ORDINANCE, SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

AND SYLLABUS
FOR

B.Sc. (Hons.) Geology

2013-2014

Revised on September 2014

BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY
JHANSI, UP-284128

1
 Institute of Earth Sciences
Ordinance For B.Sc. (Hons.) Geology

1.(A) Eligibility for Admission :

The minimum qualification for seeking admission in B.Sc. (Hons) Geology is 10+2 or
Intermediate in Science (Bio or Math Group) from any recognized Educational Board
with 40% marks in aggregate.
Note - Relaxation of 5% marks will be provided to SC/ST candidates.
1 B. Intake - 40 seats.
Note - Reservation : Applicable as per norms of the State Government/University rules.
2. Duration - Minimum 3 years (maximum 6 years for completion of course).
3. Criteria of Admission -
Admission to eligible candidates will be given strictly on the basis of merit list.
Note - (a) 15% of the marks obtained in entrance test will be awarded as additional marks to all
candidates who pass, the qualifying exam from any institution falling within the
jurisdiction of Bundelkhand region.
(b) For courses where there is no entrance exam and admission is granted on the basis
of merit of qualifying exam, 15% marks obtained in qualifying exam will be awarded
as additional marks to all candidate who pass the qualifying exam from any
institution / college falling with in the jurisdiction of Bundelkhand region.
4. Medium of Instruction and Examination - English.
5. Fee Structure -
(i) Tuition and other fee:
As prescribed by the University for each academic year.
(ii) Refund of fees -
(a) Request for refund of fee should be made to the Vice-Chancellor, Bundelkhand
University within three weeks of deposition of the fee. On approval such candidate
shall be entitled for refund of 50% of total amount deposited as fee.
(b) Request for refund of fee shall not be considered under any circumstances, if made
after three weeks from the date of deposition of Admission fees.
6. Examination -
(i) Attendance: Minimum attendance required to become eligible to appear in the
examination for each paper shall be 75% of all class lectures (theory and practical both).
In case a student is short of attendance due to illness, participation in sports, extra curricular
activities etc the following rules shall apply.
(a). Shortage of up to 10% shall be condoned by the HOD on the specific recommendation
of the class teacher.
(b). A shortage of up to 25% can be condoned by the Vice Chancellor on the specific
recommendation of the Head of the Department.
(ii) Process of Evaluation
(a) Theory Papers
The semester/Annual examination for each course shall be conducted by the
University as per date/schedule/program mentioned in the academic calendar of the
department/university. The question papers will be set by examiners appointed by the
Vice-Chancellor from the recommended list of the board of studies. The pattern of
the question paper will be decided by the University. The weightage of this
examination will be 100%.
(b) Practical Examination
Practical examination will be conducted by the examiners appointed by Vice-
2
 Chancellor from the recommended list of the Course Committee/Board of Studies.
Each student has to maintain practical records for all practical conducted during the
session/semester.
(c) Field Tour/Training
Department will organize field training program in IIIrd year and will be conducted at
different geological aspects. It will carry 100 marks. Field program is compulsory
and will be evaluated by internal examiners.
(iii) Qualifying marks and promotion:
The minimum passing marks shall be 40% in the aggregate. The minimum pass marks will
have to be obtained by a candidate in theory, sessional and practical individually. On the
basis of percentage of total marks secured in the aggregate for all years by a candidate. The
division shall be awarded as follows:

(a) Third Division: 40% or more than it but less than 50%.
(b) Second Division: 50% or more than it but less than 60%.
(c) First Division: 60% or more than it but less than 75%.
(d) First Division with Distinction: 75% or more.
A candidate will be promoted to next semester/or final year if he/she has passed/cleared at
least 50% of theory papers and all practical papers. The remaining theory papers (50% or less)
will be cleared by a candidate/s as back papers in the next semester or next academic
session.
(iv) Declaration of results and award of degree:
After completion of the evaluation process, the result will be declared by the university. The
candidates declared successful may get the provisional degree from the concerned section
of the university after one week of declaration of result. The original degree will be conferred
to the candidate at the time of convocation.
(v) Back-paper and improvement:
In case, a candidate is able to clear at least 50% of the theory papers in annual examination,
he/she will be promoted to next year with the conditions that he/she has to clear remaining
50% or less number of the theory papers as back paper/s, which shall be conducted along
with the scheduled exam of back paper of the university. Such candidate will be given
maximum two attempts to clear the back paper/s.
A candidate may be allowed one chance to improve his percentage in two papers only.
The improvement of percentage will be allowed in B.Sc. Ist, IInd and IIIrd year examinations.
Note -If a candidate has availed a chance of appearing in the back paper; he/she will not be
allowed for improvement of his/her percentage.
(vii) Ex-Student
In case a student fails in the examination, he/she may be allowed to re-appear in the
subsequent examination as an ex-student, without attending classes. He/she shall be
required to appear & clear all theory papers, practical exam etc. as per course module of that
course. Marks obtained in field training program will carry forward.
(viii) Scrutiny:
A candidate may be allowed for scrutiny only in two papers after deposition of prescribed fee.
Amendment:
Any ordinance, fee structure and eligibility are subject to amendment from time to time as
decided by appropriate body of the University.

3
4
B.Sc. (Hons) Geology
I- Year Geology
Subject Paper & Code Name of the Paper Total Marks
Geology Paper – I Physical and Structural Geology 100
Paper – II Mineralogy, Crystallography and Optical 100
mineralogy
Practical 100
Maths & Paper – I Mathematics and Computer Science-I 100
Comp. Sci. Practical 50
(Optinal, Select One)
Chemistry Paper – I Chemistry-I 100
Practical 50
Physics Paper – I Physics -I 100
Practical 50
Total Marks = 600 Marks, Passing Marks = 240

II- Year Geology

Subject Paper & Code Name of the Paper Total Marks

Geology Paper – III Petrology (Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic) 100
Paper – IV Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 100
Practical 100
Maths & Paper – II Mathematics and Computer Science-II 100
Comp. Sci. Practical 50
(Optinal, Select One)
Chemistry Paper – II Chemistry – II 100
Practical 50
Physics Paper – II Physics - II 100
Practical 50
Total Marks = 600 Marks, Passing Marks = 240

III- Year Geology

Paper & Code Name of the Paper Total Marks

Paper – V Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 100
Paper – VI Remote Sensing and GIS Applications 100
Paper – VII Economic Geology, Mining Geology and Geochemistry 100
Paper – VIII Environmental Science 100
Practical 100
Field Training 100
Total Marks = 600 Marks, Passing Marks = 240

Grand Total of I Year (600)+II Year(600)+III Year(600) = 1800 Marks

Passing Marks = 720 Marks

5
Syllabus
B. Sc. (Hons.) First Year
Paper – I Physical and Structural Geology MM:100

Physical Geology
The scope and branches of geology and its relationship with other branches of geology, solar
system, origin, shape and dynamics of solid earth, age of earth, geological time scale.
Weathering, Erosion, Denudation, Geological agents (wind, river, glacier, ocean and underground
water).
Earthquakes, Earth’s interior, Isostasy, Volcanoes, Continental Drift, Sea Floor Spreading, Plate
Tectonics, Orogeny and Mountain building process.
Structural Geology
Dip and Strike, Outcrop pattern, Unconformity, Types of Unconformity and criteria for their
recognition in the field, Outlier, Inlier, Overlapping, Offlapping, Rheological properties of rocks.

Folds, Terminology and Classification of fold, Mechanism of folds, Recognition of folds, Joint and
type of joints, Elementary idea about planar and linear structures.
Faults, nomenclature and classification of faults, Mechanism for faulting. Thrust and related
structures, Window, Klippe, Nappe.
Paper – II Mineralogy, Crystallography and Optical mineralogy
MM:100
Mineralogy
Definition of Mineral, mode of occurrences, classification and physical properties of minerals.
Physical properties, uses and chemical composition of following minerals: Garnet, Chlorite,
Olivine, Epidote, Calcite, Apatite, Fluorite, Gypsum, Baryte, Beryl, Kyanite, Tourmaline, Corundum
and Kaolinite.
Description of common minerals of following groups- Silica, Feldspar, Feldspathoid, Mica,
Amphibole and Pyroxene.
Optical Mineralogy
Light, polarised light, critical angle, nicol-prism, defraction, introduction to polarising petrological
microscope and it’s working, Study of important optical properties (excluding under convergent
polarised light) of minerals: Quartz, Orthoclase, Microcline, Plagioclase, Olivine, Augite,
Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Garnet, Calcite and Tourmaline.
Crystallography
Crystals and their characters: form, faces, edge, solid angle, interfacial angle and their
measurement, Axial ratios and crystal parameter, Unit forms, Weiss and Miller systems of
notation, Elements of symmetry, Seven crystal systems.

Crystal studies (system type, crystallographic axes, elements of symmetry and forms present) of
the following: Galena, Fluorspar, Leucite, Magnetite, Garnet, Pyrite, Zircon, Cassiterite, Vesuvianite,
Baryte, Gypsum, Orthoclase, Hornblende, Axinite, Twinning: laws and type.
Crystal systems, forms, symmetry and axes of Normal Class- Cubic system (Galena and Pyrite
types), Tetragonal system (Zircon type), Hexagonal system (Beryl type), Trigonal (Calcite Type),
Orthorhombic (Baryte type), Monoclinic (Gypsum type), Triclinic (Axinite type).
Practical (Paper I and II) Geology MM:100
Study of structural modal and problems, Study of Geological maps, Study of Minerals in hand
specimens, Study of minerals and texture in thin section, Study of Crystal Modals.
Paper I Mathematics and Computer Science-I MM:100

Number System- Decimal System, Binary Numbering System, Binary Calculations, Octal System,
Hexadecimal System, Arithmetic Operations of Octal Number, Arithmetic Operations of
Hexadecimal Numbers, Floating Point Numbers
Distance Formula, Area of Triangle and Quadrilateral Equations of Straight Line, Angle between

6
Straight Line, Point of Intersection of two Straight Lines, Equation of Circle, Perpendicular
Distance of a Point from the Straight Line.
Fundamentals of Computer
History and Concepts
Brief history of development and generation of computers, Computer system concepts, hardware
and software, Computer system characteristics, Capabilities and limitations, Types of computers-
Analog, Digital, Hybrid, General, Special Purpose, Micro, Mini, Mainframe, Super Computers.
Personal Computer (PCs), Types of PCs- Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Palmtop, Workstations
Tablets etc. & their characteristics.
Number System: Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal number systems, their conversions and basic
arithmetic.
Basic components of a computer system
CPU: Processor, Mother Board Control unit (CU), Arithmetical & Logical Unit (ALU)
Input / Output units: Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Digitizing tablet, Scanners, Digital
Camera, MICR, OCR, OMR, Bar-code Reader, Voice Recognition, Light pen, Touch Screen, Monitors,
Printers - Daisy wheel, Dot Matrix, Inkjet, Laser, Line Printer, Plotter, Sound Card and Speakers,
Memory: Primary-RAM, ROM and other types of Primary memory. Secondary-Floppy Disc, Hard
Disc, CD, DVD, Pen Drive, Zip Drive, storage units (Bits, Nible, Bytes, KB, MB, GB, TB)
Software
Types of Software: System software, Application software
System Software: Operating System, Utility Program, Programming languages.
Application Software: Word-processing, Spreadsheet, Presentation, An introduction to MS-Word,
MS-Excel and MS-Power Point.
Operating System
Fundamentals of Operating Systems: Functions, Types, CUI and GUI.
Concepts of Windows Operating System: Windows Explorer, Desktop, Task Bar, Icon, Recycle bin,
My Computer, Windows Accessories, Short Cut Commands etc.
Networks and Internet
Analog and Digital Signals, Modulations - Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM),
Phase Modulation (PM), Types of Computer Networks: LAN, MAN and WAN ,Types of
Connections - Dialup, Leased Lines, ISDN, VSAT , Internet: Websites, Web Browsing, Net Surfing, E
-mail, Chatting, Search Engines.
Practical
Word Processing
Introduction to word Processing, Word Processing Concepts and use of templates
Working with word document:
Opening an existing document/ creating a new document, Saving, Selecting text, Editing text,
Finding and replacing text, Closing, Formatting, Checking and correcting spellings, Bullets and
numbering, Tabs, Paragraph formatting,
Indent, Page formatting, and Header and Footer.
Mail Merge
Tables, Formatting the table, Inserting filling and formatting a table
Spreadsheet and its Business Applications
Spreadsheet concepts, Creating a work book, Saving a work book, Editing a work book, Inserting,
deleting work sheets, Entering data in a cell, Formula copying, Moving data from selected cells,
Handling operators in formulae, Rearranging Worksheet, Project involving multiple spreadsheets,
Organizing charts and graphs and Printing worksheet.
Generally used Spread sheet functions
Mathematical, Statistical, Financial, Logical.
Creating spreadsheet in the following areas
Loan & Lease statement, Ratio Analysis, Graphical representation of data, Payroll statements,
Frequency distribution and its statistical parameters
Introduction to Internet
Meaning of Internet, Basic Internet Terminology, World Wide Web and e-mail, Usage of Internet to
7
society, Social Networking and Search Engines. Some Windows Command.

Paper I Chemistry-I MM:100

Atomic Structure: Properties of elements, Ionisation Potential, Electro Negativity, Electron Affinity,
Bonds and their properties ( Ionic, covalent, co-ordinate, vanderwalls ), Hydrogen bonding, co-
ordinate compounds, VBT, MOT, Hybridisation, VSEPR, theory, Structure of H2O, NH4, SiF4.
Solid State Chemistry: Unit cell, Bragg’s equation, Crystal structure and classification,
Lattice energy, Crystal defects. Symmetry of elements.
Electro Chemistry: EMF, Standard emf, galvanic all, Electrodes and their type, Electro chemical
Series and its application.
Periodic Table: Mordern periodic table and its properties, period, group and their detail
study, s p d & f elements, Lanthanide, Actiniedes.
Co-ordination Chemistry: Classification, Nomenclature of co-ordination compounds. Werner’s
theory, effective atomic number.
Practical MM 50
Titration, Determination of Surface tension, Viscosity, Radicals, Functional group with
measurement of boiling points, Elemental detection.

Paper I Physics-I
MM:100
Scalar and Vector product, Triple vector product, gradient of a scalar field, curl of a vector field,
line surface and volume integral, flux of a vector field, Gauss divergence theorem, Green’s
theorem and Stoke’s theorem
Elasticity, Hooke’s law, elastic constants, youngs modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity,
poisson ratio and their relation, bending of beam, cantilever, torsion of cylinder, Equation of
continuity, Euler’s equation, Bernaulli’s theorem, Poiseulle’s law, Stokes’s law, Surface tension and
surface energy, Molecular interpretation of surface tension, pressure on curved surface.
Periodic motion and potential well, SHM and their examples (i.e., simple and compound pendulum,
torsional pendulum, Helmholtz oscillator, L-C oscillation, vibration of magnet, oscillation of two
masses etc), differential equation and its solution, superposition of two SHM, Lissajous figures,
two coupled oscillators, damped harmonic,
Ideal gas, Kinetic model, Behavior of gases at low temperature, Zeroth law, first law, second and
third law of the thermodynamics, Reversible and irreversible changes, Carnot Cycle, Carnot engine,
and its efficiency, entropy, principle of increase of entropy,
Fermat’s principle, cardinal points of an optical system, chromatic aberration, achromatism,
Interference of light, double slit experiment, lateral shift of fringes, localized fringes, thin film,
Fabry-Parot interferometer, Fresnel diffraction, Fraunhoffer diffraction
Practical MM 50
1. Modulus of rigidity of wire by Maxwell needle.
2. Young modulus by bending of beam
3. Modulus of rigidity by statistical method
4. Viscosity of water
5. g by bar pendulum
6. g by keter’s pendulum
8
7. Wave lngth of sodium light by Newton’s ring
8. Refractive index of prism with the help of spectrometer

9
 B. Sc. (Hons.) Second Year

Paper – III Petrology (Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic) MM:100

Igneous Petrology
Igneous rocks, their structures and forms; geological occurrences; classification, texture and
micro-structure of Igneous rocks, Magma and it’s character, Origin and crystallization of magma.

Binary system, Bowen Reaction principal, Texture, Structure, mineral composition and mode of
occurrence of granite, granodiorite, diorite, pegmatite, rhyolite, syenite, trachyte, gabbro, basalt,
dolerite, phonolite, monzonite, dunnite, peridotite rocks.

Sedimentary Petrology
Nature and origin of sedimentary rocks, Texture, structure and classification of sedimentary rocks;
Mineralogical composition, texture and geological occurrences of shale, arenite-sandstone,
graywacke, arkose, conglomerate, braccia, limestone, dolomite rocks.

Metamorphic Petrology
Important metamorphic texture, nomenclature of metamorphic rocks, metamorphic agents, grade
and zone of metamorphic rocks, ACF, AKF and AFM diagrams, Facies concept and classification
of facies.
Texture, structure and significance of important metamorphic rocks: schist, gneiss, hornfels,
phyllite, Blue schist, eclogite, charnockite, khondalite, amphibolite and marble.

Paper – IV Palaeontology and Stratigraphy MM:100

Palaeontology
Mode of fossilisation and preservation of fossils. Importance of fossils. Brief concept of
nomenclature of species, Index Fossils.
Morphology, geological history, classification and evolutionary trend of Gastropoda, Cephalopoda,
Bivalvia, Brachiopoda and Echinoidea.
Fossil records of Gondwana Super group.
Stratigraphy
Evolution of stratigraphic classification, code of stratigraphic nomenclature, Correlat-ion of
Lithostratigraphy, Biostratigraphy and Time Stratigraphic Unit, Distribution of micro-organisms in
space and time and their role in stratigraphy.

Study of important stratigraphic Units of India (Dharwar, Delhi, Vindhyan, Cuddapah, Gondwana,
and Siwalik), Bundelkhand Complex.
Practical
Study of Rocks in hand specimens, Petrography of important rocks, Identification of Fossils,
Identification of Stratigraphic rocks.

Paper – II Mathematics and Computer Science-II MM:100

Boolean Algebra & Logic Circuits, Logic Gates, Multiplexers, Demorgan’s Theorem, Boolean
Relations, Half Adder, Full Adder, 2’s Complement, Representation SOP, POS.
Measurement of Angles, Relation between Trigonometrically Ratio of an Angle of a Right Angle
Triangle, Complementary and Supplementary Angles, Multiple and Submultiples Angles, Product
Formulae Sum and Difference Formulae of Trigonometric Ratios.
Elementary problems of matrix, mean, mediun (S.D.), mode, probability.

Programming and Graphics

Program Concept, Characteristics of Programming, and Various stages in Program Development
Programming aids Algorithms, Flow Charts - Symbols, Rules for making Flow chart, Types of
flowchart, Advantage & Disadvantage, Pseudo codes, Decision Table, Programming techniques &
10
tools Programming Techniques – Top down, Bottom up, Modular, Structured - Features, Merits &
Demerits, Comparative study, Programming Logic- Simple, Branching, Looping, Recursion,
Cohesion & Coupling, Programming Testing & Debugging & their Tools.
Introduction & features of C, Structure of C program, Variables, Expressions, Identifiers, Keywords,
Data Types, Constants, Operator and expression Operator: Arithmetic, Logical, Relational,
Conditional and Bit wise Operators, Precedence and Associativity of Operators, Type conversion
in expression, Basic input/output and library functions Single character input/output i.e. getch(),
getchar(). getche(), putchar(),Formatted input output i.e. printf() and scanf(), Library functions -
concepts, Mathematical & Character functions.
If statement, If.....Else statement, Nesting of If....Else Statement, else if ladder, The ?: operator,
goto statement, Switch statement, Compound statement, Loop controls, for, while, do-while loops,
break, continue, goto statement, ARRAYS Single and Multi Dimensional arrays, Array declaration
and initialization of arrays, Strings : declaration, initialization, functions.

Computer Graphic Applications, Display Devices, Raster Scan Devices, Input Devices for
Interactive graphics, Programmer Model of Interactive Graphics System.

Basic concept of Digital Image Processing, Image formation, Image Enhancement, Image
Segmentation, Image Restoration and Image Recognition.

Practical
Some General “C” programs such as adding, subtracting, finding odd or printing, printing prime
numbers, Fibbacci Senies, printing * in pyramid form, Matrix addition and Multiplication etc.
By using C Language draw and Draw small graphics
Image Processing- Coral draw and Photoshop.
Some simple geological examples programs MS Office (MS word, Power Point Presentation,
Photo Shop) and Application of Internet. Application of Excel, Graphics (Origin), Coral draw and
Internet surfing.

Paper – II Chemistry II MM:100

Basic Concept : Solutions and their concentrations. Preparation of solutions; standard solutions,
primary standards, secondary standards, colligative properties Roults law
Analytical Chemistry: Significant figures, Types of errors, Accuracy and Precision, Absolute and
relative uncertainty, Mean and standard deviation, Statistical tests of data (the F test, the t test, Q
test for bad data), rejection of result, calibration of instruments.

Nuclear Chemistry:- Natural & artificial radioactivity, graur displacement law, half life period,
mass defeet, binding energy, nuclear fission and fusion reactions, isotopes ant isogars,
application of radio-activity.
Chemical Kinetics:- Rate of reaction , factor affecting on rate of reaction. Molecularity and order
of reaction. Rate constant for I and II order of reaction , Determination of order of reaction .
Energy of activation.
Thermo Chemistry:- Hess law, heat of reaction, effect of temperature on heat of reset on at
constant pressure, heat of formation, entropy, Gibbs free equation.

Practical MM 50
Double Titration, radox titration, complexometric titration, estimation of Ba as BaSO4,
identification of given organic compound.

Paper – II Physics - II MM:100

11
Coulomb’s law in vaccume expressed in vector form, dipole and quadrupole fields, Electrostatic
field as a line integral, Electric potential, torque on a dipole in electric field, flux, Gauss law and its
application, parallel plate capacitor with Dielectric, molecular interpretation of Clausssius-
Mossotti equation, boundary conditions satisfied by E and D.

Kirchoff’s law and analysis of multi loop circuits, ac circuit containing LR, CR circuit, transient
current in LCR circuit, series and parallel resonance.

Lorentz forces equation, Biot-severt law, magnetic flux, Ampere –Circuital law and its applications,
EM induction, Faradey’s law, its integral and differential form, linear accelerator, mass
spectrograph, cyclotron, Maxwell displacement current, Maxwell equation of EM wave, Poynting
Vector,

Relativity, Postulate of General theory of relativity, Galilean Transformation, Lorentz trans

transformations, Length contraction and time dilation, mass of moving particles, twin paradox,
Mass-energy equivalence.

Crystal structure, Laue’s theory of X-ray diffraction, Bragg’s law, Semiconductor, Band Theory, pn
junction diode, Zener and tunnel diode, pnp and npn transistors.

Practical MM 50
1. Characteristics of PN junction diode

2. Characteristics of Zener diode

3. Characteristics of PNP transistor

4. Characteristics of NPN transistor

5. Band gap of semiconductor

6. Study of LCR circuit

7. Specific resistance by carry foster’s bridge

8. Specific resistance by potentiometer

12
B. Sc. (Hons.) Third Year
Paper – V EngineerinGeology and Hydrogeology
MM:100
Engineering Geology
Engineering geology and its importance in contact to planning, design and construction of
projects. Various engineering properties of rock i.e., specific gravity, porosity, absorption value,
compression strength, tensile strength, shear strength, modulus of elasticity and modus of
compression etc.
Classification of Dams reservoirs, geological and geotechnical consideration for dam site,
terminology and purpose of dams. Role of geological studies in selection of tunnel sites,
highways and bridges
Classification of landslides, Natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for landslides,
Corrective measures construction materials and its uses.

Hydrogeology
Surface runoff, Hydrological cycle, porosity, permeability, Darcy law, Burnauly theory.
Utilization and scope of groundwater studies. Groundwater in the Hydrogeological cycle, Vertical
distribution of groundwater, rock properties effecting groundwater.

Geological formations as aquifers, type of aquifers and springs and artesian well.

Paper – VI Remote Sensing & GIS Applications MM: 100

Concepts and principles of aerial photography and photogrammetry, types of films, scale,
mosaics, stereoscopy, vertical exaggeration and depth perception.

Elements of aerial photo-interpretation; photographic tone, texture, shape and size of objects etc,
interpretation of different types of rocks, Drainage pattern, landforms, Geological structures,
Ground water survey, and Mineral exploration.

An introduction to Remote Sensing: electromagnetic spectrum, radiation laws, remote sensing

observation platforms and sensors.

Satellites programmes and their characteristics: Landsat, Seasat, Meteosat, SPOT, and IRS series
etc. False colour composites, characteristics of infrared, thermal infrared and Radar images.

An introduction to Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS)-
principles, components and their applications.

Paper – VII Economic Geology, Mining Geology and Geochemistry MM:100

Economic Geology
Historical introduction to economic geology, Definition of ore, Structure and Form of ore deposits,
Control of ore deposition, Process of formation and transformation of ores: Endogenous,
Magmatic, Pegmatitic, Contact metasomatic and hydrothermal deposits, Exogenous:
Sedimentary, residual and mechanically concentrated deposits.

Introduction to coal and petroleum and distribution in India, Distribution and mode of occurrence
of important metallic minerals (Iron, Base metal, Aluminium, Gold) and non metallic minerals in
India.
Mining Geology
Introduction and common terminology in mining, Elementary concept and important factors for
mining, Different type of opencast and underground mining methods.

Geochemistry
13
Abundance of elements in the cosmos and earth, composition of earth with special reference to
the upper mantle and the crust, Goldschmidt’s geochemical classification and differentiation of
earth, Geochemical cycle and Basic ideas about Meteorites.

Geochemical characteristics of Magma, importance of isotopes, Isomorphism, Polymorphism,

weathering and soil formation, elemental mobility in surface environment, Surface and ground
water chemistry.

Paper – VIII Environmental Science MM 100

The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies: Definition. Scope and importance, Need
for public awareness
Natural Resources: Renewable and non-renewable resources: Natural resources and associated
problems.
Forest resources: Use and over – exploitation, deforestation, case studies. Timber extraction,
mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people.
Water resources: Use and over utilization of surface and ground water. Floods, drought, conflicts
over water, dams benefits and problems.
Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral
resources, case studies.
Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and over gazing effects of
modern agriculture, fertilizer, pesticide problems water logging, salinity, case studies
Energy resources: Growing energy needs renewable and non-renewable energy sources, Use of
alternate energy sources, case studies.
Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and
desertification.
Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources, Equitable use of resources for
sustainable lifestyles.
Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem; Structure and function of an ecosystem; Procedures,
consumers and decomposers; Energy flow in the ecosystem; Ecological succession; Food chains,
food webs and ecological pyramids; Introduction types characteristic features, structure and
function of the following ecosystem- a) Forest ecosystem, b) Grassland ecosystem, c) Desert
ecosystem, d) Aquatic ecosystem (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries).

Biodiversity and its conservation: Introduction- Definition: genetic, species and ecosystem
diversity; Biogeographically classification of India; Value of biodiversity: consumptive use,
productive use, social ethical, aesthetic and option values; Biodiversity at global, National and
local levels; India as a mega-diversity nation; Hot spots of biodiversity; Threats to biodiversity:
habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts; Endangered and endemic species of India;
Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.

Environmental Population: Definition; Causes, effects and control measures of- a. Air pollution, b.
Water pollution, c. Soil pollution, d. Marine pollution, e. Noise pollution, f. Thermal pollution, g.
Nuclear hazards; Solid waste Management: Causes, effects and control measures of urban and
industrial Wastes; Role of an individual in prevention of pollution; Pollution case studies;
Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
Social Issues and the Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable development; Urban
problems related to energy; Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management;
Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns. Case studies;
Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions; Climate change, global warming, acid rain,
ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents; and holocaust. Case studies; Wasteland reclamation;
Consumerism and waste products; Environment Protection Act; Air (Prevention and control of
Pollution) Act; Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act; Wildlife Protection Act; Forest
Conservation Act; Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation; Public awareness.
Human Population and the Environment: Population growth, variation among nations; Population

14
explosion –Family welfare Programme; Environment and human health; Human Rights; Value
Education; HIV/AIDS; Women and Child welfare; Role of Information Technology in Environment
and human health; Case studies.

Field visit to a local area to documents environmental assets –

river/forest/grassland/hill/Mountain; Visit to a local polluted site- Urban / Rural / Industrial /
Agricultural; Study of common plants, insects, birds; Study of simple ecosystems – pond, river, hill
slopes etc.
Practical VII (Paper IX, X, XI XII)
MM: 100
Geological history and comments on Engineering problem, Study of hydrological maps.
Drainage analysis, Geomorphological models, study of seismic zones and flood prone areas in
India, Photogeology, geological interpretation of photographs and satellite imageries.
Identification of economic minerals, megascopic and microscopic identification of ore minerals,
measurement of vertical and true thickness of coal seems.
IUGS classification of igneous rocks based on chemical composition, preparation of A and B
solution and determination of SiO2, Al2O3.

Field Training
MM: 100
A Field Training Program to understand geological and structural mapping.

15
ORDINANCE, SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
AND SYLLABUS
FOR

M.Sc. Geology
2013-2014

BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY
JHANSI, UP-284128

16
 Institute of Earth Sciences
Ordinance for Post Graduate Course (M.Sc. Geology)

1. (A) Eligibity:
(a) M.Sc. Geology: B.Sc. in Math or Bio group with 45% marks. Preference will be given to
those students who have passed B.Sc. with Geology.

Note- Relaxation of 5% marks will be provided to SC/ST candidate/s.

1B. Intake- 30 seats.
Note- Reservation: As per rule of the State Government/University.
2. Duration- Minimum 2 years/4 semesters/(maximum 8 semesters for completion of
course).
3. Criteria of Admission –
Admission to eligible candidate will be strictly on the basis of entrance test/merit list.
Note- (a) 15% of the percentage of marks obtained in entrance test will be awarded as
additional marks to all candidates who have passed the qualifying examination from
any institution falling within the jurisdiction of Bundelkhand University.
(b) For courses where there is no entrance exam and admission is granted on the basis of
merit of qualifying exam, 15% of the percentage of marks obtained in qualifying exam
will be awarded as additional marks to all candidates who have passed the qualifying
examination from any institution/ college falling with in the jurisdiction of Bundelkhand
University.
4. Medium of Instruction and Examination- English.
5. Fee-
(i) Tuition and other fee:
As prescribed by the University in academic bulletin from time to time.
(ii) Refund of fees –
(a)Request for refund of fee should be made to the Vice-Chancellor, Bundelkhand
University within three weeks of deposition of the fees. On approval of Vice-Chancellor,
such candidate/s shall be entitled for refund of 50% of the prescribed fee.
(b) Request for refund of fee shall not be considered under any circumstances, if it made
by a candidate after three weeks of deposition of admission fee.
6. Examination –
(i) Attendance: Minimum attendance required to become eligible to appear in the examination
for each paper shall be 75% of all class lectures (theory and practicals).
In case a student is short of attendance due to illness, participation in sports, extra
curricular activities etc the following rules shall apply.
(a) Shortage of up to 10% shall be condoned by the HOD on the specific
recommendation of the class /subject teacher.
(b) A shortage of up to 25% can be condoned by the Vice Chancellor on the specific
recommendations of the Head of the Department.
(ii) Process of Evaluation
(a) i. Theory Papers
Semester examination shall be conducted by the University as per examination scheme
mentioned in the academic calendar of the department. The question paper will be set by
examiners appointed by the Vice-Chancellor based on the recommendation of the Board of
Studies. The pattern of the question paper will be decided by the University. The weightage
17
 of this examination will be 70%.
ii. Sessional Examination
The subject teacher shall conduct sessional examinations to each theory paper. The
questions will be objective/short answer type. The weightage of this examination will be
30%. Sessional are to be conducted by consulting faculties, round the session by the
consent of HOD. Two sessional are to be conducted by each faculty for each paper.
Sessional marks will be awarded as average/best of two sessionals performed by each
student. If any student does not appear in the sessional examination before the
commencement of the semester/annual examination, he/she would not normally be
allowed to appear in the semester/annual examination, except on payment of the penalty
as per university rules for sessional examination.
(b) Practical Examination
25% based on the performance of the students in the practical experiments conducted in
the department laboratory under the faculty in-charge of the concerned practicals. The
students will have to submit a practical record to the faculty in-charge.
(c) (i) Project work / dissertation
Each M.Sc. Students will have to undertake a project work/specialization under the
guidance of his/her supervisor for a period of 4-6 months. The supervisors will be allotted
by the HOD, after considering applications with dissertation committee to each of the
students during IVth semester. In case, students like to carry dissertation other than
university, one of the supervisors will be faculty member’s of the department.
The students will have the option of undertaking the project work in the Department
Laboratory itself or in other Institutions based on permission. If a student undertakes the
project in an outside Institution the H.O.D. of concerned external Institution will be allotting
one of its faculty members/Scientist as the supervisor to the student.
(ii)Submission of Dissertation
The student will be allowed to submit his/her thesis ones the supervisor and/co-supervisor
is satisfied with the progress and completion of the research work. The project work
should be an original research. The students will have to submit his/her thesis in four
copies for evaluation.
The thesis should include a certificate of original work carried out by the student duly
signed by the candidate supervisor,co-supervisor and the H.O.D. of the Department where
the work was carried out and H.O.D. of department.
(iii)Evaluation of the Dissertation/Thesis
The student will have to defend his/ her dissertation research work in front of an audience
including supervisor, external and internal examiners appointed by the Vice-chancellor who
will do the assessment of the project work jointly. If the examiners decide that the
performance of the student in project work as well as in oral presentation is unsatisfactory,
the student will have to conduct additional experiment research work in accordance to
suggestion given by the examiners, rewrite the Dissertation/Thesis and resubmit.
(d) Seminar
Each student of M.Sc. will have to deliver a seminar in each semester. Topic will be decided
in consultation with the seminar In-charge. A committee will be formed by the seminar In-
charge in consultation with the Head of the Department, which will evaluate/judge the
student and award marks. Seminar In-charge shall be nominated by the Head of the
Department.
(e) Field Tour/Training
Department will organize field training programs in Ist and IIIrd semesters. Field programs
will be conducted at different geological aspects. Ist and IIIrd semester field program will
carry 100 marks each. Field program is compulsory and will be evaluated by internal
examiners.

18
(iii) Qualifying marks and promotion
The minimum passing marks shall be 40% in each paper, the minimum pass marks will
have to be obtained in theory, sessional, practical, seminar and dissertation individually. On
the basis of percentage of total marks secured in the aggregate of all years by a candidate,
he/she shall be awarded a division, as given details below:
a) Third Division: 40% or more but less than 50%.
b) Second Division: 50% or more but less than 60%.
c) First Division: 60% or more but less than 75%.
d) First Division with Distinction: 75% or more.
A candidate can be provisionally promoted to the next semester if he/she fulfills the
following conditions:
If he/she has obtained 40% marks in the aggregate but has failed to secure 40% marks
individually in theory, sessional, practical, seminar, project work/dissertation and field
training programe he/she will not be promoted.
(iv) Declaration of results and award of degree
After completion of the evaluation process, result will be declared by the University.
Candidates declared successful may get the provisional degree from the Registrar / Vice –
Chancellor of the University after one week of result. Original degree will be conferred at
the time of convocation to be held annually as decided by Vice-Chancellor.

(v) Back-paper and improvement

In case, a candidate is unable to clear at least 50% of the theory papers in semester
examination, he / she will be promoted to next semester/year on the condition that he/she
has to clear remaining 50% or less of the theory paper as back-papers. In each case a
student gets a year back unable to clear 50% theory in second year semester of M.Sc.
He/she will have to clear all the theory papers and the practical examination with the junior
batch to regular examination.
A candidate may be allowed one chance to improve his/her division maximum up to two
papers in next subsequent examination of the course.
The improvement of percentage will be allowed each semester examinations.
Note:- If a candidate has availed the chance of appearing in the back paper, he/she would not be
allowed to improve his/her percentage.
(vii) Ex-Student
In case a student fails in the examination, as per relevant provision he/she may be allowed
to re-appear in subsequent examination as an ex-student, without attending classes.
He/she shall be required to appear & clear all papers, practical examination etc. as per
provision of the syllabus in that year. The marks obtained in the dissertation and sessional
will be carry forward.
(viii) Scrutiny
Scrutiny facility will be given to the student in any one theory papers of each semester on
payment of prescribed fee as decided by the University from time to time, with in three
months of the declaration of the final result.
Special Back Paper:
Special back paper examination shall be conducted once in al academic session/calendar
year only for the final year/IVth semester students. After declaration of IVth semester/final year
results (within one month from date of result declaration) student will be allowed to appear in
special back paper of his/her previous all semester/year.
The permission for the special back paper may be given by the Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor on
the recommendation of HOD.
Fee of the special back paper examination shall be decided as per the university norms.
Left Over Exam.:
Student who fail to appear in sessional/practical or theory exam will be given one chance
to reappear in these exam after paying due fee fixed by the university schedule of all back exams
19
will be fixed by the HOD.
Discontinuation:
A candidate who has discontinued the academic program during any year/semester with
recommendation from H.O.D. will be permitted by the Vice-Chancellor to take readmission in the
academic program at the beginning of the semester/year concerned, in a subsequent year, not
however beyond a gap of two years, under the condition that the maximum period of stay in a
course shall not exceed years from the time of initial admission. Fee once paid shall not be
refunded or adjusted during subsequent admission.
Re-evaluation:
Reevaluation of answer sheets will not be allowed in any case.
Award of Degree:
On completion of all academic requirements and on the recommendations of the H.O.D.
the university will award degree to the student.

Amendment:
Any ordinance, fee structure and eligibility is subject to amendment from time to time as
may be decided by appropriate body of the University.

20
Master of Science (M.Sc.) Degree in Geology:
I- Semester
Paper & Code Name of the Paper Theory Session Total
Marks al Marks Marks
Paper – I General Geology and Remote Sensing 70 30 100
Paper – II Structural Geology and Tectonics 70 30 100
Paper – III Mineralogy and Crystallography 70 30 100
Paper – IV Igneous Petrology & Geochemistry 70 30 100
Practical I (Paper I+II) 50
Practical II (Paper III+IV) 50
Field Training 100
Total Marks = 600 Marks, Passing Marks = 240

II- Semester
Paper & Code Name of the Paper Theory Session Total
Marks al Marks Marks
Paper – V Sedimentology 70 30 100
Paper – VI Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy 70 30 100
Paper – VII Economic Geology 70 30 100
Paper – VIII Metamorphic Petrology 70 30 100
Practical III (Paper V+VI) 50
Practical IV (Paper VII+VIII) 50
Total Marks = 500 Marks, Passing Marks = 200

III- Semester
Paper & Code Name of the Paper Theory Session Total
Marks al Marks Marks
Paper – IX Hydrogeology 70 30 100
Paper – X Fuel Geology 70 30 100
Paper – XI Mining, Exploration and Engineering Geology 70 30 100
Paper – XII Environmental Geology 70 30 100
Practical V (Paper IX+X) 50
Practical VI (Paper XI+XII) 50
Field Training 100
Total Marks = 600 Marks, Passing Marks = 240

IV- Semester
Paper & Code Name of the Paper Theory Session Total
Marks al Marks Marks
Project Oriented Dissertation 300
Total Marks = 300 Marks, Passing Marks = 120

Grand Total of I Sem (600)+II Sem (500)+III Sem (600)+IV Sem (300) = 2000 Marks
Passing Marks = 800 Marks

21
Institute of Earth Sciences
Bundelkhand University
Syllabus
M. Sc. Geology
I- Semester
Paper I General Geology and Remote Sensing MM:
70+30=100
The scope and branches of geology, solar system, origin, shape and dynamics of solid earth, age
of earth, geological time scale.
Geomorphological studies: concepts of geomorphology, geomorphic processes and resulting
features caused by the geological agents-wind, river, glacier, ocean and underground water.
Morphometric analysis and geomorphological mapping based on genesis of landforms.
Eathquakes, Earth’s interior, Isostasy, Volcanoes.
Principles of remote sensing: general idea about electromagnetic spectrum, Radiation laws, black
body and real body radiation, atmospheric effects, atmospheric windows, interaction of earth
surface features with EMR, remote sensing observation platforms, satellites, sensors. Global and
Indian space a missions, Different satellite exploration programs and their characteristics:
LANDSAT, METEOSAT, SEASAT, SPOT, IRS.
Photogrammetry: Principals of Aerial Photography, types of aerial photographs, normal, drift and
crab, aerial camera and lenses, stereoscopy, stereoscopic vision and depth perception, geometric
characteristics of aerial photographs, elements of photo interpretation.

Geological studies: image characters and their relation with ground objects based on tone, texture
and pattern; principles of terrain analysis, evaluation of groundwater potential, rock type
identification; and interpretation of topographic and tectonic features.

Terrain evolution for strategic purpose: Methods for landslide hazard zonation, phase of activities,
preparation of thematic maps, Application of thematic maps.

Principles and applications of geographic information system (GIS)

Practical: Study of Nature aerial photographs: resolution, mosaics, symbols, gully pattern and
drainage analysis, image parallax. Determination of scale, height, dip, slope, vertical exaggeration
and image distortion. Geological and geomorphologic mapping and in (georesources) vegetation,
water and mineral resource evaluation. Exercises on digital image processing. Study of
environmental hazard maps morphometric, analysis.
Books Recommended:
Miller, V.C., 1961: Photogeology. McGraw Hill.
Sabbins, F.F., 1985: Remote Sensing – Principles and Applications: Freeman.
Ray. R.G., 1969: Aerial Photographs in Geologic Interpretations. USGS Prof. Paper 373.
Drury, S.A., 1987: Image Interpretation in Geology. Allen and Unwin.
Moffitt, F.H. and Mikhail, E.M., 1980: Photogrammetry, Harper and Row.
Lillesand, T.M. and Kieffer, R.W., 1987: Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley.
Paine, D.P., 1981: Aerial photography and Image Interpretation for Resource Management. John
Wiley.
Pandey. S.N. 1987: Principles and Applications of Photogeology Wiley Easterm. New Delhi.
General Geology by Thornbory, Savindra singh, A. Holmes
Understanding the Earth by

Paper II Structural Geology and Tectonics MM:

70+30=100
Rheological properties of rocks and their controlling factors. Bedding and outcrop, Dip and Strike,
Age relationship and unconformity.
Concept of stress and strain, Types of strain ellipses and ellipsoids, their properties and
geological significance, Strain markers in naturally deformed rocks, Flinn diagram and Mohr circle
application.
22
Folds, Terminology and classification, mechanism of folds, distribution of strains in folds.
Planar and linear fabrics in deformed rocks, their origin and significance. Concept of petrofabrics
and symmetry. Significance and limitations of π – and β-diagrams. Geometrical analysis of
simple and complex structures on macroscopic scale.

Theory of rock failure, fault, terminology and types of faulting causes and dynamics of faulting,
strike-slip faults, normal faults, over thrust and window, klippe and nappe. Fractures and joints,
their nomenclature and their strain significance.
Plate Tectonics: Introduction, Orogeny and epirogeny Anatomy of orogenic belts, Continental and
oceanic crust. Continental drift and Sea floor spreading, Plate boundaries, Oceanic trenches, Mid
Oceanic ridges, Island arc, Subduction zone, structure and origin of the Himalayan belt.
Practical: Preparation and interpretation of geological maps and cross sections v. rules, Problems
related to structures, Plotting of π and β diagram on equal area stereographic net. Study of Map
Projections. Completion of outcrops, estimation of vertical true anticlines.
Books Recommended:
Badgley, P.C., 1965: Structure and Tectonics. Harper and Row.
Ramsay, J.G., 1967: Folding and Fracturing of Rocks. McGraw. Hill.
Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D. and Williams, P.F., 1976: An Outline of Structural Geology, John Wiley.
Davis, G.R., 1984: Structural Geology of Rocks and Region. John Wiley.

Paper III Mineralogy and Crystallography MM:

70+30=100
Mineralogy
Structure of atoms, elements of crystal bonding, coordination number, ionic size valance bond
and molecular orbital theories, classification of minerals, silicate structure.

Systematic mineralogy (crystal structure, classification, mineral chemistry and their experimental
work and P-T stability, mode of occurrence) of silicate group of minerals (Olivine, Garnet,
Pyroxene, Amphibole, Mica, Aluminosilicate, Feldspar, Chlorite, Coordierite, Silica) native elements,
sulfides, oxides and hydroxides. Gem and semi precious minerals.

Properties, synnmetry and 32 classes of crystal system.

Principles of optical technique for identification of mineral in nicol-prism, polarizing petrological
microscope and its working, uniaxial and biaxial, Indicatrix and Bisectrix, scheme of pleochroism
in microscope. Important optical properties of rock forming minerals. Staining and model count
techniques. Techniques in photomicrography determination of R.I, optical accessioning.
Practical: Megascopic identification of minerals, microscopic study of rock forming minerals
using optical accessories. Preparation of thin section and polished section making, etching and
staining. Instrumentation and analytical techniques. Calculation of mineral formula of silicate
minerals.

Books Recommended:
Klein, C. and Hurlbut, Jr., C.S., 1993: Mineralogy. John Wiley.
Putnis, Andrew, 1992: Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.
Spear, F.S. 1993: Mineralogical Phase Equilibria and Pressure – Temperature – Time Paths.
Mineralogical Society of America Publ.
Phillips, Wm, R. and Griffen, D.T., 1986: Optical Mineralogy, CBS Edition.
Hutchinson, C.S., 1974: Laboratory Handbook of Petrographic Techniques. John Wiley.
Deer, Howie, Zussaman: An introduction to Rock forming minerals
Phillips Mineralogy
Dana Mineralogy

Paper IV Igneous Petrology & Geochemistry MM:

70+30=100
23
Igneous Petrology
Physics and Chemistry of magma; Magmatism in relation to global tectonics; Evolution of magma
and factors effecting to it; Phase equilibrium of different silicate systems; Textures and micro
structures of igneous rocks; Classification of igneous rocks; Rock suite, Rock series and Rock
association; Petrogenetic provinces of India; Major igneous complexes of India; Petrogenesis of
major igneous rock types such as ultramafic, Komatiites, basaltic, granitic and alkaline rocks.
Geochemical data calculation and their application in petrology. Preparation of variation diagrams,
major, trace and REE bivarient and trivarient and their interpretation in petrology.

Geochemistry
Origin and abundance of elements in the Solar system and Earth and its constituents. Properties
of transition and rare earth elements (REE), Geochemical classification of elements, Geochemical
cycle (major & minor). Meteorite and its classification.
Geo-Chronology, Radiogenic isotopes, Radioactive decay schemes of U-Pb, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, and
growth of daughter isotopes, Radiometric dating of single minerals and whole rocks.
Stable isotopes (carbon), nature, abundance, and fractionation. Fluid interactions in geological
processes. Principles of ionic substitution in minerals, Isomorphism, Dimorphism, Trimorphism,
Polymorphism, Ionic potential.

Practical: Megascopic and microscopic studies of igneous rocks, calculation of CIPW Norms,
Preparation of Variation diagrams.
Rock/soil/sediments/water analysis in conjunction with practical listed for paper –V. Calculation
of mineral formulae from the concentration of various oxides in minerals, Calculation of
normative mineralogy from rock composition, calculation of weathering indices in soil and
sediments. Presentation of analytical data.
Books Recommended:
Turner, F.J., 1980: Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw Hill. New York.
Yardley, B.W. 1989: An Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology. Longman New York.
Philijpotts, A. 1992: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Best, M.G., 1986: Igneous Petrology. CBS Publ.
McBirney, A.R., 1993: Igneous Petrology Jones & Bartlet Publ.
Kretz, R., 1994: Metamorphic Crystallization. John Wiley.
Bose, M.K., 1997: Igneous Petrology World Press.
Mason, B. and Moore, C.B., 1991: Introduction to Geochemistry, Wiley Eastern.
Krauslopf, K.B., 1967: Introduction to Geochemistry, McGraw Hill.
Faure, G., 1986: Principles of Isotope Geology, John Wiley.
Hoefs, J., 1980: Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Springer Verlag.
Marshal, C.P. and Fairbridge, R.W., 1999: Encyclopafedia of Geochemistry, Kluwer Academic.

II-Semester:
Paper V Sedimentology MM:
70+30=100
Principles of sedimentary processes origin and texture of sedimentary rocks, Earth Surface
system liberation and flux of sediments, primary and secondary sedimentary structures.
Granulometric analysis, classification of clastic and non clastic sedimentary rocks, shallow and
deep water carbonates, Clay and Heavy mineral analysis.
Sedimentary environments and facies; Continental – Alluvial – Fluvial, Marine continental-shelf,
slope and rise deposits, Eolian, Lacustrine, Fluvial Deposits.
Sedimentation and Tectonics: Type of Geosynclines/Basins, provenances, lithification Diagenesis
and cementation.
Application of sedimentology, Preparation of lithologs and lateral diagrams, elementary idea
about calcretes & palaesols.
Practical: Petrography of Clastic, non clastic rocks and megascopic identification of sedimentary

24
rocks and structure. Mechanical analysis of sediments and plotting of size distribution data,
current rose diagram, thin section preparation, palaeo current analysis.
Books Recommended:
Allen, J.R.L., 1985: Principles of Physical Sedimentation George Allen & Unwin.
Allen, P., 1997: Earth Surface Processes. Blackwell.
Davis, R.A.Jr., 1992: Depositional Systems. Prentice Hall.
Einsele, G., 1992: Sedimentary Basins. Springer Verlag.
Reineck, H.E. and Singh, I.B., 1980: Depositional Sedimentary Environments Springer-Verlag.
Prothero, D.R. and Schwab. F., 1996: Sedimentary Geology Freeman.
Miall, A.D., 2000: Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis Springer-Verlag.
Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Siever, R., 1990: Sand and Sangstone Springer-Verlag.
Pettijohn’s Sedimentology

Paper VI Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy MM:70+30=

100
Palaeobiology:
Fossils, Mode & preservation of fossils, index fossils, origin of life, major events in the history of
Precambrian and Phanerozoic life.
Morphology and evolutionary trends in molluscs (Gastropoda, Bivalvia, cepholopoda),
brachiopods, echinoderms and trilobites.
Evolution of man and Horse. Significance of micropalaeontology.
Stratigraphy:
Princeples & correlation of stratigraphy, stratigraphic code. Biostratigraphy: controlling factors
zonation, time significance.
Prenciples of palaeogeography: - Marine basins and marine sediments, marine life, Bionomical
zones. Continental basins, Palaeogeographic maps and their construction. Stratigraphy of
important Indian succession, Indian sub continents: Vindhyan, Cuddapah Super group, lower
palaeozoic of Kashmir, Kutch. Gondwana Super group, Siwalik super group and inter trappean
beds.
Studies of Greenstone belt, evolution of important archean stratigraphic succession of Indian
Shield – Dharwar, Bundelkhand Craton, Singhbhum Craton, Aravalli, and Bastar Craton
.
Practical: Study of important fossils and its importance in Geological studies. Correlation
methods, land and sea distribution in Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Miocene
periods. Study of important stratigraphic rocks. Geochronological data and its interpretation in
Precambrian Geology of India. Study of Important stratigraphic rocks of Indian sub-continent.

Books Recommended:
Clarkson, E.N.K., 1998: Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution IV Ed. Blackwell.
Stearn, C.W. & Carroll, R.L., 1989: Palaeontology – the Record of life. John Wiley.
Smith, A.B.,1994: Systematics and the Fossils Record-Documenting Evolutionary Patterns,
Blackwell.
Prothero, D.R., 1998: Bringing Fossils to life –An Introduction to Palaeobiology, McGraw Hill.
Pomerol, C., 1982: The Cenozoic Era: Tertiary and Quaternary. Ellis Harwood Ltd.
Goodwin, A.M., 1991: Precambrian Geology: The Dynamic Evolution of Continental Crust.
Academic Press.
Boggs, Sam Jr., 1995: Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Prentice Hall.
Doyle, P. and Bennett, M.R. 1996: Unlocking the Stratigraphic Record, John Wiley.
Brenner, R.E. and McHargue, T.R., 1988: Integrative Stratigraphy: Concepts and Applications,
Prentice Hall.
Naqvi, S.M. and Rogers, J.J.W. 1987: Precambrian Geology of India, Oxford Univ. Press.
Pascoe, E.H., 1968: A Manual of Geology of India and Burma, Vol. I-IV, Govt. of India Press.
Ravindra Kumar’s Stratigraphy
Naqvi S. M. 2005
25
Paper VII Economic Geology MM:70+30=
100
Economic Geology:
Modern concept of ore genesis; spatial and temporal distribution of ore deposits – a global
perspective. Comparison between Earth’s evolutionary history and evolutionary trends in ore
deposits. Ore deposits and plate Tectonics.
Mode of occurrence of ore bodies – morphology; and relationship of host rocks. Textures,
structure, paragenesis and zoning of ores and their significance. Concept of ore bearing fluids,
their origin and migration; wall-rock alteration; control of ore localization.
Introduction and genesis of important Ore Deposits related to Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Zn, Al, Au, base
metals. Industrial minerals related to various industries. Non-metallic deposits: Fertilizers,
building stones, Ceramic and glass.

Practical: Megascopic study of structures and fabrics of different Ores and their associations.
Mineralogical and textural studies of common ore minerals under ore microscope and
petrological study of other industrial and non industrial minerals. Sampling and determination of
Tenor, cut-off grades and ore reserves.
Books Recommended:
Craig, J.M. & Vaughan, D.J., 1981: Ore Petrography and Mineralogy. John Wiley.
Evans, A.M., 1993: Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals Blackwell.
Sawkins, F.J., 1984: Metal deposits in relation to plate tectonics. Springer Verlag.
Stanton, R.L., 1972: Ore Petrology, McGraw Hill.
Barnes, H.L., 1979: Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. John Wiley.
Klemm, D.D. and Schneider, H.J., 1977: Time and Starta Bound Ore Deposits, Springer Verlag.
Guilbert, J.M. and Park, Jr. C.F., 1986: The Geology of Ore Deposits Freeman.
Mookherjee, A., 2000: Ore genesis – a Holistic Approach, Allied Publisher.

Paper VIII Metamorphic Petrology MM:70+30=

100

Phase rule of closed and open systems, agents of metamorphism, types of metamorphism,
metamorphic processes, deformation and recrystallisation, classification of metamorphic rocks,
graphical representation (ACF, AKF, AFM Projection), facies concept.

A detailed description of low pressure metamorphic facies, medium to high pressure

metamorphic facies and very high pressure metamorphic facies with special reference to
characteristic metamorphic zones and subfacies.

Metamorphic differentiation, anatexis and origin of migmatites in the light of experimental studies.
Regional metamorphism and paired metamorphic belts in reference to plate tectonics, ultra –
high temperature and oceanic floor metamorphism.

Nature of metamorphic reactions and pressure - temperature conditions of metamorphism

isoreaction grads, schreinmakers rule and construction of petrogenetic grids.

Concept of free energy, activity, fugacity and equilibrium constant, thermo dynamics of ideal, non
ideal and dilute solutions, element partitioning in mineral formation and concept of simple
distribution coefficients and exchange reaction distribution coefficients its uses, the pressure –
temperature estimates, geothernometry, geobarometry, application & limitation of
geothermobarometers. Pressure – temperature – time paths and application in geodynamic
evolution of metamorphic terrains.

26
Practical:
Megascopic and microscopic studies of metamorphic rocks, Graphic construction of ACF, AKF
and AFM diagrams, estimates of P-T condition of metamorphism based on EPMA data.

Books Recomanded:
Turner, F.J., 1980: Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw Hill. New York.
Yardley, B.W. 1989: An Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology. Longman New York.
Philijpotts, A. 1992: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Kretz, R., 1994: Metamorphic Crystallization. John Wiley.

M.Sc. Geology Second year

III-Semester:
Paper IX Hydrogeology MM:70+30=
100
Ground water origin, types, importance, occurrence, distribution of water in the Earths crust.
Hydrologic properties of rocks: porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific retaention, hydraulic
conductivity, transmissivity, storage coefficient. Ground water reservoirs – Aquifers, aqnicluedes,
aquitards, aquifuge and types of aquifers. Hydrographs, water table contour maps.
Hydrogeological frame work of India, Groundwater in hard rocks and lime stone terrain with
reference to Indian situation. Ground water quality, chemical characteristics of ground water in
relation to various uses-domestic, industrial and irrigation purposes.
Well hydraulics: confined, unconfined, steady, unsteady and radial flow. Water level fluctuations:
Methods of pumping test and analysis of test data, evaluation of aquifer parameters.
Artificial recharge of groundwater, Consumptive and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater,
problem of overexploitation, groundwater legislation.
Water well technology: well types, drilling methods, construction, design, develoment and
maintenance of wells. Salt water intrusion in coastal aquifers, remedial measures.
Surface and subsurface geophysical and geologiacal methods of groundwater exploration,
hydrogeomorphic mapping using various remote sensing techniques.

Practical
Delineation of hydrological boundaries on water-table contour maps and estimation of
permeability. Analysis of hydrographs and estimation of infiltration capacity. Chemical analysis of
water in conjunction with practicals for Paper-V Pumping test: time-draw down and time –
recovery tests and evaluation of aquifers. Study of geophysical well logs. Estimation of TDS using
resistively and SP logs. Exercises on groundwater exploration using remote sensing techniques in
conjunction with practicals given for paper-I.
Books Recommended:
Todd, D.K., 1980: Groundwater Hydrology, John. Wiley.
Davies, S.N. & De Wiect, R.J.M., 1966: Hydrology, John. Wiley.
Freeze, R.A. & Cherry, J.A., 1979: Groundwater, Prentice Hall.
Fetter, C.W., 1990: Applied Hydrogeology, Merill Publishing.
Raghunath, N. M., 1982: Groundwater, Wiley Eastern.
Karanth, K.R., 1987: Groundwater Assessment Development and Management Tata McGraw Hill.
Alley, W.M., 1993: Regional Groundwater Quality, VNR New York.
Subramaniam, V., 2000: Water, Kingston Publ. London.

Paper X Fuel Geology MM:70+30=

100
Coal
Definition and origin of coal. Rank, grade and type of coal. Indian and international classifications.
Chemical characterization : proximate and ultimate analysis. Macroscopic ingredients and
microscopic constituents, concept of ‘maceral’ and ‘microlithotypes.
Preparation of coal for industrial purposes, coal carbonization (coke manufacture), coal
27
gasification and coal hydrogenation. Application of coal petrology in hydropetrology in
hydrocarbon exploration.
Geological and geographical distribution of coal deposits in India. Detailed geology for some
important coalfields in of India. Coal production and problems of coal industry in India.

Petroleum
Its composition and different fractions. Origin, nature and migration (primary and secondary) of
oil and gas. Transformation of organic matter into kerogen, organic maturation, thermal cracking
of kerogen. Characteristics of Reservoir rocks and Traps (structural, stratigraphic and
combination).
Oilfield fluid – water, oil and gas occurrence. Prospecting for oil and gas, drilling and logging
procedures. Oil-bearing basins of India and the world Geology of the productive oilfields of India.
Position of oil and nature gas in India, future prospects and the economic scenario.
Atomic Fuel
Mode of occurrence and association of atomic minerals in nature. Atomic minerals as source of
energy and their deposits. Nuclear power stations of the country and future prospects. Atomic
fuels and environment.

Practical
Megascopic characterization of banded coals. Proximate analysis of coal. Completion of
outcrops in the given maps and calculation of coal reserves. Preparation of polished particulate
mounts of coal. Megascopic and microscopic study of coals. Study of geological maps and
sections of important oilfields of India and world. Calculation of oil reserves. Megascopic study of
some uranium and thorium bearing minerals and rocks.
Books Recommended:
Taylor, G.H., Teichmuller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., And Robert, P., 1998: Organic Petrology,
Gebruder Borntraeger, Struttgart.
Chandra, D., Singh, R.M., And Singh, M.P., 2000: Textbook Of Coal (Indian Context). Tara Book
Agency, Varanasi.
Singh, M.P. (Ed), 1998: Coal And Organic Petrology, Hindustan Publ, Corp., New Delhi.
Stach, E., Mackowky, M.T.H., Taylor G.H., Chandra, D., Teichmuller., And Teichmuller, R., 1982:
Stach’s Text Book Of Coal Petrology, Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.
Holson, G.D. And Tiratsoo, D.H. 1985: Petroleum Formation And Occurrence, Springer-Verlag.
Selley, R.C., 1998: Elements Of Petroleum Geology, Academic Press.
Durance, E.M., 1986: Radioactivity In Geology, Principles And Application, Ellis Hoorwool.
Dahlkamp, F.J., 1993: Uranium Ore Deposits, Springer Verlag.
Boyle, R.W., 1982: Geochemical Prospecting For Thorium And Uranium Deposits, Elsevier.

Paper XI Mining, Exploration and Engineering Geology MM:70+30=

100

Mining Geology:
Application of rock mechanics in mining, planning, exploration and exploratory mining of
surface and underground mineral deposits, involving drilling, shaft sinking, drifting, cross
cutting, winzing, stopping, room and pillaring, top slicing, sub-level caving and block
caving. Ore reserve estimation.

Exploration
Geophysical Exploration: Principle of gravimeters, Geomagnetic field of the earth. Magnetic
properties of rocks. Working principle of magnetometers, application in exploration.
Resistivity method: basic principles, various types of electrode configurations. Application of
electrical methods in ground water prospecting and civil engineering problems.
Seismic methods: fundamental principles of wave propagation, retraction and reflection surveys
28
for single interface, horizontal and dipping cases.
Geochemical exploration, Geo-botanical exploration, Mineral prospecting methods.

Engineering Geology
Role of engineering geology in civil construction and mining industry. Various stages of
engineering geological investigation for civil engineering, physical and Engineering properties of
rocks: rock discontinuities. Physical characters of building stones. Metal and concrete
aggregates.
Geological consideration for evaluation of dams and reservoir sites. Dam foundation rock
problems & Geotechnical evaluation of tunnel alignments and transportation routes. Methods of
tunneling: classification of ground for tunneling purposes: various types of support.
Mass movements with special emphasis on landslides and causes of hill slope instability.
Earthquakes and seismicity, seismic zones of India. Influence of geological conditions on
foundation and design of buildings.
Practical
Resistivity survey. Study of properties of common rocks with reference to their utility in
engineering projects. Study of maps and models of important engineering structures as dam sites
and tunnels. Interpretation of geological maps for landslide problems.
Books Recommended:
Sharma, P.V., 1986: Geophysical Methods In Geology Elsevier.
Sharma, P.V., 1997: Environmental And Engineering Geophysics Cambridge Univ. Pres.
Vogelsang, D., 1995: Environmental Geophysics – A Practical Guide, Springer Verlag.
Dobrin, M.B., 1976: Intoduction To Geophysical Prospecting Mcgraw Hill.
Parasnis, D.S. 1975: Principles Of Applied Geophysics Chapman And Hall.
Stanislave, M., 1984: Intoduction To Applied Geophysics, Reidel Publ.
Krynine, D.H And Judd, W.R., 1998: Principles Of Engineering Geology, CBS Edition.
McKinstry, H.E., 1962: Mining Geology II Ed. Asia Publishing House.
Clark, G.B., 1967: Elements of Mining III Ed. John Wiley.
Aroghaswami, R.P.N., 1996: Courses in Mining Geology IV Ed. Oxford IBH.

Paper XII Environmental Geology MM:70+30=

100
Definition and scope of environmental Geology, physical Environment; Lithosphere, Biosphere,
Atmosphere and Hydrosphere, Atmospheric & Oceanic circulations, Mass movement as hazard;
types, causes, control and management.
Abiotic hazards; origin, mechanism, magnitude, risk assessment, prediction and management of
earthquake. Important volcanic eruptions, mapping, monitoring and mitigation of volcanoes.
Floods as hazards; magnitude and frequency of floods, Flood control and management, water
logging problems due to construction of canals, reservoirs and dams. Coastal hazard : waves
cyclones, Tides Tidal floods, Tsunamis, coastal hazard and engineering structures, glacial and
peri glacial hazards; Avalanches.
Water pollution; surface water pollution, hazardous pollutants and treatment Ground Water
pollution, pollutants and treatment, contamination of surface and ground water due to mining,
sediments, industrialization and urbanization.
Desertification, Causes, Dust storm, Cyclones/Anticyclones, Hurricanes and Thunder stroms,
Green house gases, Ozone depletion, Global warming, Environmental Laws.

Practical
Analyses for alkalinity, acidity, pH and conductivity (electrical) in water samples. Classification of
ground water for use in drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. Presentation of chemical
analysis data and plotting chemical classification diagram. Evaluation of environmental impact of
air pollution groundwater, landslides, deforestation, cultivation and building construction in
specified areas.

Books Recommended:
29
Valdiya, K.S., 1987: Environmental Geology – Indian Context. Tata Mcgraw Hill.
Keller, E.A., 1978: Environmental Geology, Bell And Howell, USA.
Bryant, E., 1985: Natural Hazards, Cambridge University Press.
Patwardhan, A.M., 1999: The Dynamic Earth System, Prentice Hall.
Subramaniam, V., 2001: Textbook In Environmental Science, Narosa International.
Bell, F.G., 1999: Geological Hazards Routledge, London.
Smith, K., 1992: Environmental Hazards Routledge, London.

IV-Semester:
Project Oriented Dissertation MM: 300

30