Name: Umais Ali Mangi

Registration no: 2135118

Program: MBA-36

• Measurement: Measurement is defined as process of associating numbers or symbols to

observation obtained in a research study.

• Measurement means assigning numbers or other symbols to characteristics of objects

• These observation could be qualitative or quantitative.

• It is difficult to measure qualitative characteristics than quantitative characteristics.

It is easy to measure properties like weight, height etc.

• But it difficult to measure properties like motivation, honesty, customers perception etc.

• Example:

We can record a person marital status as 1,2,3or 4 depending on whether the person is married, single,
or divorced. We cannot make comparison between these numbers but we can be count each number.

• Scaling

A scaling is a procedure for the assignment of numbers or other symbols to a property of objects
in order to import some of the characteristics of numbers to properties in questions.

Characteristics of scales

• Nominal: Numbers to identify and classify.

it is simply a system of assigning number symbols to elements in order to label them.

E.g.; student’s numbers.

• Ordinal: ordinal scale places elements in order, it ranks objects or elements from one largest to
smallest or first to last.

E.g.; (quality ranking) ranking of students according to scores obtained by them.

• Interval scale: A scale in which numbers are used to rate objects such that numerically equal
distance on the scale represents equal distances in the characteristics being measured

E.g.; like Temperature scale.

• Ratio scale: ratio scale represents the actual amount of variables.

E.g.; measure of physical dimensions such as height, weight, distance etc.