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Risk Assessment

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House Rules and Safety

✓ Please ensure that you have registered at the MMTC front desk upon
arrival.
✓ Please wear the ID for trainees inside the MMTC premises at all times and
return it to the front desk upon logging out.
✓ Please keep your mobile phone/s in silent mode and take emergency calls
outside the training room.
✓ Eating and drinking inside the Simulator and Training Rooms are strictly
prohibited.
✓ Please refrain from taking photos of the Assessment Questionnaires, and
Activity Sheets as handouts will be provided.
✓ If you need to be dismissed during the training, kindly coordinate with
MMTC staff at the front desk. Otherwise, your training will be invalid.

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House Rules and Safety

✓ Kindly keep the training rooms clean at all times. There are trash bins
located at the Pantry Area.
✓ In case of emergency, an evacuation plan and fire extinguisher are located
near the door.
✓ The Comfort Rooms are located near the PDOS Room.
✓ MMTC follows and implements a smart casual dress code for all its
trainees.
✓ MTC is strictly a “NO SMOKING ZONE.”
✓ Emergency Contact Numbers:

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Emergency Number 911

Makati Fire Station
Makati Medical Center
Ospital ng Makati
Makati Police Station
Makati Public Safety Department
(MAPSA)
Makati City Hall
(02) 8818 – 5150
(02) 8888 – 8910
(02) 8813 – 5390 | (02) 8882 – 6316 to 36
(02) 887 – 2484 | (02) 8843 – 5877
(02) 8844 – 3146 | (02) 8819 – 3270 to 71
(02) 8870 – 1000

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Initial Assessment

This is to determine your stock knowledge

about the course.
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Risk Assessment

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Intended Learning Objectives

At the end of this course, the trainees must be able to:
• apply key principles of risk assessment and safety
management system in day-to-day operational situations;
• identify the different forms of hazards and risks present at
the workplace;
• learn the marine risk assessment process;
• develop a risk management approach using the company’s
risk assessment procedure;
• assess all identified risks and establish appropriate safety
control measures;

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Intended Learning Objectives

At the end of this course, the trainees must be able to:
• learn to take cost effective measures to minimize the risks
before any losses occur; and
• use the personal safety checklist before carrying out any
vessel operation.

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Terminology and Definitions

Event Risk Analysis

Accident
ALARP Frequency Risk Assessment

Hazard Risk Evaluation

Consequence
Risk
Control Incident Management
Cost-Benefit
Mitigation

Risk

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Types of Hazards
• Physical Hazards
- noise
- vibration
- extremes of temperature
- illumination
- pressure

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Types of Hazards
• Biological Hazards
- Refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the
health if living organisms, primarily that of humans.
- This can include medical waste or samples of a
microorganism, virus or toxin that can impact human health.
- These are the factors that cause infectious and contagious
disease.

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Types of Hazards
• Ergonomic Hazards

Risk Factors on Ergonomics

- Position
- Force
- Frequency

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Proper Positioning in Using the Computer

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Illustration of ALARP Concept

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Common Fallacies about ALARP

• Ensuring that risks are reduced ALARP means that we have to
raise standards continually.
• If the management have adopted a high standard of risk
control, that standard is ALARP.
• Ensuring that risks are reduced ALARP means that we can
insist on all possible risk controls.
• Ensuring that risks are reduced ALARP means that there will be
no accidents or ill-health.

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What is Risk Assessment?

Risk assessment is a term used to describe the overall process
or method where it:
• identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to
cause harm (hazard identification).
• analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard
(risk analysis, and risk evaluation).
• determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or
control the risk when the hazard cannot be eliminated (risk
control).

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Requirements for Risk Assessment

• The law says that companies must assess and control the risks
in the workplace.
• It is need to think about what might cause harm to people and
decide to actions to prevent that harm.
• Records should include:
- the hazards (things that may cause harm)
- how hazards may harm people
- control measures
• Record must be reviewed and updated, for example if anything
changes.

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Why is Risk Assessment Important?

Risk Assessment helps to:
• Create awareness of hazards and risk.
• Identify who may be at risk (e.g., employees, cleaners,
visitors, contractors, the public, etc.).
• Determine whether a control program is required for a
particular hazard.
• Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if
more should be done.
• Prevent injuries or illnesses, especially when done at the
design or planning stage.

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Why is Risk Assessment Important?

Risk Assessment helps to:
• Prioritize hazards and control measures.
• Meet legal requirements where applicable.

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What is the Goal of Risk Assessment?

The aim of the risk assessment process is to:
• evaluate hazards.
• remove the hazard or minimize the level of its risk by adding
control measures.
• answer the following questions:
- What can happen and under what circumstances?
- What are the possible consequences?
- How likely are the possible consequences to occur?
- Is the risk controlled effectively, or is further action
required?

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When to do a Risk Assessment?

• In case of temporary and/or permanent changes to procedures
or equipment.
• In case of incidents, accidents, serious near misses, etc.
• Prior to the introduction of new procedures.
• For preparation of complex or high risk jobs and projects.
• In case of new operations or routine and new/non-routine
future tasks.

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Risk Criteria
Risk within marine operations are assessed against criteria for:
• personnel safety
• environment
• assets and/or lost production
• reputation

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Step 1: Gathering and Familiarization of Data

• This process involves the personnel in charge to gather all the

relevant information with respect to the job against which a
risk assessment is to be undertaken.
• Familiarization would mean that the officer in charge of the
risk assessment is thorough with the area of the ship where
the work is to be carried out and is not a mere external
assessor.

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Classifying Work Activities

Possible ways to classifying work activities include:

• defined tasks.
• department/location onboard ship.
• stages of an operation or work routine.
• planned and unscheduled maintenance.

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Step 2: Identifying the Hazards

Hazard Identification is the process of finding, listing, and
characterizing hazards. It is done through:
• Inspection
An organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. It
involves the measurements, tests, and gauges applied to
certain characteristics in regard to an object or activity.
Investigation
• To observe or inquire into in detail; examine systematically.
It is done after an incident or an accident.

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Step 2: Identifying the Hazards

To be sure that all hazards are found:
• Look at all aspects of the work.
• Include non-routine activities such as maintenance, repair,
or cleaning.
• Look at accident / incident / near-miss records.
• Include people who work off site.
• Look at the way the work is organized or done.
• Look at foreseeable unusual conditions.

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Step 2: Identifying the Hazards

To be sure that all hazards are found:
• Determine whether a product, machine or equipment can
be intentionally or unintentionally changed.
• Review all of the phases of the lifecycle.
• Examine risks to visitors.
• Consider the groups of people that may have a different
level of risk such as young or inexperienced workers.

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Q5 Steps in Identifying the Hazards

STOP: Before starting a job, ask a series of questions such as:
✓ Have I or my fellow participants done this job before?
✓ Have the conditions or location of the job changed?
THINK: Ask questions:
✓ What can go wrong?
✓ Can I or anyone get hurt doing this job?
IDENTIFY: Identify hazards by physically viewing job site before the
job begins.
PLAN: Take appropriate precautions before proceeding with a
job.
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List of Hazards which may Contribute to

Unwanted Incidents
• Human Error Hazards
• Equipment Failure Hazards
• Utilities Failure Hazards
• External Forces Hazards
• Port Operations Hazards
• Endogenous Hazards
• Process-related Hazards
• Environmental Hazards
• Personnel Quarters Hazards
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List of Hazards which may Contribute to

Unwanted Incidents
• Materials and Equipment Handling Hazards
• Simultaneous Activities Hazards
• Personnel Safety Hazards
• Hazardous Substances Onboard Ship
• Potential Sources of Ignition
• Change Hazards

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How to know if the Hazard will Cause

Harm?
To research the hazard, you can look at:
• Product information / manufacturer documentation
• Past experience
• Legislated requirements and/or applicable standards
• Industry codes of practice / best practices
• Health and safety material about the hazard
• Information from reputable organizations
• Results of testing

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Examples of Hazards and Potential

Accidents
• Operations in restricted waterways or near exposed reef
• Bad weather
• Handling toxic substances
• Hot work started without authorization
• Material Casualties
• Personnel Casualties

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How to know if the Hazard will Cause

Harm?
To research the hazard, you can look at:
• The expertise of an occupational health and safety
professional
• Information about previous injuries, illnesses, near misses,
incident reports, etc.
• Observation of the process or task

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Factors that Contribute to Level of Risk

• The work environment
• The systems of work being used
• The range of foreseeable conditions
• The way the source may cause harm
• How often and how much a person will be exposed
• The interaction, capability, skill, experience of workers who do
the work

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Step 3: Analyzing the Risks Associated with

the Pending Job
Risk Analysis
• The process for comprehending the nature of hazards and
determining the level of risk.
• It provides a basis for risk evaluation and decisions about
risk control.
• Information can include current and historical data,
theoretical analysis and informed opinions.

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Classification of Risk
Classification Recommended Response
of Risk
Trivial No action is required.
Tolerable No additional controls are required.
Monitoring is required to ensure control is
maintained.
Moderate Efforts are required to reduce risk.
Controls are to be implemented within a specified
time.

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Classification of Risk
Classification Recommended Response
of Risk
Substantial New work not to start until risk reduced.
If work in progress, urgent action to be taken.
Considerable resources may be required.
Intolerable Work shall not be started or continued until the
risk has been reduced.
If reduction is not possible, the activity shall be
prohibited.

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Step 4: Assessment of the Risks Involved

Risk Accept Criteria
• Consequence Categories
• Probability Categories
• Risk Categories

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Probability (or Frequency) Determination

• Frequency analysis is used to estimate how likely it is that the
various incidents or hazards will occur.
• The probability is determined based on the sequence of
events in the hypothetical scenario.
• The Risk Matrix defines five probability levels based on the
frequency at which the hypothetical scenario is likely to occur.

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Probability Descriptions and Frequencies

Frequency Classes Quantification
5 Frequent – Possibility of More often than once per voyage.
repeated incidents
4 Probable – Possibility of Once per year – The mishap scenario has
isolated incidents occurred in the past and/or is expected to
occur in the future.
3 Occasional – Possibility Once per 5 years – The mishap scenario might
of occurring sometime occur. It would not be too surprising if it did.
2 Remote – Not likely to Once per 10 years – The mishap scenario is
occur considered unlikely. It could happen, but it
would be surprising if it did.
1 Very unlikely – Once per 30 years or more.
Practically impossible
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Consequence (or Severity) Assessment

• Consequences are grouped into four general categories: health
and safety of employees and the public, environment,
economics/assets and reputation/public disruption.
• A severity level is assigned for each of the 4 categories (minor,
major, critical, catastrophic) based on the consequences
specified in the hypothetical scenario.

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Risk Matrix

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Risk Categories
Low Acceptable Goal is to take steps to reduce risk to at
(1-3) least a medium level.
Medium Tolerable Perform RA and identify risk control
(4-9) measures.
High Intolerable Address as part of normal, on-going
(>9) improvement process

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Step 5: Controlling Risks

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Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)

• A technique used to assist in the decision-making process by
allowing the direct comparison of the benefits arising from a
particular new control measure with the costs.
• It is used to identify benefits and costs associated with the
implementation of each control measure identified.

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Stages of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)

• Arrange the control measures in a way to facilitate
understanding of the costs and benefits resulting from the
adoption of each measure;
• Estimate the pertinent costs and benefits for all control
measures;
• Estimate and compare the cost effectiveness of each new
control measure by dividing the net cost by the risk reduction
achieved as a result of implementing the measure; and
• Rank each new control measure from a cost-benefit
perspective in order to facilitate the decision making
recommendations.

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Why is it Important to Review Risk

Assessment?
• To know if the risk assessment was complete and accurate.
• To be sure that any changes in the workplace have not
introduced new hazards or changed hazards that were once
ranked as lower priority to a higher priority.
• To make sure your control methods are effective.

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Follow-up and Close-out

• In this step, implementation of the new control measures is
followed up and recorded.
• If for any reason completion date will be later than target date,
the person in charge should inform the DPA in advance for his
actions.
• Conduct follow-up evaluations of the controls to ensure they
remain in place and have the desired effect.
• Monitor for changes, which may require further Risk
Assessment.

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Follow-up and Close-out

• Take corrective action when necessary.
• All planned activities relevant for specific operation should be
checked out with an acceptable status by a formal signature of
responsible for operations before start.

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Job Hazard Analysis vs. Risk Assessment

Job Hazard Analysis
• a formal process to identify the dangers of specific job tasks
in order to reduce the risk of injury to workers. It involves
breaking down the steps of performing a job, identifying
hazards at each step, and creating controls to keep workers
safe while performing that task.
• focuses on job-specific risks and are typically performed for
a single task, assessing each step of the job.

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Job Hazard Analysis vs. Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment
• a formal process to identify potential hazards related to an
activity or operation, analyze the level of risk associated with
those hazards, and propose controls to reduce the level of
risk.
• assess safety hazards across the entire workplace and are
oftentimes accompanied with a risk matrix to prioritize
hazards and controls.

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Uses of Job Hazard Analysis

• Develop or improve SOP’s
• Crew Training
• Crew Observations
• Accident Investigation
• Safety Inspection

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Job Hazard Analysis Procedure

1. Identifying basic job steps
2. Determining the hazards
3. Recommending corrective measures

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Sample of Job Hazard Analysis

Step Hazard Control
Prepare Hand Arm Vibration Wear thick gloves.
surface using Syndrome
electric wire
brush
Paint dust possibly Wash hands thoroughly before
containing lead eating or smoking.
Slips trips and falls Route all electrical cables
sensibly to keep walkways and
stairs free of hazards.
Sunburn Wear broad brim and SPF 40+
sun block.
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Sample of Job Hazard Analysis

Step Hazard Control
Paint Damage to adjacent Use drop sheets.
Handrails surfaces from
thinners and paint
Exposure to fumes If poorly ventilated, use P3 organic vapor
from thinners mask.
Paint in eyes Wear safety goggles, when working above
shoulder height, safety glasses at other
times.
Fire Keep containers of thinners and flammable
solvents closed properly and stored in a
cool place away from sources of sparks
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Common Types of Accidents

• Man Overboard
• Enclosed Space Accidents
• Electrical Shock Accidents
• Mooring Operations
• Falling from Height
• Piracy Attacks
• Lifeboat Testing Accidents
• Hot Work Accidents
• Gangway Fall
• Improper Manual Lifting
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Common Types of Accidents

• Crane and Lifting Gear Accidents
• Tools and Machinery Accidents
• Compressed Air Accidents
• Exposure to Chemicals
• Flooding

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Company Types of Injuries

• Eye Injury
• Hand and Foot Injury
• Head Injury
• Burns and Scald
• Back Injury
• Cuts
• Electrocution or Electronic Shock
• Injury from Slips and Falls

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Case Study

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Things to Learn as soon as Joining Ship

• Check the following in your accommodation:
- life jacket and immersion suit are kept in their designated
lockers in your cabin.
- fittings, accessories and condition of jacket and suit.
- location of the nearest alarm button, emergency escape, fire
extinguisher, fire hose, Emergency Escape Breathing Device
(EEBD), from your cabin.
- location of duties posted in the Muster list along with your
lifeboat station.
- ship’s alarm description in the muster list
- presence of any unidentified object.

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Things to Learn as soon as Joining Ship

• Check the general layout of the following:
- your accommodation from each deck
- different ways to approach the muster station
- forecastle of the ship and arrangements of escape routes
provided
- location of life raft and lifebuoy provided at the forecastle
- aft part of the ship and arrangement of escape routes
provided
- location of lifebuoys in other parts of the ship

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Things to Learn as soon as Joining Ship

• Check the general layout of the following:
- your accommodation from each deck
- different ways to approach the muster station
- forecastle of the ship and arrangements of escape routes
provided
- location of life raft and lifebuoy provided at the forecastle
- aft part of the ship and arrangement of escape routes
provided
- location of lifebuoys in other parts of the ship

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Things to Learn as soon as Joining Ship

• Check the following in the Engine Room:
- life jackets and immersion suits provided in the engine room
are in proper condition and well in number
- EEBD in the engine room
- medical first aid box
- emergency escape routes from the engine room and also
find out where it leads on the deck
- all the life saving appliances for their starting and stopping
procedures.
- all engine room machines for abnormal operations

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Things to Learn as soon as Joining Ship

• Check the following in the Engine Room:
- location of water tight doors and their operation and
working
- location of fire hoses and fire hydrants

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Things to Learn as soon as Joining Ship

• Check the following in the Deck Side of the Ship:
- gangway of the ship for proper lifting and lowering
arrangement
- net and railing in the gangway
- all the railings and freeways on the deck
- all life saving appliances provided on the deck
- location of fire hoses and fire hydrants
- location of fire plan
- location of international shore coupling and connection
- fire line on deck with main valves
- bunker station on deck for remote stopping of pumps.
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Things to Learn as soon as Joining Ship

• Check the following in the Bridge:
- location of lifejackets and immersion suits
- Location of EEBD
- location of lifebuoy
- location of nearest fire extinguisher
- location for storing EPIRB and SART
- location of emergency fire pump switch
- location of distress signal button on bridge
- emergency escape route from bridge and ways to approach
the muster station

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Things to Learn as soon as Joining Ship

• Check the following in the Galley:
- location of the nearest fire extinguisher
- location of fire blanket
- location of fire alarm button
- location of fire damper
- location of nearest fire hose
- location of nearest escape route and ways to approach
muster station from the galley
- all electrical plugs and fitting for overheating or burning
- all equipment for safe and accidental free operation

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Things to Learn as soon as Joining Ship

• Check the following in the Miscellaneous:
- fire station on ship and different equipment and systems
provided for the same
- IMDG locker onboard and safety equipments provided
- location of CO2 fixed system on ship
- location of chemical locker on ship, along with safety PPEs
and material safety data sheet (MSDS)
- location of SOPEP locker and tools therein

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Things to Learn as soon as Joining Ship

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Personal Safety Checklist

• Awareness of the Surroundings
- Know your working space, risks and hazards present around
you, and assess the amount of efforts the job would require.
- It would allow you to plan your job safety and efficiently.

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Personal Safety Checklist

• Calculation of Risk
- Check the extent of harm any kind of accident in that
particular area can cause you.
- Remember that the amount of risk involved is always greater
than what you would have calculated.
- If you are suspicious that a particular procedure involved in
the job might lead to an unfavorable outcome, stop right
there.
- Make sure you weigh your doubts properly before
commencing the job.

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Personal Safety Checklist

• Work on Risks before Working on the Job
- Find out the amount of risk involved with the job before
getting into it.
- Eliminate or minimize as many hazards as possible from your
working place before carrying out your assigned job.
- Remember that it is not possible to make any job 100% risk
free but minimizing the number of risks involved would
drastically increase your level of personal safety.

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Personal Safety Checklist

• Checking Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- Ensure that you are using the right personal safety
equipment as required by the job.
- It is also imperative that you know the operation and
working of all safety tools on board ships.
- In emergency situation, these tools are your lifelines, which
would get you out safe and secure.

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Personal Safety Checklist

• Escape Route
- Remember that ships comprise of several machines, pipelines,
and complex systems running at extremely high working
parameters that makes the ship an extremely hazardous
environment to work in.
- While working on ship, trouble always comes uninvited and you
must be prepared for the same.
- Sometimes, in spite of following all the safety measures, things
might go wrong.
- For such situations, always pre-plan your exit-strategy from
your working place through the easiest and fastest route
possible.

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Steps Towards Personal Safety

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Duties and Responsibilities

All Crew
• Identification and response to potential hazards.
• Responsibilities for preventive / mitigate or alternative
(control) measures should be assigned, implemented and
monitored to ensure completion in a timely manner.

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Duties and Responsibilities

Masters
• He must ensure the health and safety of the crew, the
protection of the environment, the safety of the ship and
the property, etc.
• He should make sufficient assessment of the risks arising in
the routine and non-routine course of the ships operations
and seafarers’ works or duties.

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Duties and Responsibilities

Risk Assessment Team
• Hazards and risk assessment is normally performed by a team,
but for some operations it may be undertaken by an individual.
• The RA team conducting the RA must be well qualified and
experienced.
• The level of knowledge, skills, efforts and experience of the RA
team will influence the quality of the RA.
• RA team should inform the Management about the residual
risks, as well as to what hazards cannot be controlled or
mitigated at their level or if risk outweighs benefit or if
assistance is required to implement controls, etc.

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Company Procedures on Risk Assessment

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Company Procedures on Risk Assessment

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Company Procedures on Risk Assessment

1. Classify work activities.
2. Identify hazards.
3. Determine the risk.
4. Decide if risk is tolerable
5. If Risk is not Tolerable, cancel job or mitigate.
6. If mitigation measures make the risk tolerable, continue else
stop.
7. Prepare action plan for the Job complete with mitigation
measures.
8. Final review of action plan by participants.
9. If incident, near miss, or unexpected hazard make a close-Out
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Company Forms and Checklists

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Governing Regulations on Work and Rest

Hours

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STCW Section A-VIII/1

• All persons who are assigned duty as officer in charge of a
watch or as a rating forming part of a watch shall be provided
a minimum of 10 hours rest in any 24-hour period and 77-
hours in any 7-day period.
• The hours of rest may be divided into no more than two
periods, one of which shall be at least 6 hours in length and
the intervals between consecutive periods of rest shall not
exceed 14 hours.
• Parties may allow exceptions from the required hours of rest in
paragraphs 2.2 and 3 above provided that the rest period is
not less than 70 hours in any 7 day period.

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STCW Section B-VIII/1

• provisions made to prevent fatigue should ensure that
excessive or unreasonable overall working hours are not
undertaken.
• the frequency and length of leave periods, and the granting of
compensatory leave, are material factors in preventing fatigue
from building up over a period of time; and
• the provisions may be varied for ships on short-sea voyages,
provided special safety arrangements are put in place.

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MLC Regulation 2.3 Hours of Work and

Hours of Rest
• For the purpose of this Standard, the term:
- hours of work mean time during which seafarers are
required to do work on account of the ship; and
- hours of rest means time outside hours of work; this term
does not include short breaks.

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MLC Regulation 2.3 Hours of Work and

Hours of Rest
• The limits on hours of work or rest shall be as follows:
maximum hours of work shall not exceed:
- 14 hours in any 24-hour period; and
- 72 hours in any seven-day period; or
minimum hours of rest shall not be less than:
- 10 hours in any 24-hour period; and
- 77 hours in any seven-day period.
• Hours of rest may be divided into no more than two periods, one
of which shall be at least six hours in length, and the interval
between consecutive periods of rest shall not exceed 14 hours.

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Problems and Best Practices on Rest Period

Requirements
• Inconsistency between Minimum and Maximum Work and
Rest Hours
Best Practices:
- Officially register the rest hours only.
- Ensure proper guidance is followed with respect to
recordkeeping and ensure that all crew is not working more
than 91 hours in any given 7-day or week.
- Ensure Seafarer Employment Agreement do not violate the
maximum 91 work hours per week and that the overtime
provided to the crew is in line with that.

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Problems and Best Practices on Rest Period

Requirements
• Master’s Overriding Authority

Best Practices:
- Provide guidance as to what are the conditions applicable to
the requirements.
- Ensure office is notified of all such cases and provide
feedback to vessels.

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Problems and Best Practices on Rest Period

Requirements
• Exceptions are not properly defined

Best Practices:
- Check if vessel's flag allows shifting of the minimum 77 rest
hours to 70 rest hours per week.
- Provide exact guidance and worked examples to the vessel
for the implementation and the record keeping of rest
hours.
- Masters should make an entry into log book for the split of
rest periods to maximum of 3 per 24 hours and a minimum
of 24 hours in advance of a scheduled drill.
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MSC/Cir. 1014 Guidance on Fatigue

Mitigation and Management
Definition of Fatigue
“A reduction in physical and/or mental capability as the result of
physical, mental or emotional exertion which may impair nearly
all physical abilities including: strength; speed; reaction time;
coordination; decision making; or balance.”

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MSC/Cir. 1014 Guidance on Fatigue

Mitigation and Management
• The average seafarer spends between three to six months
working and living away from home, on a moving vessel that is
subject to unpredictable environmental factors.
• There is no clear separation between work and recreation.
• Today’s crew is composed of seafarers from various
nationalities and backgrounds who are expected to work and
live together for long periods of time.

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Signs of Fatigue
• Tiredness
• Sleepiness
• Irritability
• Depression
• Giddiness
• Loss of appetite
• Digestive problems
• Increased susceptibility to illness.

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Causes of Fatigue
• Lack of Sleep
• Poor Quality of Sleep
• Insufficient rest Time between Work Periods
• Poor Quality of Rest
• Stress
• Boring and Repetitive Work
• Ship’s movement
• Food (timing, frequency, content and quality)

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Causes of Fatigue
• Medical conditions and illness
• Ingested Chemicals
• Jet-lag
• Excessive Workload

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Effects of Fatigue
• Reduced decision making ability;
• Reduced ability to do complex planning;
• Reduced communication skills;
• Reduced productivity / performance;
• Reduced attention and vigilance;
• Reduced ability to handle stress on the job;
• Reduced reaction time - both in speed and thought;
• Loss of memory or the ability to recall details;
• Failure to respond to changes in surroundings or information
provided;

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Effects of Fatigue
• Unable to stay awake
• Increased tendency for risk-taking
• Increased forgetfulness
• Increased errors in judgement
• Increased sick time, absenteeism, rate of turnover
• Increased medical costs
• Increased accident rates

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Mitigating the Effects of Fatigue

• An interesting challenge, an exciting idea, a change in work
routine or anything else that is new and different
• Bright lights, cool dry air, music and other irregular sounds
• Caffeine may combat sleepiness in some people for short
periods.
• Conversation
• Controlled, strategic naps can also improve alertness and
performance

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Guidelines in Maintaining Work

Performance
• Get sufficient sleep, especially before any period when you
anticipate that you will not get adequate sleep.
• When you sleep, make it a long period of sleep.
• Take strategic naps.
• Take breaks when scheduled breaks are assigned.
• Develop and maintain good sleep habits, such as a pre-sleep
routine.
• Monitor your hours of work and rest when opportunity arises.
• Eat regular and well-balanced meals.
• Exercise regularly.
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Course Evaluation
If you have further comments and suggestions for the
improvement of the topics and the content of the course, you may
direct it to the Training Development Department. Thank you!

113

Risk Assessment

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