integral rigid part of the base is the column; it serves the following purposes:
 It houses the driving mechanism of the ram, which reciprocates on its front vertical face.
 It moves on guide ways on the base to provide a longitudinal feed of the table, i.e. in a
perpendicular direction to the front vertical face of the column.
 It also provides guide ways on its top face, perpendicular to the guide ways on the base for the
cross-slide.
 The longitudinal feed may be given either manually or by power.
Cross-Slide:
It is mounted on the guide ways of the saddle and can provide cross-feeding of the table.
 It holds the circular table.

 It provides the arrangement of cross-feeding either manually or by power.
Circular table or Rotating Table:
 It can rotate on cross-slide to provide circular feeding of the work.

 It can hold the work by clamping, using fixtures, fixing vice, etc.
 It has the arrangement of rotary feeding either by hand or by power.
On some machines, the table may be graduated in degrees for indexing.
Ram and Tool Head:
Ram slides on the guide ways mounted on the front vertical face of the column. Ram provides a slot for
changing the position of the stroke. Ram carries the tool, which is mounted at the bottom – end of the
tool head.
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Ram Drive:
It provides the circular motion of the motor to the reciprocating motion of the ram in a vertical plane. It
also provides the arrangement of slower speed during the cutting or forward stroke and greater speed
during the return stroke to reduce the idle time.
Feed Drive:
It provides the arrangement of longitudinal and cross–a feed of the table either by power or manual. It
also provides the arrangement of circular or rotary feeding of the table on a vertical axis. Intermittent
feeding of the table is supplied at the beginning of each cutting or forward stroke of the ram.
Slotter Machine Mechanism:
 Hydraulic Drive (Greater speed Flexibility, Smoother operation, Stroke length can be adjusted )
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 Variable Speed Motor Drive (In this Multi-speed arrangement)
Hydraulic Drive:
A speed motor drives a hydraulic pump that delivers oil at a constant pressure to the line. A regulating
valve admits oil under pressure to each end on the piston alternately. At the same time allowing oil from
the opposite end of the piston to return to the reservoir. The length of the ram stroke will depend upon
the position of trip dogs. The length of the ram stroke can be changed by unclamping and moving the
trip dogs to the desired position.
Variable Speed Motor Drive:
In this type of slotter, speed is obtained by different gears present in the gearbox and the shaft rotates
with the help of an electrical motor. Basically it is used in modern large slotting machines.
Working Principle of Slotter Machine:
The working of the Slotter machine is similar to the shaper machine do but the main difference
between them is the Shaper machine works horizontally whereas Slotter machines work vertically. The
ram is connected to the crank and crank connected to the gears. So what happened here is when we
increase or decrease the gear speed, the rotation of crank increases and decreases. And as per these,
the ram moves up and down.
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We have attached the workpiece into the work table and manually we bring the ram near to the
workpiece and according to the ram we adjust the worktable and then we have to clamp it. Now we
supply the power as per gear the crank rotates and the crank is connected to the ram so ram moves up
and down. During down (ram moves down) the cutting stroke takes place and while moving up or return
stroke there is no cut. If we have to cut at the different sections then manually we give feed to the work
table and as per requirement, it cuts. This is how it works.
Here I would like to add some more points on Work holding device in which work is attached or fixed.
 T bolts and step block

 Clamps
 Vice
 Parallel strips
 Chuck
 Special fixtures for holding
 Adjustable block and more
Slotter Machine Operations:
It is used for various operations like:
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 Internal and external Flat surface Machining.
 The internal recess of circular, semi-circular, concave and convex surfaces.
 Internal and External Circular surfaces Machining.
 Blind Holes Internal machining.
 For shaping internal and external forms or profiles.
 The machine operates vertical, Horizontal and at Some angle too (Inclined Surfaces).
 Irregular surface machining.
 Machining operation of Dies and Punches.
 The operation like slots, grooves, splines, and keyways for both internal and external surfaces.
 Internal and external gear teeth machining.
Types of Slotter Machine:
Slotter Machines are can be categorized in these 4-types.
 Punch Slotter
 Precision Tool room slotter
 Production Slotter and
 Special Purpose Slotter Machine
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Punch Slotter:
This is a heavy and rigid type of machine. This machine designed for the removal of a large amount of
metal from forged or cast material. The length of the puncher slotter is large it may be as long as 1800
to 2000 mm.
How does Punch Slotter work?
The ram is usually driven by a spiral pinion meshing with the rack teeth cut on the underside of ram. The
pinion is driven by a variable speed reversible electric motor similar to that of a planer machine. The
Feed is controlled by electrical gear.
Precision Tool room Slotter:
The tool room slotter works with good machine speed and produces an accurate surface finish.
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Production Slotter:
This type of slotter is used for machining tapered jobs by ram swivel to 10 to 30 degrees.
Special Purpose Slotter Machine
This type of slotter machines offer a high volume of production at low cost, also it gives greater accuracy
too. Key-seater is one of the special purposes of slotter machines. It is used for machining keys on the
wheel and gear hub.
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Slotter Machine Specification:
The specifications of a Slotter Machine are depended on the several factors some of these are:
 Power Input
 Type of drive
 Maximum table drive
 The maximum length of ram stroke
 Number of speed
 Number of feed
 Table feed
 Floor space required
 The diameter of the Work Table in MM
 kW of motor
Slotter Machine Application:
These are the applications of a Slotter Machine:
 It is used for cutting Slots, Spline and Keyways, both internal and external.
 It is also used for the Machining of internal and external gears.
 Internal machining of blind holes.
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 It is used for light cuts.
Advantages of Slotter Machine:
The advantages of Slotter Machines are:
 This is a light machine.

 The tool uses here is a single-point cutting tool.
 Low-cost machine.
 Low Maintenance.
 Accurate surface finish.
 Machine efficiency is more.
Disadvantages of Slotter Machine:
The disadvantages of Slotter Machines are:
 Rigid in construction.
 Skilled worker requires to operate..
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LAB SESSION # 08
OBJECTIVE:
Study of Broaching Machine and its operations.
INTRODUCTION:
Broaching is a method of removing metal by pushing or pulling a cutting tool called a broach which cuts
in a fixed path. In broaching machine, the tool of the machine is pulled or pushed through the surfaces
to be finished. With the help of broaching, finishing is done on flat or contoured and either internal or
external surfaces. Broaching is limited to the removal of about 6mm of stock or less.
The term broaching may have derived from an ancient Roman word braccus, which means an object
having projecting teeth. The operation itself dates only to the 1850s when broaching tools when called
“drifts” were hammered in blacksmith shops through the work or pushed with an arbor press.
Types of Broaching Machine
Following are the types of broaching machine
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 Horizontal broaching machine
 Vertical broaching machines
 Surface broaching machines
 Continuous broaching machine


Broaching machines are the simplest of all machine tools. Broaching machine consist of a broaching
tool, a work-holding fixture, a drive mechanism, and a suitable supporting frame. Although the
component parts are few, several variations in design are possible.
There are two principal types of broaching machines: horizontal and vertical.
In addition to these standard types, there are special and continuously operating machines. Both
horizontal and vertical types of machine have one or more rams depending on production demand.Dual-
ram models are arranged so that when one ram in on the cutting stroke, the other is on the return
stroke; the return stroke is performed quickly to gain time, which is used to unload and load the
machine.
Broaching machines usually pull or push the broach through, or past a workpiece that is held in a fixture.
On some machines, however, the workpiece is moved past a broach that is fixed in its position. Most
broaching machines are hydraulically operated to secure a smooth, uniform cutting action.
Horizontal Broaching Machine
Nearly all horizontal machines are of the pull-type. They may be used for either internal or external
broaching, although internal work is the most common. A horizontal broaching machine is shown in the
figure. It consists of a bed or a base a little more than twice the length of the broaching stroke, a broach
pilot and the drive mechanism for pulling the broach.
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Horizontal broaching machines are used primarily for broaching keyways, splines, slots, round holes, and
other internal shapes or contours. They have the disadvantage of taking more floor space than do the
vertical machines. However, long broaches and heavy work pieces are easily handled.
Vertical Broaching Machine
The vertical types may be obtained in either push or pull type. The push-type is the most popular.
A vertical broaching machine is shown in the figure. Vertical machines are used in multiple operations
since they are convenient to pass work from one machine to another. Of the three models available, pull
down, pull up, and push down, the pull-up type is most popular.
Vertical machines require an operator platform or a pit and are economical of floor space than the
horizontal type. Modern vertical broaches are offered with both hydraulic and electro-mechanical
drives. But hydraulic drives are the most common because they cost less. A vertical hydraulic broaching
machine is illustrated in above figure.
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Surface Broaching Machine
Surface broaching machines have their broaching tools attached to a ram or rams forced in a straight
path along guide ways past the workpiece. On some surface broaching machines, the ram travels
horizontally, on others ram travels vertically. When two rams are used, the machines is called a duplex
broach.
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Continuous Broaching Machine
For mass production of small parts, the highly productive continuous-broaching method is used on
rotary or horizontal continuous-broaching machines.
in the rotary continuous broaching machines, the workpiece is loaded on the table which
rotates continuously. During the operation the broach is stationary.
In the horizontal continuous broaching machines the workpieces travel as they are carried by an endless
chain. The work pieces are loaded into work holding fixtures mounted on the continuously moving
chain. During the operation, the broach is stationary as before. Such machines are used for broaching
small parts.
Broaching Methods
Following are the classification of broaching methods:
1. Pull Broaching
2. Push Broaching
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3. Surface Broaching
4. Continuous Broaching
Pull Broaching
In the pull broaching the work is held fixed and the broach is pulled through the work. Usually, broaches
are very long and are held in a special head. Pull broaching method is used for internal broaching but it
also used for some surface broaching.
Push Broaching
In the push broaching the work is fixed and the broach is pushed through the work. Hand and hydraulic
arbor presses are commonly used for push broaching. This method is used for sizing holes and cutting
keyways.
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Surface Broaching
In surface broaching either the work or the broaching tool moves across the other. This method has
become an important means of surface finishing. Many irregular or intricate shapes can be broached by
surface broaching, but the tools must be specially designed for each job.
Continuous Broaching
In continuous broaching the work is moved continuously and the broach us held stationary. The
movement of work may be either straight horizontal or circular. The continuous broaching method is
mostly used for broaching a number of similar works at the same time.
Broaching Machine Operations
Broaching is applied for machining various internal and external surfaces, for a round or irregular shaped
holes from 6 to 100mm in diameter, for external flat and contoured surfaces.
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Certain types of surfaces, for example, spline holes, are machined at the present time only by broaching
due to the exceptional difficulties in machining such surfaces by other methods.
A number of important broaching operations are illustrated below. Some operations are done in one
pass, but some operation arranged for repeated cuts to the design of the broach.
The teeth of a gear or spline may be broached all together or one or a few at a time. A comparatively
simple broach can be made to cut one or a few tooth spaces. After one pass, the gear blank is indexed
and more of its teeth are cut. Successive passes are made until all the teeth are finished.
Advantages and Limitations of Broaching
Following are the features and advantages of the broaching:
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1. The rate of production is very high.
2. Skill is required from the operator to perform a broaching operation. In most cases, the operator
merely loads and unloads the work-piece.
3. High accuracy and a high class of surface finish are possible. A tolerance of ±0.0075mm and a surface
finish about 0.8 microns (1 micron=0.001mm) can be easily obtained in broaching.
4. Both roughing finishing cuts are completed in one pass of the tool.
5. The broaching process is used for internal and external surface finishing.
6. Any form or shape that can be reproduced on a broaching can be machined.
7. Cutting fluid may be readily applied where it is most effective because a broach tends to draw the
fluid into the cut.
For specific reasons, however, limit the utilisation of the broaching process. They are:
1. High tool cost. A broach normally makes only one job and is expensive to make and sharpen.
2. Very large work-piece cannot be broached.
3. The surface to be broached cannot have an obstruction.
4. Broaching cannot be used to remove a large amount of stock.
5. Parts to be broached must be capable of being rigidly supported and must be able to withstand the
force that set up during cutting.
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LAB SESSION # 09
OBJECTIVE:
Study of Universal tool Grinder and Pedestal Grinder and its operations.
INTRODUCTION:
A tool and cutter grinder is used to sharpen milling cutters and tool bits along with a host of other
cutting tools.
It is an extremely versatile machine used to perform a variety of grinding operations: surface, cylindrical,
or complex shapes. The image shows a manually operated setup, however highly automated Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) machines are becoming increasingly common due to the complexities involved
in the process.
The operation of this machine (in particular, the manually operated variety) requires a high level of skill.
The two main skills needed understand of the relationship between the grinding wheel and the metal
being cut and knowledge of tool geometry. The illustrated set-up is only one of many combinations
available. The huge variety in shapes and types of machining cutters requires flexibility in usage. A
variety of dedicated fixtures are included that allow cylindrical grinding operations or complex angles to
be ground. The vise shown can swivel in three planes.
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The table moves longitudinally and laterally, the head can swivel as well as being adjustable in the
horizontal plane, as visible in the first image. This flexibility in the head allows the critical clearance
angles required by the various cutters to be achieved.
Collets Sleeve Bearing

To remove the collect sleeve proceed as follows; Remove ring nut N5, index drum N4, and index
ring R7, in that order. Remove two nuts M3 pull or out index bearing sleeve E. The annular grease
chamber in the longitudinal slide L, which has thus been made accessible, should then be cleaned with
petrol and refilled with tease.
Slide
Release clamping screw T5 and remove screw S5.Pull our index head slide S. Clean all working
surfaces, smear lightly with oil, cross slide Q can not be removed. Release clamping screw t1 and turn
screw S4 to move the cross slide to its extreme positions. Clean the bearing surfaces smear lightly with
oil.
Swivel Arm
To remove the swivel arm and the index head as a unit remove the two nuts M4.Clean the bearing
surfaces and smear them with oil.
Adjusting the Clamping Mechanism of Index Drum F

After a major period of use clamping lever T6 should no longer lock swivel index drum F, screw U2
will have to be adjusted. For this purpose proceed as follows: Remove swivel arm as described above;
remove screw U3 and stop plate A1; back off nut M2 and screw U1 and pull out clamping lever T6. Lift
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o
off index drum F to pull out adjusting nut and screw U2 rotate screw 180 relative to nut to reduce the
length-to reassemble parts reverse procedure.
Adjusting the stop pin for the 90o swivel motion
If, due to constant striking of stop plate A1 against stop pin A2 and A3, the swivel range should
o
no longer be exactly 90 correct the adjustment by turning the two eccentric stop pin A2 and A3. Turning
stop pin A2 will change the cylindrical setting of the collect sleeve bearing, while turning stop pin A3 will
o
adjust the 90 swivel motion.
Dressing the Grinding Wheel

Wheel Turing and dressing should be performed at regular intervals. Dressing is done by means of
a diamond set in a tip which is held in a rod. The latter is attached to an arm which is provided with a
feed screw. The diamond tool assembly s supported by the wheel guard (see Fig. 1 and 2) wheel Turing
and dressing is particularity necessary when the wheel has become headed or when sharp corner has
been worn off. Failure to comply with rule will result in poor surface finish and overheating of the
cutting tools.
Tool angles recommended cutting speeds for single-lip cutters
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Centering the Cutter Lip
Fine adjustment screw H serves to set the index head accurately relative to the wheel and to provide the
desired depth of cut. The travel of the cutter past the wheel can be limited by means of adjustable stop
screw G. Thus it is possible, during priding to advance the cutter as far as it will go. To bring the cutter lip
within the prescribed off-center tolerance, reciprocate the index head bracket while advancing the
cutter by rotation fine adjustment screw H.
In order to prevent the cutter from being overheated, it is recommended to leave only a narrow cutting
zone on the grinding wheel (see page 5 “Dressing the Grinding Wheel”). The length of the cutter lip
should equal one and one half times the diameter of the cutter.
It is not advisable to Increase the length of the cutter lip beyond a certain limit. In the case of deep
engraving work where stepped cutter is sued the shank of the cutter will be increased instead of
the lip.
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PEDESTAL GRINDER
INTRODUCTION:
Grinding is the process of removing material by the cutting action of the countless hard and sharp
abrasive particles of a revolving grinding wheel as they come in contact with the surface to be ground.
Grinding machines are made in a variety of types and sizes, depending upon the class of work for which
they are to be used.
Pedestal grinders are used to sharpen high-speed steel cutting tools used on the lathes and milling
machines, debur, or used to remove surface imperfections and to work extremely hard materials.
Pedestal Grinder
The grinding wheels are held between two flanged disks. A roughing or coarse-grained wheel is usually
mounted on one end of the spindle and a fine wheel on the other. There can also be a wire wheel
mounted on one side for special applications. A tool rest is provided for each wheel so that tools may be
held or steadied while being ground.
The operator is protected against flying abrasive particles and ground material by the wheel guards,
which are an integral part of a machine. Safety glass shields are also provided for additional protection.
These grinders are used for all kinds of general off-hand grinding and for the sharpening of drills, chisels,
tool bits, and other small tools.
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Wheel speed
Wheels come with maximum RPM ratings printed on the label (paper blotter). The grinder's RPM must
be equal or lower; "the maximum operating speeds indicated on the wheel's tag must never be
exceeded". Greatly over speeding a grinding wheel makes it explode, which can injure or kill the
operator like a gunshot would.
Workpiece material suited to wheel grade
The typical wheels on most bench grinders are vitreous-bond wheels. They work best to do their
intended task, but they inherently have a risk of cracking. Grinding wheels designed for steel are not to
be used for grinding softer metals, like aluminum. The soft metal gets lodged in the pores of the wheel
and later expands with the heat of grinding. This can dislodge pieces of the grinding wheel, causing
injury.
Sides of wheel versus periphery
Grinding is prohibited on the side of a typical (disk-shaped) bench grinder wheel, which is designed for
grinding on the periphery only. Risk of wheel explosion otherwise threatens. Some tool and cutter
grinders have cup-shaped wheels designed to do grinding on the side.
Tool rest and spark arrestor placement
The tool rest needs to be tight and within 2 to 3 mm of the wheel (1⁄16" to 1⁄8"). This prevents the
workpiece from slipping down between the wheel and the tool rest. The spark arrestors catch stray
sparks.
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Grinding is usually done with the workpiece resting on the tool rest. This prevents sudden slips in which
the wheel grabs the work momentarily and yanks it out of the operator's hand or pulls the hand toward
the wheel.
Wheel guards
The wheel guards serve to intercept the fragments of an exploding wheel, keeping them from killing
people or damaging surroundings. This is why running a grinder without the guards is prohibited.
Coolant
Grinding metal on a power-driven grinding wheel quickly heats up the workpiece. Most bench grinders
are of the dry type, in which no cutting fluid (coolant) is used at the grinding interface, but often the
workpiece is recurrently dunked into a pan or pot of water for cooling so as to keep it from getting hot
enough to lose its temper, burn the operator's hand, or both. Such pots are often mounted just below
the grinder for safe and easy reach. For medium-carbon or high-carbon workpieces that are
already hardened and tempered (such as tool bits and drill bits), the dipping of the piece into the water
must be frequent enough to avoid very high heat followed by substantial quenching, which can easily
destroy the existing heat treatment.
Some grinders for knife sharpening duty are of the wet type, in which the bottom of the wheel runs
within a pan of water or other coolant. A tube may also deliver a stream of coolant near the top of the
wheel. These grinders are not always called bench grinders, but they are among the class of bench top
grinding machines.
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Lab report MTM 2017-ME-501

MACHINE TOOLS AND MACHINING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

# Function of lathe Lathe is to remove excess material in the form of chips by

➢Industrial revolution demanded

# Changes in Manufacturing process

# Lead to the Development of High speed

# Special purpose lathes

# Lathes are the oldest machine tools

# Bed: supports all major components

#Tailstock – supports the other end of the workpiece

Working principle of lathe

If the tool moves parallel to work piece cylindrical surface is formed

# Chuck or face plate is mounted on machine spindle

# Cutting tool is held and supported on a tool post.

# Movement of the job is rotation about spindle axis

# Tool is fed against the revolving work

To perform different lathe machine operations on a lathe, the workpiece may be

4. Held and driven by a chuck or a faceplate or an angle plate.

Types of Lathe Machine Operations :

1. Operations Done by Holding Workpiece Between Centers:

#D = Larger diameter of taper

# d = Small diameter of taper.

It is an operation of reducing the length of the workpiece by feeding the perpendicular to

2. Operations Done By Holding The Work By A Chuck

Drilling is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a workpiece. It is done by a rotating

3. Lathe Operations Done By Using Special Attachments

CENTRE OR ENGINE LATHE:

CAPSTAN AND TURRET LATHE:

TOOL ROOM LATHE:

These types of lathes are high speed and heavy-duty.

SPECIAL PURPOSE LATHE:

CNC LATHE MACHINE:

Study of different parts of lathe machine.

Parts of the Lathe Machine and their functions:

A lathe machine tool consists of several parts:

10. Lead Screw

11. Feed rod

13. Main spindle

automatic feed for thread cutting operation.

Performing Centering, Turning , Facing and Taper Turning Operations

Diameter of the workpiece is reduced during turning operation, usually to specified

dimension , or to produce a smooth surface finish.

Following are the types of Turning.

TAPER TURNING OPERATION:

➢ Giving self-alignments in the assembled parts.

➢ Transmitting the drive in the assembled parts.

PERFORMING THE OPERATIONS:

➢ Universal lathe Machine

➢ Three Jaw Chuck

➢ Single- Point Cutting Tool

 Fix the Single-Point cutting tool in the toolpost.

 If not adjust the workpiece in the chuck to get it in the center.

 Fix the Single-Point cutting tool in the toolpost.

 If not adjust the workpiece in the chuck to get it in the centre.

PROCEDURE OF TAPER TURNING:

 Fix the cutting tool in the toolpost.

 Perform the centering operation for the smooth operation.

 Fix the cutting tool in the toolpost.

 If not adjust the workpiece in the chuck to get it in the centre.

Performing the Knurling, Boring and Parting Off Operatins

PARTING OFF OPERATION:

PERFORMING THE OPERATIONS: