• Heat transfer is a branch of thermal engineering which deals with the study of transfer of energy from a

high-temperature reservoir to low-temperature reservoir.

• Methods of heat transfer are:
i) Conduction: Heat is transferred by solid materials.
ii) Convection: Heat is transferred by gases.
iii) Radiation: Heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves.
• Heat transfer takes place according to Second law of thermodynamics - The total entropy of an isolated
system (the thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work) can never
decrease.
• The joule is the unit of heat transfer, while the rate of heat transfer is measured in joules per second, i.e.,
watts.
• For a cylindrical rod with uniformly distributed heat sources, the thermal gradient at half the radius
location will be One half
• Fouling factor - Its unit is m2 hr K/kcal and it represents the reciprocal of the scale coefficient i.e. heat
transfer.
•
1. Which of the following is an example of steady-state heat 2. Which way is heat transfer believed to take place in a long,
transfer? hollow cylinder that is kept at consistent but varied temperatures
a) Electric bulb cools down by the surrounding atmosphere on its inner and outer surfaces?
b) Chilling effect of cold wind on a warm body a) Unpredictable b) Radial only
c) Boilers and turbines d) Cooling of I.C engine c) No heat transfer takes place d) Axial only
Answer:a Explanation: The system is a perfect black body. Answer: b Explanation: On the periphery of the cylinder, the
ambient temperature is uniform, and the temperature is uniform.
As a result, it only occurs in the radial direction.
3. Which of the following is correct regarding one dimensional 4. A person prefers to sit by a fire during the cold winter months.
heat transfer? Which of the following heat transfer types gives him with the
a) Steady – f (x, y, t), Unsteady – f (x) most heat?
b) Steady – f (y, z), Unsteady – f (y) a) Convection and radiation together
c) Steady – f (x, t), Unsteady – f (x) b) Radiation will provide quick warmth
d) Steady – f (x), Unsteady – f (x, t) c) If it is near the fire, convection sounds good
d) Conduction from the fire
Answer: d Explanation: In a one-dimensional heat flow, Answer: b Explanation: Even when separated by a medium
steady state is determined solely by the x coordinate, whereas that is colder than both of them, heat transmission by radiation can
unstable state is determined solely by the x coordinate and time. occur between two bodies.
5. On which of the following does convective heat transfer 6. In liquids and gases, heat transmission is primarily caused by
coefficient doesn’t depend? a) Convection b) Radiation
a) Orientation of solid surface b) Time c) Conduction d) Conduction as well as convection
c) Surface area d) Space
Answer: c Explanation: It is represented by the letter h and Answer: a Explanation: Convection is the transfer of thermal
is affected by space, time, geometry, and the orientation of a energy between a solid and a fluid flowing through it.
solid surface.
7. For conduction heat transfer, the heat energy propagation will 8. The rate of heat transfer for a plane wall of homogenous
be minimal for __________ material with constant thermal conductivity is given by which of
a) Copper b) Air c) Water d) Lead the following equation?
a) Q = 2k/δ x b) Q = 2kAδx c) Q = kA (t1-t2)/δ
d) Q = 2kAx/ δ
Answer: b Explanation: It’s because air has the lowest heat Answer: c Explanation: The value of the temperature gradient
conductivity of all the possibilities. can be substituted into the general equation to compute heat flow.
The heat flow is independent of x in some way.
9. The appropriate rate equation for convective heat transfer 10. Why fins are provided on a heat transfer surface?
between a surface and adjacent fluid is prescribed by which law? a) Pressure drop of the fluid should be minimized
a) Newton’s law of cooling b) Kirchhoff’s law b) Increase turbulence in flow for enhancing heat transfer
c) Newton’s first law d) Wein’s displacement law c) Surface area is maximum to promote the rate of heat transfer
d) Increase temperature gradient so as to enhance heat transfer
Answer: a Explanation: When a solid surface is cooled by Answer: c Explanation: Fins are added to the surface of a heat
a fluid, the rate equation used to describe the mechanism of exchanger to improve heat transmission by increasing the surface
convection is called Newton’s law of cooling. area exposed to the environment.
11.What is the rate of heat transfer from the fin in case of fin 12.Consider the following statements pertaining to heat transfer
insulated at the tip? through fins
a) (h P k)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml (i) They must be arranged at right angles to the direction of flow
b) (h P A)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml of working fluid
c) (h P k A)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml (ii) The temperature along the fin is variable and accordingly heat
d) (h k A)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml transfer rate varies along the fin elements
(iii) Fins are equally effective irrespective whether they are on the
hot side or cold side of the fluid
(iv) Fins are made of materials that have thermal conductivity
higher than that of wall
Identify the correct statements
a) i and ii b) iii and iv c) i and iv d) ii and iii
Answer: c Explanation: It should contain all the terms i.e. h, Answer: a Explanation: The statements made in serial number
A, P, k. 3 and 4 are incorrect. Fins are seen on the side of the body when
the convective coefficient is low.
12. In which of the following cases provision of fins on a given 13. What are the relevant boundary conditions in case of heat
heat transfer surface will be more effective? transfer from a bar connected to two heat sources at different
a) Fewer but thin fins temperatures?
b) Large number of thin fins a) α = α 1 at x = 1 and α = α 2 at x = 2L
c) Large number of thick fins b) α = α 1 at x = 0 and α = α 2 at x = infinity
d) Fewer but thick fins c) α = α 1 at x = 0 and α = α 2 at x = L
d) α = α 1 at x = infinity and α = α 2 at x = 1
Answer: b Explanation: Increase in ratio of perimeter P to be Answer: c Explanation: It should be at x = o and x = L.
cross-sectional area A C brings about improvement in the
effectiveness of fins.
14. Radiation heat transfer is characterized by 15. Which of the following is the unit of coefficient of radiant heat
a) Movement of discrete packets of energy as electromagnetic transfer?
waves a) W/m2
b) Due to bulk fluid motion, there is a transport of energy b) W/m K
c) There is the circulation of fluid by buoyancy effects c) W/m2 K
d) Thermal energy transfer as vibrational energy in the lattice d) W/K
structure of the material
Answer: a Explanation: EM waves is characterized by radiant Answer: c Explanation: Its value can be calculated from the
heat transfer. heat flux equation for any configuration.
16. The calculation of heat transmission by convection is based 17. The non-dimensional parameter known as Stanton number is
on the determination of a Nusselt number or convective film used in which of the following heat transfer?
coefficient. To that goal, which of the following strategies have a) Natural convection heat transfer
been proposed b) Unsteady state heat transfer
(i) Non-dimensional analysis and experimental correlations c) Condensation heat transfer
(ii) Hydrodynamic concept of velocity boundary layer d) Forced convection heat transfer
(iii) Reynolds similarity between the mechanism of fluid friction
in the boundary layer and the transfer of heat by convection
Identify the correct one
a) ii and iii b) i and iii c) i, ii, and iii d) i and ii
Answer: a Explanation: It should be a dimensional analysis Answer: d Explanation: It’s the ratio of the heat transfer
and experimental correlations. coefficient to the heat flow per unit temperature rise caused by
fluid velocity. It can only be used for forced convection heat
transfer.
18. The convective heat transfer coefficient in the laminar flow 19.Maximum heat transfer rate in a modern boiler is about
over a flat plate __________ a) 4 * 10 5 W/m2
a) Decreases with increase in free stream velocity b) 5 * 10 5 W/m2
b) Increases if a denser fluid is used c) 3 * 10 5 W/m2
c) Increases with distance d) 2 * 10 5 W/m2
d) Increases if a higher viscosity fluid is used
Answer: b Explanation: It mostly increases if a denser fluid is Answer:d Explanation: Greater importance has recently been
used. given to the boiling heat transfer.
20. In spite of the large heat transfer coefficient in boiling 21. What is the value of overall heat transfer coefficient ammonia
liquids, fins are used advantageously when the entire surface is condensers?
exposed to a) 200-750 W/m2 K b) 250-2500 W/m2 K
a) Nucleate boiling b) Film boiling c) 1500-1750 W/m K d) 800-1400 W/m2 K
2

c) Transition boiling d) All modes of boiling

Answer: d Explanation: Here all modes of boiling i.e. film, Answer: d Explanation: It is an electrical device that stores a
transition and nucleate are of great importance vast amount of energy.
22. Which of the following is having highest value of overall 23. What is the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient for
heat transfer coefficient? air to heavy tars and liquid?
a) Steam b) Steam condensers a) As low as 25 W/m2 K b) As low as 15 W/m2 K
c) Feed water heaters d) Alcohol condensers c) As low as 45 W/m2 K d) As low as 55 W/m2 K
Answer: c Explanation: Feed water heaters have an overall Answer: c Explanation: It is an incompressible fluid which
heat transfer coefficient of 8500 W/m2K, whereas steam, has constant volume independent of pressure.
alcohol condensers, and ammonia condensers have heat transfer
coefficients of 5000 W/m2 K, 630 W/m2 K and 1400 W/m2 K.
24. What is the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient for 25. Heat transfer coefficients for natural convection across the
air condensers? surface of a vertical pipe and a vertical flat plate at the same
a) 250-900 W/m2 K height. What could be the cause(s) of this?
b) 200-1950 W/m2 K (i) Same height (ii) Both vertical (iii) Same fluid
c) 350-780 W/m2 K (iv) Same fluid flow pattern Select the correct answer
d) 200-350 W/m2 K a) iii and iv b) iv c) i and ii d) i
Answer: c Explanation: It consists of an air coil which is used Answer: a Explanation: The fluids must be same so their flow
to remove heat from fluids. pattern.
26. Which of the following is having the lowest value of overall 27. Which of the following statement is incorrect according to
heat transfer coefficient? heat transfer?
a) Feed water heaters a) Heat flow doesn’t depend on temperature
b) Air condensers b) A material medium is not necessary for heat transmission
c) Air to low viscosity liquids c) The process of heat transfer is an irreversible process
d) Steam condensers d) For heat exchange, a temperature gradient must exist
Answer: c Explanation: Overall heat transfer coefficient for air Answer: a Explanation: Heat flows from higher to lower
condensers is 780 W/m2 K while that of steam condensers, air temperature.
to low viscosity liquids and feed water heaters are 5000 W/m2
K, 600 W/m2 K and 8500 W/m2 K.
28. Which of the following is the value of fouling factor for 29. The value of fouling factor for industrial liquids is
engine exhaust? a) 0.001 m2 K/W b) 0.002 m2 K/W a) 0.0002 m2 K/W b) 0.0001 m2 K/W
c) 0.003 m2 K/W d) 0.004 m2 K/W c) 0.0003 m2 K/W d) 0.0004 m2 K/W
Answer: b Answer: a
30. The value of overall heat transfer coefficient for air to low
31. Mark the system where heat transfer is given by forced
viscosity liquid _______ convection
a) As high as 700 W/m2 K a) Heat flow from hot pavement to the surrounding atmosphere
b) As high as 900 W/m2 K b) Heat exchange on the outside of cold and warm pipes
c) As high as 600 W/m2 K c) Chilling effect of cold wind on a warm body
d) As high as 800 W/m2 K d) Fluid passing through the tubes of a condenser and other heat
exchange equipment
Answer: c Explanation: It is made up of tiny vibrating Answer: d Explanation: Forced convection occurs when the
particles of matter which are held together by intermolecular fluid motion involved in the process is produced by some external
bonding. means.

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

1. The literature of heat transfer generally recognizes distinct 2. Unit of the rate of heat transfer is
modes of heat transfer. How many modes are there? a) Joule b) Newton c) Pascal d) Watt
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
Answer: c Explanation: There are three modes of heat transfer Answer:d Explanation: Unit of heat transfer is Joule but the rate
i.e. radiation, convection and conduction. of heat transfer is joule per second i.e. watt.
3. An oil cooler in a high performance engine has an outside 4. Consider system A at uniform temperature t and system B at
surface area 0.12 m2 and a surface temperature of 65 degree another uniform temperature T (t > T). Let the two systems be
Celsius. At any intermediate time air moves over the surface of brought into contact and be thermally insulated from their
the cooler at a temperature of 30 degree Celsius and gives rise to surroundings but not from each other. Energy will flow from
a surface coefficient equal to 45.4 W/ m 2 K. Find out the heat system A to system B because of
transfer rate? a) Temperature difference b) Energy difference
a) 238.43 W b) 190.68 W c) 543.67 W d) 675.98 W c) Mass difference d) Volumetric difference
Answer: b Explanation: Q = (T2 – T1) A h = 0.12 (65-30) 45.4 Answer: a Explanation: Greater the temperature imbalance
= 190.68 W. the higher would be the rate of energy transfer.
5. Convective heat transfer coefficient doesn’t depend on 6. The rate equation used to describe the mechanism of convection
a) Surface area is called Newton’s law of cooling. So rate of heat flow by
b) Space convection doesn’t depend on
c) Time a) Convective heat transfer coefficient
d) Orientation of solid surface b) Surface area through which heat flows
c) Time d) Temperature potential difference
Answer: a Explanation: It is denoted by h and is dependent Answer: c Explanation: It is directly proportional to all of above
on space, time, geometry, orientation of solid surface. except time.
7. How many types of convection process are there? 8. Thermal conductivity is maximum for which substance
a) One b) Three c) Four d) Two a) Silver b) Ice c) Aluminum d) Diamond
Answer: b Explanation: Forced, natural and mixed convection. Answer: d Explanation: Thermal conductivity of diamond is
2300 W/m K.
9. A radiator in a domestic heating system operates at a surface 10. Which of the following is an example of forced convection?
temperature of 60 degree Celsius. Calculate the heat flux at the a) Chilling effect of cold wind on a warm body
surface of the radiator if it behaves as a black body b) Flow of water in condenser tubes
a) 697.2 W/m2 b) 786.9 W/m2 c) 324.7 W/m2 d) 592.1 W/m2 c) Cooling of billets in the atmosphere
d) Heat exchange on cold and warm pipes
Answer: a Explanation: As, q = Q/A = 5.67 * 10-8 (273+60)4 Answer:b Explanation: In forced convection, the flow of fluid
= 697.2. is caused by a pump, fan or by atmospheric winds.
STEADY AND UNSTEADY HEAT TRANSFER
1. Regarding one dimensional heat transfer, choose the correct 2. Which statement is true regarding steady state condition?
statement. a) There is a variation in temperature in the course of time
a) Steady – f (x), Unsteady – f (x, t) b) Heat exchange is constant
b) Steady – f (x, t), Unsteady – f (x) c) It is a function of space and time coordinates
c) Steady – f (x, y, t), Unsteady – f (x) d) Internal energy of the system changes
d) Steady – f (y, z), Unsteady – f (y)
Answer: a Explanation: In case of one dimensional heat Answer: b Explanation: Heat influx is always equal to heat
flow steady state is a function of x coordinate only while efflux. It is a function of space coordinates only.
unsteady state is a function of x coordinate and time only.
3. Which of the following is an example of steady state heat 4. Heat transfer in a long, hollow cylinder which is maintained at
transfer? uniform but different temperatures on its inner and outer surfaces
a) Boilers and turbines b) Cooling of I.C engine may be assumed to be taking place in which direction?
c) Chilling effect of cold wind on a warm body a) Axial only b) Unpredictable
d) Electric bulb cools down by the surrounding atmosphere c) Radial only d) No heat transfer takes place
Answer: d Explanation: System is a perfect black body. Answer: c Explanation: Ambient temperature is uniform on
the periphery of cylinder and temperature is uniform. So it takes
place in the radial direction only.
5. Heat transfer takes place according to which law? 6. Heat transfer takes place in liquids and gases is essentially due
a) Newton’s law of cooling b) Second law of thermodynamics to
c) Newton’s second law of motion a) Radiation b) Conduction
d) First law of thermodynamics c) Convection d) Conduction as well as convection
Answer: b Explanation: Second law states about heat transfer Answer: c Explanation: Convection is a process by which
between source and sink. thermal energy is transferred between solid and fluid flowing
through it.
7. The appropriate rate equation for convective heat transfer 8. Identify the wrong statement
between a surface and adjacent fluid is prescribed by a) The process of heat transfer is an irreversible process
a) Newton’s first law b) Wein’s displacement law b) For heat exchange, a temperature gradient must exist
c) Kirchhoff’s law d) Newton’s law of cooling c) A material medium is not necessary for heat transmission
d) Heat flow doesn’t depend on temperature
Answer: d Explanation: The rate equation used to describe Answer: d Explanation: Heat flows from higher to lower
the mechanism of convection is called Newton’s law of cooling temperature.
when the solid surface is cooled by the fluid.
9. During a cold winter season, a person prefers to sit near a fire. 10. Most unsteady heat flow occurs
Which of the following modes of heat transfer provides him the a) Through the walls of the refrigerator
maximum heat? b) During annealing of castings
a) Conduction from the fire c) Through the walls of the furnace
b) If it is near the fire, convection sounds good d) Through lagged pipe carrying steam
c) Convection and radiation together
d) Radiation will provide quick warmth
Answer: d Explanation: Heat transfer by radiation can occur Answer: b Explanation: Under steady state condition, with time
between two bodies even when they are separated by a medium there is a change in temperature i.e. temperature field is a function
colder than both of them. of space and time.
FOURIER EQUATION
1. The famous Fourier series is named after 2. Fourier law of heat conduction is best represented by
a) Diller and Ryan b) J.B. Joseph Fourier a) Q = -k A d t /d x b) Q = k A d x/d t
c) Stefan- Boltzmann d) Wein’s c) Q = -k A d) Q = k d t/d x
Answer: b Explanation: He gave this theory in 1824. Answer: a Explanation: According to Fourier law of heat
conduction, Q = -k A d t /d x.
3. Here are some assumptions that are made for Fourier law. 4. Consider the following statements: The Fourier heat
Identify the wrong one conduction equation Q = -k A d t /d x Presumes
a) No internal heat generation b) Steady state heat conduction i) Steady state conditions ii) Constant value of thermal
c) Non- linear temperature profile conductivity iii) Uniform temperature at the wall surface
d) Isotropic and homogenous material iv) One dimensional heat flow
Which of these statements are correct?
a) i, ii and iii b) i, ii and iv c) i, iii and iv d) i, iii and iv
Answer: c Explanation: It has constant temperature gradient Answer: d Explanation: Thermal conductivity is different for
and a linear temperature profile. different materials.
5. The diagram shows heat conduction through a plane wall. The 6. Negative sign in Fourier heat conduction equation indicates
surface temperature is 475 K and it radiates heat to the a) Heat always flow is in the direction of positive temperature
surroundings at 335 K. If thermal conductivity of the material is gradient
12.5 W/m degree, find the temperature gradient. Let convective b) Heat always flow in the direction of negative temperature
coefficient be 80 W/m2 degree and radiation factor is 0.9 gradient
a) – 1052.4 degree celsius c) No heat flow is there
b) – 2052.4 degree celsius d) Data is insufficient
c) – 3052.4 degree celsius
d) – 4052.4 degree celsius

Answer: a Explanation: Heat conducted through the plate = Answer: b Explanation: The ratio d t/d x represents the change
convection heat losses + radiation heat losses. So, d t /d x = – in temperature per unit thickness i.e. the temperature gradient. So
13155/12.5 = – 1052.4 degree Celsius. it represents heat flow in the direction of negative temperature
gradient.
7. Transmission of heat i.e. molecular is smallest in case of 8. Which one is not the unit of thermal conductivity?
a) Gases b) Liquids c) Alloys d) Solids a) kcal/m hr K b) KJ/m hr K c) W/m s K d) Cal/cm s K
Answer: a Explanation: In gases, atoms are arranged loosely, Answer: c Explanation: The unit kcal/m hr K could also be
there is less molecular transmission of heat as compared to specified as J/m s K or W/m s K and this is actually done while
solids, liquids and alloys. quoting the numerical values of thermal conductivity.
9. “Thermal conductivity represents the amount of heat 10. Which of the following is the unit of thermal resistance?
conducted across the unit area when a temperature difference of a) degree/kcal b) hour degree c) s degree/kcal d) degree/W
one kelvin”.
a) True b) False
Answer: b Explanation: It is across unit area and through Answer: d Explanation: Thermal resistance is expressed in the
unit distance. unit’s hr degree/kcal, degree/W and s degree/J.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS
1. Thermal conductivity is defined as the heat flow per unit time 2. Mark the matter with least value of thermal conductivity
a) When the temperature gradient is unity a) Air
b) Across the wall with no temperature b) Water
c) Through a unit thickness of the wall c) Ash
d) Across unit area where the temperature gradient is unity d) Window glass
Answer: d Explanation: Thermal conductivity of a material is Answer: a
because of migration of free electrons and lattice vibrational Explanation: For air, it is .024 W/ m degree i.e. lowest.
waves.
3. Which one of the following forms of water have the highest 4. The average thermal conductivities of water and air conform to
value of thermal conductivity? the ratio
a) Boiling water b) Steam c) Solid ice d) Melting ice a) 50:1 b) 25:1 c) 5:1 d) 15:1
Answer: c Explanation: For ice, it is 2.25 W/m degree i.e. Answer: b Explanation: For water, it is 0.55-0.7 W/m degree
maximum. and for air it is .024 W/m degree.
5. Identify the very good insulator 6. Most metals are good conductor of heat because of
a) Saw dust b) Cork c) Asbestos sheet d) Glass wool a) Transport of energy b) Free electrons and frequent collision
of atoms c) Lattice defects d) Capacity to absorb energy
Answer: d Explanation: Glass wool has a lowest thermal Answer: b Explanation: For good conductors, there must be
conductivity of 0.03 W/m degree amongst given option. electrons that are free to move.
7. Heat conduction in gases is due to 8. The heat energy propagation due to conduction heat transfer
a) Elastic impact of molecules b) Movement of electrons will be minimum for
c) EM Waves d) Mixing of gases a) Lead b) Water c) Air d) Copper
Answer: a Explanation: If there is elastic collision then after
Answer: c Explanation: It is because air has lowest value
sometime molecules regain its natural position. of thermal conductivity amongst given options.
9. Cork is a good insulator because 10. Choose the false statement
a) It is flexible a) For pure metal thermal conductivity is more
b) It can be powdered b) Thermal conductivity decreases with increase in the density of
c) Low density the substance
d) It is porous c) Thermal conductivity of dry material is lower than that of damp
material
d) Heat treatment causes variation in thermal conductivity
Answer: d Explanation: Cork has thermal conductivity in Answer: b Explanation: Thermal conductivity increase with
the range of 0.05-0.10 which is very low so it can be porous. increase in the density of a substance.
GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION
1. From the concept of kinetic theory, mean travel velocity of the 2. Low temperature insulation are used when the enclosure is at a
gas molecules is prescribed by the relation temperature lower than the ambient temperature. Which one of
a) V = (3M/GT) ½ b) V = (3GT/M) ½ the following is not a low temperature insulation?
½
c) V = (6T/GM) d) V = (3GT/2M) ½ a) Asbestos b) Cork c) Cattle hair d) Slag wool
Answer: b Explanation: Heat transfer by conduction in gases Answer: a Explanation: Asbestos is a high temperature
occurs through transport of the kinetic energy of molecular insulation which is used when it is desired to prevent an enclosure
motion resulting from the random movement and collisions of at a temperature higher than the ambient from losing heat to its
the molecules. Where, G = Universal gas constant, M = surroundings.
Molecular weight of the gas and T = Absolute temperature.
3. The value of Lorenz number in 10-8 W ohms/K2 is 4. For liquids, thermal conductivity is governed by the relation
a) 2.02 b) 2.35 c) 2.56 d) 2.45 a) k = A c p p7/3/M1/3 b) k = 2A c p p4/3/M2/3
4/3 1/3
c) k = A c p p /M d) k = A c p p8/3/M1/3
Answer: d Explanation: Lorenz no. = k/α T Answer: c Explanation: Area doesn’t depends on the
nature of liquid but on the quantity (Ac p) is nearly constant for
all liquids. Where, CP = Specific heat at constant pressure
M = Molecular weight of the gas, p = Mass density A = Area.
5. Consider the following parameters 6. The thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity of a
(i) Composition (ii) Density (iii) Porosity (iv) Structure metal at absolute temperature are related as
Then, thermal conductivity of glass wool varies from sample to a) k/σ T b) k/σ c) k σ/T d) k/T
sample because of variation is
a) i and ii b) i, ii, iii and iv c) i and iii d) i, ii and iii
Answer: b Answer: a Explanation: It is defined as the ratio of thermal
Explanation: There is a variation due to all the above options. conductivity to the product of electrical conductivity and
temperature.
7. The relation Ϫ2 t =0 is referred to as 8. The unit of thermal diffusivity is
a) Poisson’s equation b) Fourier heat conduction equation a) m2/hr-K b) kcal/m2-hr
2
c) Solution for transient conduction d) Laplace equation c) m /hr d) m/hr-K
Answer: d Explanation: In the absence of internal heat Answer: c
generation or release of energy within the body, equation reduces Explanation: The quantity α = k/pc is called thermal diffusivity.
to Laplace equation.
9. To effect a bond between two metal plates, 2.5 cm and 15 cm 10. The diffusion equations
thick, heat is uniformly applied through the thinner plate by a Ɏ2t + q g = (1/α) (d t/d r)
radiant heat source. The bonding must be held at 320 K for a Governs the temperature distribution under unsteady heat flow
short time. When the heat source is adjusted to have a steady through a homogeneous and isotropic material. The Fourier
value of 43.5 k W/m2, a thermocouple installed on the side of equation follows from this expression when
the thinner plate next to source indicates a temperature of 345 K. a) Temperature doesn’t depends on time
Calculate the temperature gradient for heat conduction through b) There is no internal heat generation
thinner plate. In the diagram, the upper plate is 2.5 cm thick c) Steady state conditions prevail
while the lower is 15 cm thick. d) There is no internal heat generation but unsteady state
a) – 1000 degree Celsius/m condition prevails
b) – 2000 degree Celsius/m
c) – 3000 degree Celsius/m
d) – 4000 degree Celsius/m

Answer: a Explanation: Temperature gradient = d t/d x = – 1000 Answer: d Explanation: In unsteady state condition, there is no
degree Celsius/m. Also, q/A = – k (t2– t 1)/δ. internal heat generation.
 CONDUCTION THROUGH A PLANE WALL
1. In Cartesian coordinates the heat conduction equation is given 2. The temperature distribution in a large thin plate with uniform
by surface temperature will be
a) d2t/dx2 + d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 + q g = (1/α) (d t/d T) (Assume steady state condition)
b) 2d2t/dx2 + d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 + 34q g = (d t/d T) a) Logarithmic b) Hyperbolic c) Parabolic d) Linear
c) d2t/dx2 + 3d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 = (1/α) (d t/d T)
d) 4d2t/dx2 + d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 + 1/2q g = (1/α) (d t/d T)
Answer: a Explanation: This is one dimensional heat Answer: d Explanation: The temperature increases with
conduction through a homogenous, isotropic wall with constant increasing value of x. Temperature gradient will be positive i.e.
thermal conductivity. linear.
3. Let us assume two walls of same thickness and cross-sectional 4. The interior of an oven is maintained at a temperature of 850
area having thermal conductivities in the ratio 1/2. Let us say degree Celsius by means of a suitable control apparatus. The oven
there is same temperature difference across the wall faces, the walls are 500 mm thick and are fabricated from a material of
ratio of heat flow will be thermal conductivity 0.3 W/m degree. For an outside wall
a) 1 b) ½ c) 2 d) 4 temperature of 250 degree Celsius, workout the resistance to heat
flow
a) 0.667 degree/W b) 1.667 degree/W
c) 2.667 degree/W d) 3.667 degree/W
Answer: b Answer: b
Explanation: Q1 = k1 A1 dt1/δ1 and Q2 = k2A2 dt2/δ 2 Explanation: R t = 0.5/0.3 = 1.667 degree/W.
Now, δ1 = δ2 and A1 = A2 and dt1 = dt2
So, Q1/Q2 = ½.
5. A plane slab of thickness 60 cm is made of a material of 6. The rate of heat transfer for a plane wall of homogenous
thermal conductivity k = 17.45 W/m K. Let us assume that one material with constant thermal conductivity is given by
side of the slab absorbs a net amount of radiant energy at the rate a) Q = kA (t1-t2)/δ
q = 530.5 watt/m2. If the other face of the slab is at a constant b) Q = 2kAx/ δ
temperature t2 = 38 degree Celsius. Comment on the temperature c) Q = 2kAδx
with respect to the slab? d) Q = 2k/δ x
a) 87.5 degree Celsius b) 32 degree Celsius
c) 47.08 degree Celsius d) 32.87 degree Celsius
Answer: c Answer: a Explanation: Computations for heat flow can be made
Explanation: Heat flux, q = k (t s – t f) / Thickness. So, t s = by substituting the value of temperature gradient into the general
56.17 degree Celsius. Now, t = t s + (t f – t s) x/Thickness. equation. The heat flow somehow doesn’t depend on x.
7. In case of homogeneous plane wall, there is a linear 8. The rate of convective heat transfer between a solid boundary
temperature distribution given by and adjacent fluid is given by
a) t = t1 + (t2-t1) δ/x a) Q = h A (t s – t f)
b) t = t2 – (t2-t1) x/ δ b) Q = h A
c) t = t1 + (t2-t1) x c) Q = (t s – t f)
d) t = t1 + (t2-t1) x/ δ d) Q = h (t s – t f)
Answer: d Explanation: The expression for steady state Answer: a
temperature distribution can be set up by integrating the Fourier Explanation: Here, h is heat transfer coefficient i.e. convective.
rate equation.
9. A homogeneous wall of area A and thickness δ has left and
10. A rod of 3 cm diameter and 20 cm length is maintained at 100
right hand surface temperatures of 0 degree Celsius and 40 degree Celsius at one end and 10 degree Celsius at the other end.
degree Celsius. Determine the temperature at the center of the
These temperature conditions are attained when there is heat flow
wall rate of 6 W. If cylindrical surface of the rod is completely
a) 10 degree Celsius b) 20 degree Celsius insulated, determine the thermal conductivity of the rod material
c) 30 degree Celsius d) 40 degree Celsius a) 21.87 W/m degree b) 20.87 W/m degree
c) 19.87 W/m degree d) 18.87 W/m degree
Answer: b Explanation: At the midpoint x = δ/2. So, Answer: d
temperature = 40 + (0 – 40)/2 = 20 degree Celsius. Explanation: Q = k A C (t 1 – t 2)/δ = 0.318 k.
CONDUCTION THROUGH A CYLINDRICAL WALL
1. Typical examples of heat conduction through cylindrical tubes 2. The rate of heat conduction through a cylindrical tube is usually
are not found in expressed as
a) Power plants b) Oil refineries a) Per unit length b) Per unit area
c) Most process industries d) Aircrafts c) Only length d) Only area
Answer: d Explanation: Boilers have tubes in them, the Answer: a Explanation: It is expressed as per unit length
condenser consist of a bank of tubes. rather than per unit area as done for plane walls.
3. A steel pipe of 20 mm inner diameter and 2 mm thickness is 4. Logarithmic mean area of the cylindrical tube is given as
covered with 20 mm thick of fiber glass insulation (k = 0.05 W/m a) 2πr m
degree). If the inside and outside convective coefficients are 10 b) πr ml
W/m2 degree and 5 W/m2 degree, calculate the overall heat c) 2πr ml
transfer coefficient based on inside diameter of pipe. In the d) 2r ml
diagram, the diameter of small
circle is 20 mm
a) 1.789 W/m2 degree
b) 2.789 W/m2 degree
c) 3.789 W/m2 degree
d) 4.789 W/m2 degree

Answer: b Answer: c Explanation: It is known as equivalent area and r m

Explanation: Q = 2 π l (t i – t 0)/ [(1/h i r i) + log e (r 3/r 2) (1/k 2) = r2-r1/log e (r2/r1).
+ (1/h 0 r 3)].
5. A hot fluid is being conveyed through a long pipe of 4 cm 6. The heat flow equation through a cylinder of inner radius r1
outer diameter and covered with 2 cm thick insulation. It is and outer radius r2 is desired to be written in the same form as
proposed to reduce the conduction heat loss to the surroundings that for heat flow through a plane wall. For wall thickness (r 2-r
to one-third of the present rate by further covering with same 1) the area will be
insulation. Calculate the additional thickness of insulation a)A1 +A2/2
a) 11 cm b) 12 cm c) 13 cm d) 14 cm b)A1 +A2
c)A2 –A1/log e (A2/A1)
d) A1 + A2/2 log e (A2/A1)
Answer:b Answer:a
Explanation: Heat loss with existing insulation = 2 π k l (t 1 – Explanation: Here A 1 and A 2 are the inner and outer surface
t 2)/log e (r 2/r 1) and heat loss with additional insulation = 2 π k l areas of tubes. The net area is A M.
(t 1 – t 2)/log e (r 2 + x/r 1).
7. A cylinder of radius r and made of material of thermal 8. For steady state and a constant value of thermal conductivity,
conductivity k 1 is surrounded by a cylindrical shell of inner the temperature distribution associated with radial convection
radius r and outer radius 2r. This outer shell is made of a material through a cylinder is
of thermal conductivity k 2. Net conductivity would be a) Linear b) Parabolic c) Logarithmic d) Exponential
a) k 1 + 3 k 2/4 b) k 1 + k 2/4 c) k 1 + 3k 2 d) k 1 + k 2
Answer:a Explanation: Heat flowing per second is given by Answer: c Explanation: As thermal conductivity is constant
= k1 (πr2) (t1-t2) δ. Shell heat is k2 π [(2r)2 – r2 ] (t1 – t2)/ δ. so we get a profile that is logarithmic in nature.
9. A cylindrical cement tube of radii 0.05 cm and 1.0 cm has a 10. A stainless steel tube with inner diameter 12 mm, thickness
wire embedded into it along its axis. To maintain a steady 0.2 mm and length 50n cm is heated electrically. The entire 15 k
temperature difference of 120 degree Celsius between the inner W of heat energy generated in the tube is transferred through its
and outer surfaces, a current of 5 ampere is made to flow in the outer surface. Find the intensity of the current flow
wire. Find the amount of heat generated per meter length. Take a) 52 amps
resistance of wire equal to 0.1 ohm per cm of length b) 62 amps
a) 150 W/m length b) 250 W/m length c) 72 amps
c) 350 W/m length d) 450 W/m length d) 82 amps
Answer:b Explanation: Resistance of wire = 10 ohm per m Answer:a Explanation: Power generated = 15 k W = 15000
length. Heat generated = (5) 2 10 = 250 W/m length. W. Therefore, intensity of current flow = (15000/5.548) ½ = 52
amps.
CONDUCTION THROUGH A SPHERE
1. The temperature distribution associated with radial 2. The thermal resistance for heat conduction through a spherical
conduction through a sphere is represented by wall is
a) Parabola b) Hyperbola c) Linear d) Ellipse a) (r2-r1)/2πkr1r2 b) (r2-r1)/3πkr1r2
c) (r2-r1)/πkr1r2 d) (r2-r1)/4πkr1r2
Answer: b Explanation: As conduction is radial i.e. in Answer:d Explanation: We get this on integrating the
outward direction, so it follows the hyperbola equation equation Q = -k A d t/ d r from limits r1 to r2 and T1 to T2.
3. The rate of conduction heat flow in case of a composite sphere 4. The thermal resistance for heat conduction through a hollow
is given by sphere of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 is
a) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3 a) r 2 – r 1/4πk r 1r 2
b) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3 b) r 2 /4πk r 1r 2
c) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3 c) r 1/4πk r 1r 2
d) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3 d) 4πk r 1r 2
Answer: c Explanation: Here, convective film coefficient at the Answer: a
inner and outer surfaces are also considered. Explanation: As Q = d t/ R T. Here R T is thermal resistance.
5. A spherical vessel of 0.5 m outside diameter is insulated with
0.2 m thickness of insulation of thermal conductivity 0.04 W/m
degree. The surface temperature of the vessel is – 195 degree
Celsius and outside air is at 10 degree Celsius. Determine heat
flow per m2 based on inside area
a) – 63.79 W/m 2
b) – 73.79 W/m2
c) – 83.79 W/m2 d) – 93.79 W/m2
Answer:b Explanation: Heat flow based on inside area = Q/4
π r 2 = – 73.79 W/m2.