Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Motivation
FUNDAMENTALS OF
MANAGEMENT (MGT162)
Define motivation
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
LEARNING Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Model
OBJECTIVES Expectancy Model
Reinforcement Theory
Motivation is a set of forces
that causes people to behave
in certain ways.
MASLOW’S
HIERARCHY
OF NEEDS
EARLY VIEWS OF MOTIVATION
NEED-BASED MODELS
5 levels of needs:
Physiological needs
Managers who focus on physiological needs assume that people work mainly
for money and are primarily concerned with comfort and their rate of pay.
Safety/Security needs
MASLOW’S Managers will often emphasize rules, job security and fringe benefits.
Social/Affiliation needs
HIERARCHY Individuals value their work as an opportunity for finding and establishing
OF NEEDS friendly interpersonal relationships.
Esteem needs
Managers who focus on esteem needs try to foster employees’ pride in their
work and use public rewards and recognition for services.
Self-Actualization needs
Managers who emphasize self-actualization may involve employees in
designing jobs or make special assignments that capitalize on employees’
unique skills.
EARLY VIEWS OF MOTIVATION
NEED-BASED MODELS
HERZBERG’S TWO-
FACTOR THEORY
Motivator factors
oRelated to job content or
what people actually do in
their work.
Hygiene factors
oAssociated with the job
context in which the job
is performed.
EARLY VIEWS OF MOTIVATION
PROCESS-BASED MODELS
EARLY VIEWS OF MOTIVATION
PROCESS-BASED MODELS
EXPECTANCY
THEORY
REINFORCEMENT THEORY
◦ Based on the idea that people learn to repeat behaviors that are positively
rewarded (reinforced) and avoid behaviors that are punished (not
reinforced).
◦ The application of reinforcement theory is frequently called behavior
modification because it involves changing one’s own behavior or the
behavior of someone else.
Increasing Desired Behavior
◦ Positive Reinforcement
◦ The administration of positive and rewarding consequences following a desired behavior.
◦ Negative Reinforcement
◦ Also called avoidance learning, strengthens desired behavior by allowing escape from an undesirable
consequence.
◦ Punishment
◦ The administration of negative consequences following undesirable behavior.
"Money was never a big
motivation for me, except as a
way to keep score. The real
excitement is playing the game."
~ Donald Trump ~