ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

The internship opportunity I had with UTTAR PRADESH IRRIGATION

DEPARTMENT was a great chance for learning and professional
development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I
was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for
having a chance to meet so many wonderful people and professionals who
led me though this internship period.

Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest

gratitude and special thanks to the E.E.RAKESH VERMA who in spite of
being extraordinarily busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and
keep me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my project at
their esteemed organization and extending during the training.

I express my deepest thanks to A.E.NARENDRA KUMAR, for taking part in

useful decision & giving necessary advices and guidance and arranged all
facilities to make life easier. I choose this moment to acknowledge her
contribution gratefully.

It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest

sense of gratitude J.E.PRAKASH SHARMA, J.E.DILIP AGNIHOTRI, and
CONTR.SANJAY CHAUHAN for their careful and precious guidance which
were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically.

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development.

I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way,
and I will continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired
career objectives.

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 ABSTRACT

Irrigation is an important unit to increase agricultural production to keep

pace with the food requirements of their ever increasing population. For
agricultural, economic and social sustainability in the canal command area,
it is important to promote efficient land use and water resources through
better management of natural resources. rrigation is the artificial application
of water to the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays.
Irrigation is usually used in areas where rainfall is irregular or dry times or
drought is expected. There are many types of irrigation systems, in which
water is supplied to the entire field uniformly. Irrigation projects are planned
and designed with some parameters, such as the quantity of water to be
received from the catchment, irrigation to be achieved, irrigation to be
done, losses in canals, irrigation intensity, project duty, etc. But, during the
course of time, it is observed that irrigation projects are not performing as
per their designed parameters and there is a significant gap between
perception and practical achievement of projects. Considering this aspect,
it becomes important to periodically evaluate the irrigation
system. Irrigation is the agricultural process of applying controlled amounts
of water to land to assist in the production of crops,[1] as well as to
grow landscape plants and lawns, where it may be known as watering.
Agriculture that does not use irrigation but instead relies only on direct
rainfall is referred to as rain-fed. Irrigation has been a central feature of
agriculture for over 5,000 years and has been developed independently by
many cultures across the globe.
Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes,
and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than
average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including
frost protection,[2] suppressing weed growth in grain fields[3] and
preventing soil consolidation.[4] Irrigation systems are also used for
cooling livestock, dust suppression, disposal of sewage, and in mining.
Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the removal of
surface and sub-surface water from a given location.

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 CONTENTS

 Title
 Certificate
 Acknowlegdement
 Abstract

1.Introduction 08

1.1 Defination 08

1.2 Irrigation Necessities 08

1.3 Irrigation requirement in barabanki 09

1.4 Irrigation development in barabanki 10

1.5 Advantages&Disadvantages of irrigation 11

1.6 Summary 12

2.Brief history of Irrigation system in barabanki 13

2.1Attributes of this system 14

2.2 Summary 15

3.Classification of irrigation schemes/projects 16

3.1 Different irrigation schemes 16

3.2 Important terms relating to irrigation schemes 17

3.3 Summary 17

4.Classification of irrigation systems 18

4.1 Different irrigation systems 19

4.2 Irrigation project structures 19

4.3 Methods of distributions of water 20

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 4.4 Summary 23

5.Types of canals 24

5.1 Based on the nature of source of supply 25

a)Perennial canals 26

b)Non-perennial canals 27

c)Inundation canals 28

5.2 Based on the function of canals 29

a)Navigation canals 29

b)Irrigation Canals 29

c)Power canals 29

d)link canals 29

e)Feeder canals 29

5.3 Based on the discharge 29

a)Main canals 29

b)Branch canals 29

c)Distributory canals 29

d)Field canals 29

5.4 Summary 29

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6. Barrage 30

6.1Barrage and its components 31

a)Defination 31

b)Shutter or gates 31

c)Divide wall 32

d)Fish ladder 33

1-Upstream sheet piles 34

2-Intermediate sheet piles 34

3-Down stream piles 35

4-Flexible apron 35

6.2 Summary 35

7.Formulation and implementation procedure 36

7.1Formulation of a new scheme 36

a)Scheme identification 36

b)Investigation and surveying 36

7.2Implementation of a new scheme 37

a)Execution of work 37

b)Inspection and quality control 37

c)monitoring 37

d)Layout of irrigation network 37

7.3Summary 37

8.Conclusion 38

9.References 39
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 LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER NO. FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

2 2.1 Index map of 15

sharda canal

4 4.1 Flow irrigation 18

method

4 4.2 Lift irrigation 19

method

4 4.3 Surface method 21

4 4.4 Subsurface 22
method

4 4.5 Sprinkler method 23

5 5.1 Drip method 24

6 6.1 Canal 30

6 6.2 Barrage 32

7 7.1 Components 37
parts of barrage
Layout network
of barrage

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 CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 DEFINATION:

Irrigation is the application of controlled amount of water to plants at

needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain
landscapes and revegitate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods
of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop
production, including frost protection, suppressing weed growth in grain
fields and preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies
only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dry land farming.

Irrigation Systems are also used for cooking livestock, dust suppression,
disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with
drainage, which is the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a
given area.

1.2 IRRIGATION NECESSITIES:

The following are the factors that govern the requirement of irrigation:

a) When the rainfall is less than the minimum requirement for the
satisfactory growth of crops, the irrigation system is essential.

b) When the rainfall is not evenly distributed during the crop period or
throughout the culturable area, the irrigation is extremely necessary.

c) Some perennial crops like sugarcane, cotton, etc. require water

throughout the major part of the year. But the rainfall may fulfill the water
requirement in rainy season only. So, for the remaining part of the year,
irrigation becomes necessary.

d) In desert areas where rainfall is very scanty, irrigation is required for the
development of agriculture.

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1.3 IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS IN BARABANKI:

The economy of Barabanki is predominantly agricultural based, as about

85% of the populations live on agricultural activities for their livelihood. The
total geographical area of the state is 3891.5 sq. kmsThe dominant crops
are cereals mainly paddy and wheat covering 34.4 and 31.3 per
cent respectively lands of gross cropped area, whereas in UP, it is 23.1 and
40.6 per cent respectively. Overall in Barabanki, cereal crops occupy 68.4
per cent area when in UP, it occupies 73.2 per cent area..

1.4 IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN BARABANKI:

Out of geographical area of 3891.5 sq. kms, Total cropped area is 5,39,965
in hectares and the forest area is 83.07 in sq km (2019)., as per latest
available figures. In Barabanki net irrigated area is 84.2 per cent as
compared to U.P. 79.0 per cent. The intensity of irrigation in Barabanki is
176.9 per cent where as it is 140.0 per cent in U.P.. Irrigation department
has assessed to cover an ultimate irrigation potential to the tune of 27 lakh
hectare in phased manner by harnessing the rich surface water and ground
water resources of the state. n Barabanki most of irrigation is done by
private Tubewells and canals, which are 69.0 and 29.9 per cent
respectively, whereas in U.P. it is 87.9 and 20.9 per cent respectively. In
Barabanki irrigation by state Tubewells and other sources like pond/river,
etc. are comparatively less than the state average.

In district Barabanki subsistence agriculture is practiced. Farmers rotate up

to five crops round the year. The dominant crops are cereals mainly paddy
and wheat covering 34.4 and 31.3 per cent respectively lands of gross
cropped area, whereas in UP, it is 23.1 and 40.6 per cent respectively.
Overall in Barabanki, cereal crops occupy 68.4 per cent area when in UP, it
occupies 73.2 per cent area. In Barabanki overall pulses occupy 10.1 per
cent, when in UP, it is 11.6 per cent. Total foodgrains area in Barabanki is
78.5 per cent, when in U.P., it is 84.9 per cent. Area under sugarcane is

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quite less, i.e. 3.6 per cent, whereas in UP, it is 9.5 per cent. Barabanki is
one of the big potato producing areas in UP, potato covers 2.8 per cent of
sown area in district which is higher than UP average which is less than 2.0
percent. Wheat, rice and maize are chief food crops of the district. Opium,
menthol oil, sugarcane, fruits (Mango, Banana, Mushroom, etc.),
vegetables (potato, tomato etc.) flowers (Gladiolus etc.), spices, etc. are
chief cash crops of district. District also exports Mangoes and
vegetables. Barabanki has been major hub of opium production since the
days of British rule involving thousands of farmers, Barabanki district opium
officer is based at Afeem Kothi is the only one in the state dealing with
opium production.

Barabanki district is leading the country in menthol farming. Barabanki’s

menthol cultivation is spread over 20,000 acres (81 sq.kms.).

In 2004 Indian Council of Agriculture Research’a National Academy of

Agriculture Research Management has established a Krishi Vigyan
Kendra under Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology in
the district. Institute for Integrated Society Development has established
one Rural Technology Development and Dissemination Centre in the year
2002 at Nindura Block of Barabanki District. National Fertilizers Limited has
established a Soil Testing Lab in the district. Information and
Communication Technologies has a centre in the district.

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1.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION:

ADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION:-

 Irrigation helps to maintain the condensation of the loam.

 It provides mineral as well as other nutrition by the assimilation from
the mold.
 Irrigation is one of the most feasible ways to grow cash crops like
sugarcane, tobacco, etc.
 As people are dependant on irrigation channels, there is now an
extensive irrigation system which people are using as a mean of their
communication
 It helps to preserve the structure of the topsoil
 By eliminating the deficiency of water, Irrigation manages to give fast
manufacturing
 The more production rate intensifies, the more living standard of the
farmer increases
 Canal and irrigation water seeps through the soil and elevates the
water table. This is desirable in desiccated and semiarid zones
 At many places, the irrigation serves as the only water source.
 Irrigation helps to make the cash flow of a country profound with the
massive production of crops
 It helps the landowners by the monetary increment of fertile lands
 People in rural areas use irrigated water for household chores like-
dishwashing, bathing.
 Irrigation helps to improve the yielding.
 The irrigation waterways can be utilized to produce hydroelectric
power
 As people are more prone to irrigation now, colossal irrigation
channel construction is assisting the people to be employed known
as relief workers.
 It helps to prevent the disease of weeds
 It acts as a shield against famine
 Prolonged irrigation is used for navigational impetus sometimes

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DISADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION:-

Irrigation sometimes creates unrestrained excretion and percolation of

water throughout the whole passage.

 The overflowing irrigated water gives insects a place to make their

habitat which is harmful to surroundings giving rise to various
diseases.
 As irrigated water helps to lessen the inversion, sometimes it turns
the area into a wet and sweaty surface. Immoderate irrigation clogs
specific area by raising the water.
 While constructing the colossal irrigation waterways, people lose their
residential and commercial lands.
 Not every time irrigation is affordable. The embryonic value of
irrigation is quite inflated, and people end up paying a lot of imposed
taxes.
 Irrigation becomes an obstacle in the path of free devours during the
rainy season.Careless and over-irrigation can lead to
salt efflorescence.

1.6Summary

Irrigation is the application of controlled amount of water to plants at

needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain
landscapes and revegitate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods
of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop
production, including frost protection, suppressing weed growth in grain
fields and preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies
only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dry land farming.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.BRIEF HISTORY OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN BARABANKI

SHARDA SAHAYAK CANAL

To provide secured irrigation facility in Nainital, Peelibhit, Bareily,

Lakhimpur Kheiri, Shahjahanpur, Hardoi, Unnao, Lucknow, Barabanki,
Raebareli, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Ghazipur and
Prayagraj districts located in Sharda/Ghaghra doab of Uttar Pradesh, a
barrage has been constructed on Sharda river near Banbasa in Khatima
Tehsil of Nainital, from where Sharda Main Canal has been originated
(from the right side of barrage). Construction for this project was started in
1918 and in 1928 project get completed and the water supply to certain
areas get started. Under an International agreement, a regulator has been
constructed on the left side of the Banbasa barrage, which is known as the
Nepal Regulator. This regulator supplies 180 cusec water to Rabi and 250
cusec water to Kharif in Nepal./p>
The total length of the Sharda main canal is 44.3 K.M. and the envisaged
discharge at the head is 11500 cusec. From 26.5 K.M. right bank, Bilaspur
branch originates and from 38.5 K.M. right Nigoha Water Branch originates
of the main canal. Envisaged discharge of these water canals is 350 and
500 cusec respectively. From tale Sharda canal, Hardoi water branch and
Kheiri Water Branches get divided. Envisaged discharge of Hardoi Water
Branch is 5400 cusec and this nurtures the area located in Ganga Gomti
Doab. Envisaged discharge of Kheiri Water Branch 2800 cusec, from this
land of Gomti Ghagra Doab, get cultivated.

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2.1 ATTRIBUTES OF THIS SYSTEM

It is known that before Sharda Sahayak project total cultivable area of this
canal system was 25.4 lac hectare and proposed cultivation of Kharif and
Rabi was 15.3% and 17.4% respectively. After Independence, efficient
development took place in the field of Agriculture and use of productive
seeds and fertilizers also done sufficiently. Which result to the limitation of
actual cultivation of districts situated at the end of this canal system to 19
percent only.

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 (FIG2.1)INDEX MAP SHARDA CANAL BARABANKI DIVISION

2.2Summary

Construction for this project was started in 1918 and in 1928 project get
completed and the water supply to certain areas get started. Under an
International agreement, a regulator has been constructed on the left side
of the Banbasa barrage, which is known as the Nepal Regulator.

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 CHAPTER 3

3. CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION SCHEMES

3.1 DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SCHEMES:

Irrigation projects are classified in different ways, however, in our context it

is usually classified as follows:

a) Major Project: This type of project consists of huge surface water,

storage reservoirs and flow diversion structures. The area envisaged to be
covered under irrigation is of the order over 10000 hectares.

b) Medium Project: These are also surface water projects but with
medium size storage and diversion structures with the area under irrigation
between 10000 hectare and 2000 hectare.

c) Minor Project: The area proposed under irrigation for these schemes is
below 2000Ha and the source of water is either ground water or from wells
or tube wells or surface water lifted by pumps or by gravity flow from tanks.
It could also be irrigated from through water from tanks

The major and medium irrigation projects can be further classified as:

i) Flow Irrigation method

ii) Lift Irrigation method

3.2 IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO IRRIGATION SCHEMES:

a) Commanded Area (CA): This is defined as the area that can be

irrigated by a canal system, the CA may further be classified as under:

i) Gross command area (GCA): This is defined as total area that can be
irrigated by a canal system on the perception that unlimited quantity of
water is available. It is the total area that may theoretically be served by the
irrigation system. But this may include inhibited areas, roads, ponds,
uncultivable areas, etc. which would not be irrigated.

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ii) Culturable command area (CCA): This is the actually irrigated area within
the GCA. However, the entire CCA is never put under cultivation during any
crop season due to the following reasons:

• The required quantity of water, fertilizer, etc. may not be available to

cultivate the entire CCA at a particular point of time. Thus, this is a physical
constraint.

• The land may be kept fallow that is without cultivation for one or more
crop seasons to increase the fertility of the soil. This is a cultural decision.

• Due to high water table in some areas of the CCA irrigated water may not
be applied as the crops get enough water from the saturation provide to the
surface water table.

As such, the projects with a CCA of more than 2000 hectare are grouped
as major and medium irrigation projects.

iii) Intensity of Irrigation: It is defined as the percentage of the irrigation

proposed to be irrigated annually. Usually the areas irrigated during each
crop season (Rabi, Kharif, etc.) are expressed as a percentage of the CCA
which represents the intensity of irrigation for the crop season. By adding
the intensities of irrigation for all crop seasons the yearly intensity of
irrigation to be obtained.

iv) Culturable cultivated/non-cultivated area: During any crop season,

only a part of the CCA is put under cultivation and this area is termed as
culturable cultivated area.

3.3Summary

Irrigation schemes can be classified into major,medium and minor project

and the major and minor project methods are classiefied into two parts that
are flow irrigation method and lift irrigation method,this was the summary of
this chapter.

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 CHAPTER 4

4. CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

4.1 SYSTEMS OF IRRIGATION:

There are different types of irrigation:

i)FLOW IRRIGATION: When water flows under gravitational pull through

the artificial canal towards the agricultural land, it is termed as flow
irrigation. In this system the head of canal should always be at higher
elevation than the land to be irrigated. Different systems of flow irrigation
are given below:

a) Inundation Irrigation System: In this system a canal is excavated from

the bank of the inundated river. In this case the water flows to the
irrigational field in rainy seasons only. There is no regulator at the head of
the canal to regulate the flow of water. The bed level of the canal is fixed at
such level that the water can flow through the canal only when the water
level of the river rises above the canal bed. And the flow of water stops
automatically when the water level of the canal falls below the canal bed.

(FIG4.1)FLOW IRRIGATION

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b) Perennial system of Irrigation: In this system, a weir or barrage is
constructed across the perennial river. To raise the water level on the
upstream side a dam is constructed to form a storage reservoir..

ii) LIFT IRRIGATION:When water is lifted from surface sources by man or

animal power, mechanical or electrical power and directly supplied to the
agricultural land, than it is knows as Lift irrigation. In this method isolated
small areas can be irrigated. The vast areas cannot be included in this
system. Different types of Lift Irrigation are:

a) Lifting of water by man or animal power.

b) Lifting of water by mechanical or electrical power.

(FIG4.2) LIFT IRRIGATION

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4.2IRRIGATION STRUCTURES:

Usually a number of structures are required for the successful

implementation and proper functioning of a project. Some of these are:

a) Storage structures and appurtenant works:

i) Dams: A dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river to store

water on its upstream side. It is an impervious or fairly impervious barrier
put across a natural stream so that a reservoir is formed

ii) Spillways and energy dissipaters: Spillway is a channel that carries

excess water over or around a dam or other obstruction. An energy
dissipater is a device that is used to convert concentrated storm water
runoff to sheet flow and is constructed at the end of all storm sewers or
channels that outfall into a buffer.

ii) Sluices and outlets: A sluice is an artificial channel for conducting water,
with a valve or gate to regulate the flow. An outlet is a small structure which
admits water from the distributing channel to a water course of field
channel. Thus an outlet is a sort of head regulator for the field channel
delivering water to the irrigation fields.

b) Diversion structure and appurtenant works:

i) Barrage: It is an artificial obstruction placed in a river or water course to

increase the depth of water.

ii) Canal head regulator: Any structure constructed to regulate the

discharge, full supply level or velocity in a canal is known as a regulator
work. This is necessary for the efficient working and safety of an irrigation
channel. A canal head regulator regulates the supplies of the offtaking
channel and the present channel respectively. The head regulator is
provided at the head of the distributary and controls the supply entering the
distributary.

iii) River training works: Various measures adopted on a river to direct and
guide the river flow, to train and regulate the river bed or to increase the

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low water depth are called River Training works. The purpose of the river
training is to stabilize the channel alomg a certain alignment.

c) Canal water conveyance structures:

i) Canal sections and layout.ii) Cross regulators: A regulator provided on

the main channel at the downstream of the offtake to head up the water
level and to enable the off-taking channel to draw the required supply is
called a Cross Regulator.

4.3 METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION OF WATER:

a) SURFACE METHOD: In this system of field water application the water

is applied directly to the soil from a channel located at the upper reach of
the field. It is essential in these methods to construct designed water
distribution systems to provide adequate control of water to the fields and
proper land preparation to permit uniform distribution of water over the field.

(FIG4.4)SURFACE METHOD

b) SUB SURFACE METHOD: As suggested by the name, the application

of water to fields in this type of irrigation system is below the ground
surface so that it is supplied directly to the root zone of the plants. The
main advantages of these types of irrigation is reduction of evaporation

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losses and less hindrance to cultivation works which takes place on the
surface.

(FIG4.3)SUBSURFACE METHOD

c) SPRINKLER METHOD: Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying

water which is similar to natural rainfall but spread uniformly over the land
surface just when needed and at a rate less than the infiltration rate of the
soil so as to avoid surface runoff from irrigation. This is achieved by
distributing water through a system of pipes usually by pumping which is
then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small
water drops which fall to the ground. The system of irrigation is suitable for
undulating lands, with poor water availability, sandy or shallow soils, or
where uniform application of water is desired. No land leveling is required
as with the surface irrigation methods. Sprinklers are, however, not suitable
for soils which easily form a crust. The water that is pumped through the
pump pipe sprinkler system must be free of suspended sediments. As
otherwise there would be chances of blockage of the sprinkler nozzles.

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 (FIG4.5) SPRINKLER METHOD

d) DRIP METHOD: Drip Irrigation system is sometimes called trickle

irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20
liters per hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes filled with
outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to the plants so
that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface
and sprinkler irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil profile.

(FIG4.6)DRIP METHOD

4.4Summary

This chapter discuss about various types of methods used for irrigation
which may include drip method,sprinkler method,surface
method,subsurface method and also discusses about irrigation systems
like flow irrigation and drip irrigation technique.

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 CHAPTER 5

5.TYPES OF CANALS:-

Canal

It is an artificial channel constructed on the ground to carry water to the

field either from a reservoir tank or river.

(FIG5.1)CANAL

Classification of Canals:

The canals are classified on the bases of,

5.1.Based on the nature of source of supply

(a) Perennial Canals

(b) Non-Perennial Canals

(c) Inundation Canals

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 CANAL CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NATURE OF SOURCE

Non-Perennial Perennial Canal Inundation

Canals Canals

(a) Perennial Canals

These are the canals which get continuous supplies by permanent source
of supply like a river or reservoir are called as permanent canals or
perennial canals. These irrigate the field throughout all the year with
equitable rate of flow.

(b) Non-Perennial Canals

These are the canals which irrigate the field for only one part of the year
usually during summer season or at the beginning and end of winter
season, called as non-perennial canals. These canals take-off from rivers
which do not have assured supply throughout the year.

(c) Inundation Canals

These are the canals in which the supply depends upon the periodical rise
in the river from where these take off. When the water level rises above the
bed level of the canal the water starts flowing through the canal. As the
water level fall below the bed level of the canal. The flow of water through
the canal stops. No regulator is provided at the head of such canal. This
draws lot of quantity of silt which is really beneficial for the crops.

5.2.Based on the function of canals

(a) Navigation Canals

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(b) Irrigation Canals

(c) Power Canals

(d) Link Canals

(e) Feeder Canals

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE FUNCTION OF CANAL

Navigation Irrigation Power Link Canals Feeder

Canals Canals Canals Canals

(a) Navigation Canals

The canal which is constructed to carry water from the source to the
agriculture land for the purpose of irrigation is known as irrigation canal. In
this canal the velocity of flow is kept high so that the water may carry silt in
suspension for good command areas.

(b) Irrigation Canals

These are the canals which are used for providing transportation and
voyage facilities nationwide and internationally. Sometimes these are also
used for irrigation purposes.

(c) Power Canals

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The canal which is constructed to supply water with very high force to the
hydroelectric power station for the purpose of moving turbine to generate
electric power is known as power canal.

(d)Link Canals

These are the canals which are constructed to transfer water to the other
conveyance structure which contain in-sufficient quantity of water. These
transfer water from river to canal system. e.g. Sidhnai Mailsi Link Canal

(e)Feeder Canals

These are constructed to provide water to other conveyance structures.

These are not used for irrigation. These canals feed two or more canals.
e.g. Lower Chenab canal Feeder

5.3. Based on the discharge:

(a) Main Canals

(b) Branch Canals

(c) Distributory Canals

(d) Field Canals

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE DISCHARGE OF CANAL

Main Canals Branch Distributory Field Canals

Canals Canals

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(a) Main Canals

The main canal carries discharge directly from river therefore it carries
large supply of water and cannot be used for direct irrigation. In main
canals the discharge is greater than 10 cumecs. The water is taken to the
field through the branch canal, distributory channel and field channel.

(b) Branch Canals

The branch canals are taken from either side of the main canal at suitable
points so that whole command area can be covered by the network. The
discharge varies from 5 to 10 cumecs.

(c) Distributory Canals

These take-off from branch canals. The discharge capacity of these

channels varies from 0.25 to 3 cumecs. These are divided as,

(i) Major Distributory

(ii) Minor Distributory

(i) Major Distributory

These take-off from branch canals. Sometimes they may also take-off from
main canals but their discharge is always less than the branch canals.
These are real irrigation channels because they supply water to the field
directly through outlets. The capacity varied from 0.25 to 3 cumecs.

(ii) Minor Distributory

These distributaries take-off from major distributaries or sometimes from

branch canals. They also provide water to the water courses through

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outlets provided along with them. The discharge capacity in this type of
canals is 0.25 to 3 cumecs.

(d) Field Canals

These channels are taken from the outlets of the Distributory channels by
the cultivators to supply water to their own lands. These channels are
maintained by the cultivators.

5.4Summary

This chapter gives introduction to the definition of canals and its types
which is the main source of the irrigation the department.Some of canals
types may include field canals,branch canals and distributor canals and
other various canals mentioned above.

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 CHAPTER 6

6.1 BARRAGE AND ITS COMPONENTS

Definition

The only difference between a weir and a barrage is of gates, that is the
flow in barrage is regulated by gates and that in weirs, by its crest height.
Barrages are costlier than weirs.

Weirs and barrages are constructed mostly in plain areas. The heading up
of water is affected by gates put across the river. The crest level in the
barrage (top of solid obstruction) is kept at low level. During flood, gates
are raised to clear of the high flood level. As a result there is less silting and
provide better regulation and control than the weir.

(FIG6.1)BARRAGE

Shutters or Gates:

Weirs are provided either with shutters or counter balanced gates to

maintain pond level. A shuttered weir is relatively cheaper but locks in
speed. Better control is possible in a gated weir (barrage). Their function is:

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  To maintain pond level.
 To raise the water level during low supplies. In case of higher floods,
shutters are dropped down and overflow takes place while in case of
gated weir, gates are raised during floods.

Main barrage portion:

a. Main body of the barrage, normal RCC slab which supports the steel
gate. In the X-Section it consists of :
b. Upstream concrete floor, to lengthen the path of seepage and to
project the middle portion where the pier, gates and bridge are
located.
c. A crest at the required height above the floor on which the gates rest
in their closed position.
d. Upstream glacis of suitable slope and shape. This joins the crest to
the downstream floor level. The hydraulic jump forms on the glacis
since it is more stable than on the horizontal floor, this reduces length
of concrete work on downstream side.
e. Downstream floor is built of concrete and is constructed so as to
contain the hydraulic jump. Thus it takes care of turbulence which
would otherwise cause erosion. It is also provided with friction blocks
of suitable shape and at a distance determined through the hydraulic
model experiment in order to increase friction and destroy the
residual kinetic energy.

Divide Wall

It is a long wall constructed at right angle to the weir axis. It is extended up

to the upstream end of the canal head regulator. In case of one canal off-
taking from each bank of the river, one divide-wall is provided on front of
each of the head regulators of the off takes. Similarly on the d/s side it
should extend to cover the hydraulic hump and the resulting turbulence.
The main functions are as follows:
1. To generate a parallel flow and thereby avoid damage to the flexible
protection area of the undersluice portion.
2. To keep the cross-section, if any, away from the canal.
3. To serve as a trap for coarser bed material.

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 4. To serve as a side-wall of the fish ladder.
5. To separate canal head regulator from main weir.

Fish Ladder

It is a narrow trough opening along the divide wall towards weir side
provided with baffles (screen to control the flow of the liquid, sand etc.), so
as to cut down the velocity of flowing water from u/s to d/s. location of fish
ladder adjacent to divide wall is preferred because there is always some
water in the river d/s of the under sluice only. It may be built within the
divide wall. A fish ladder built along the divide wall is a device designed to
allow the fish to negotiate the artificial barrier in either direction. In the fish
ladder, the optimum velocity is (6-8) ft/sec.

This can be at Maralam Qadirabad & Chashma barrages. Fish move from
u/s to d/s in search of relatively warm water in the beginning of water and
return u/s for clear water before the onset of monsoon.

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Sheet piles

Made of mild steel, each portion being 1.5' to 2' in width and 1/2" thick and
of the required length, having groove to link with other sheet piles.

There are generally three or four sheet piles. From the functional point
view, in a barrage, these are classified into three types:

1. Upstream sheet piles

2. Intermediate sheet piles
3. Downstream sheet piles
1. Upstream Sheet Piles:

Upstream sheet piles are located at the U/S end of the U/S concrete floor.
These piles are driven into the soil beyond the maximum possible scour
that may occur. Their functions are:29. To protect the barrage structure
from scour. 30. To reduce uplift pressure in the barrage floor. 31. To hold
the sand compacted and densified between two sheet piles in order to
increase the bearing capacity when the barrage floor is defined as raft.

Functions:
1. Protect barrage structure from scour
2. Reduce uplift pressure on barrage
3. To hold the sand compacted and densified between two sheet piles in
order to increase the bearing capacity when barrage floor is designed
as raft.
2.Intermediate sheet piles:
 Situated at the end of upstream and downstream glacis. Protection to
the main structure of barrage (pier carrying the gates, road bridge
and the service bridge) in the event of the upstream and downstream
sheet piles collapsing due to advancing scour or undermining. They
also help lengthen the seepage path and reduce uplift pressure.
 Downstream sheet piles: Placed at the end of downstream concrete
floor. Their main function is to check the exit gradient. Their depth
should be greater than the possible scour.

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3.Down Stream Piles:
 These are placed at the end of the d/s concrete floor and their main
function is to check the exit gradient. Their depth should be greater
than the maximum possible scour.
Inverted filter:

An inverted filter is provided between the d/s sheet piles and the flexible
protection. It typically consists of 6” sand, 9’’ coarse sand and 9” gravel.
The filter material may vary with the size of the particles forming river bed.
It is protected by placing concrete blocks of sufficient weigh and size, over
it.

Slits (jhiries) are left between the blocks to allow the water to escape. The
length of the filter should be (2 × downstream depth of sheet pile). It
performs following functions:

Functions:
 It checks the escape of fine soil particles in the seepage water.
 In the case of scour, it provides adequate cover for the downstream
sheet piles against the steepening of exit gradient.
Flexible apron

A flexible apron is placed d/s of the filter of the filter and consists of
boulders large enough not to be washed away by the highest likely water
velocity. The protection is enough as to cover the slope of scour depth i.e.
(112 × depth of scour on u/s side) and (2 × scour depth on the d/s side) at
a slope of 31.

Under sluices: scouring sluices

Under sluice is the opening at low level in the part of barrage which is
adjacent to the off takes. These openings are controlled by gates. They
form the d/s end of the still ponds bounded on two sides of divide-wall and
canal head regulator.

Functions:

They perform the following functions:

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 To control silt entry into the canal.
 To protect d/s floor from hydraulic jump.
 To lower the highest flood level.
 To scour the silt deposits in the pockets periodically.
 To maintain a clear and well-defined river channel approaching the
canal head-regulator. A number of bays at the extreme ends of the
barrage adjacent to the canal regulator have a lower crest level than
the rest of the bays. The main function is to draw water in low river
flow conditions due to formation of a deep channel under sluice
portion. This also helps to reduce the flow of silt into the canal due to
drop in velocity of river water in deep channel in front of canal
regulator. Accumulated silt can be washed away easily by opening
the under sluice gates due to high velocity currents generated by
lower crest levels or a high differential head.
 As the bed of under sluice is not lower level than rest of the weir,
most of the day, whether flow unit will flow toward this pocket => easy
diversion to channel through Head regulator
 Control silt entry into channel
 Scour the silt (silt excavated and removed)
 High velocity currents due to high differential head.
 Pass the low floods without dropping
 The shutter of the main weir, the raising of which entails good deal of
labor and time.
 Capacity of under sluices:
 For sufficient scouring capacity, its discharging capacity should be at
least double the canal discharge.
 Should be able to pass the dry weather flow and low flood, without
dropping the weir shutter.
 Capable of discharging 10 to 15% of high flood discharge.

6.2Summary
Weirs and barrages are constructed mostly in plain areas. The
heading up of water is affected by gates put across the river. The
crest level in the barrage (top of solid obstruction) is kept at low level.
During flood, gates are raised to clear of the high flood level. As a
result there is less silting and provide better regulation and control
than the weir.

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 CHAPTER 7

7.FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE

7.1FORMULATION OF A NEW SCHEME:

Following are the different processes involved in the formulation of a new

Irrigation project or scheme:

a)Scheme Identification: First of all, before taking up an irrigation project

for implementation, an investigation of the proposed scheme is to be made
by the competent engineer. A reconnaissance survey of the headwork site
and its proposed command area and catchment area is to be made to
ascertain whether the scheme is technically and economically viable. The
river water discharge data at lean periods and high flood periods are to be
recorded with accuracy for hydrological design of the structure. If the river
discharge in lean period is sufficient to cater to the need to irrigate the
proposed command area, the scheme may be proposed for its
implementation and further process.

b)Investigation and Surveying: After getting necessary sanction from the

Government to the schemes, a detailed contour survey of the command
area is to be done for canal alignment within the command area and for
assessing the GCA, CCA, NIA, AIA etc. Soil exploration at headwork site is
required to test the bearing capacity of the soil for designing the abutment
walls with seismic load consideration.

7.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW SCHEME: After the successful

formulation of a new scheme, its proper implementation is done in the
following steps:

a)Execution of work: Once the estimate is approved by both

Administrative and Technical officials, the Irrigation Department, through its
field officers executes the work through the registered Firm/Contractors
after observing all formalities. In case of major medium scheme/project
clearance from Central Water Commission (CWC) and environmental
clearance has to be obtained before execution of the scheme/project.

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b)Inspection and Quality control: The department has its own Inspection
and Quality Control wing with its headquarters at Guwahati. This wing is
under direct control of the Secretary, Irrigation to monitor the quality and
progress of work from time to time and suggest necessary measures to
complete the project within the scheduled time frame. This wing actually
functions as the department’s vigilance wing for execution of works.

c)Monitoring: The work of Monitoring is done at various stages. At field

level it is done by the respective Superintending Engineers and Additional
Chief Engineers. At headquarter level, for better management, schemes
under various funds are monitored by Director Design, Director Design
(Minor Irrigation) and Superintending Engineer, Monitoring Cell.

LAYOUT OF IRRIGATION NETWORK

7.3Summary

Formulation of a new scheme which includes scheme

identification,investigation and surveying,execution of work,inspection and
quality control and the monitoring.

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 8. CONCLUSION

In this summer training Program which was from 28st July to 28th august
2022,I completed my summer internship successfully under the supervision
of Narendra Kumar,Assistant Engineer, Uttar Pradesh Irrigation
Department,Barabanki Division. I learnt about various systems of
irrigation,irrigation structures and different methods of water distribution. I
also learnt a great deal about how a new scheme is formulated and
implemented later on and the working procedure of the same. I paid a visit
to a few sites to learn more in depth and details about irrigation works.

This whole Internship was an useful experience and I got an insight into
professional practice and how things work out practically on the field.

I am very thankful that I got an chance to do a summer intership at this

government department.

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9. REFERENCES

I referred to the following sources:

1. https://idup.gov.in/Barabanki/
2. https://barabanki.nic.in/irrigation-system-canals/
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation
4. https://idup.gov.in/en/article/sharda-sahayak
5. https://www.gvsprinklers.com.au/blog/5-types-
irrigation-systems/

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