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Table of contents
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
a Aim and Objective of the subject I
b syllabus II
c Detailed Lesson Plan I II

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d Unit I – Fluid properties and fluid statics.-Part-A 1
e
w.E Part-B 3
f
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Unit II –Fluid kinematics and dynamics-Part-A 21
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g Part-B
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i
Unit IV
UNIT
Part-B
I II
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– Flow through pipes-Part-A
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43
46
j U nit IVV – Boundary layer -Part-A

g.n 63
k
UNIT
Part-B
et 67
Unit III
UNIT V – Dimensional analysis and model studies
l 79
Part-A
h Part-B 82
i Industrial Practical connectivity of the subject 96
j Question Paper 84

AIM AND OBJECTIVE
The subject aims to provide you with an understanding of the fundamentals of fluid
mechanics, an appreciation of the design principles in fluid systems, the ability to analyse
existing fluid systems and contribute to new designs.
Course Objectives:
1. Develop an understanding of fluid dynamics in civil engineering as well as a variety of

other fields.
2. Learn to develop basic equations and to solve problems.
3. Understand and use differential equations to determine pressure and velocity variations
ww in internal and external flows.
4. Understand the concept of viscosity and where viscosity is important in real flows.
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5. Learn to use equations in combination with experimental data to determine losses in
flow systems.
6. Learn to use dimensional analysis to design physical or numerical experiments and to
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apply dynamic similarity.
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Course Outcomes:
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Students successfully completing this module will come out with the following outcomes,
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1. An understanding of fluid mechanics fundamentals, including concepts of mass and
momentum conservation.
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2. An ability to apply the Bernoulli equation to solve problems in fluid mechanics.
3. An ability to use potential flow theory to solve problems in fluid mechanics.
5. A knowledge of laminar and turbulent boundary layer fundamentals. et

4. An ability to perform dimensional analysis for problems in fluid mechanics.
6. An exposure to recent developments in fluid mechanics, with application to civil

engineering systems.
7. An ability to apply the concepts developed for fluid flow analysis to issues in civil
engineering design.
8. An ability to analyse existing fluid systems and design new fluid systems.
9. An ability to safely execute experiments and interpret results and errors, and formulate
conclusions.
(I)

CE8302 FLUID MECHANICS

LTPC
3003
UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLUID STATICS
Fluid – definition, distinction between solid and fluid - Units and dimensions - Properties of
fluids - density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility,
vapour pressure, capillarity and surface tension - Fluid statics: concept of fluid static pressure,
absolute and gauge pressures - pressure measurements by manometers-forces on planes –
centre of pressure – buoyancy and floatation.
UNIT II FLUID KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS
Fluid Kinematics – Classification and types of flow - velocity field and acceleration - continuity
equation (one and three dimensional differential forms)- stream line-streak line-path line-
stream function - velocity potential function - flow net. Fluid dynamics - equations of motion -
Euler's equation along a streamline - Bernoulli's equation – applications - venturi meter, orifice
meter and Pitot tube- linear momentum equation and its application to pipe bend.
UNIT III DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODEL STUDIES
Fundamental dimensions - dimensional homogeneity - Rayleigh’s method and Buckingham Pi-
theorem - dimensionless parameters - similitudes and model studies - distorted models.
UNIT IV FLOW THROUGH PIPES
Reynold’s experiment - laminar flow through circular pipe (Hagen poiseulle's) - hydraulic and
energy gradient – flow through pipes - Darcy - Weisbach's equation - pipe roughness -friction
factor- Moody's diagram- major and minor losses of flow in pipes - pipes in series and in
parallel.
UNIT V BOUNDARY LAYER
Boundary layer – definition- boundary layer on a flat plate – laminar and turbulent boundary
layer- displacement, energy and momentum thickness – Momentum integral equation-
Boundary layer separation and control – drag on flat plate.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Modi P.N and Seth "Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic Machines", Standard
Book House New Delhi, 2009.
2. Jain.A.K.., "Fluid Mechanics" (Including Hydraulic Machines), Khanna Publishers, Twelfth
Edition, 2016.
3. Subramanya.K " Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines", Tata McGraw Hill Education
Private Limited, New Delhi, 2010.
4. Rajput.R.K. “Fluid Mechanics", S.Chand and Co, New Delhi, 2008.
REFERENCES:
1. Streeter, V.L., and Wylie, E.B., “Fluid Mechanics”, McGraw Hill, 2000.
2. Fox W.R. and McDonald A.T., Introduction to Fluid Mechanics John-Wiley and Sons,
Singapore, 2013.
3. White, F.M., “Fluid Mechanics”, Tata McGraw Hill, 5th Edition, New Delhi, 2017.
4. Mohd. Kaleem Khan, "Fluid Mechanics and Machinery", Oxford University Press, New Delhi,
2015.
5. Bansal.R.K., “Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines”, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 2013.

DETAILED LESSON PLAN
Sl. Hours Cumulative Book

No Unit Topics to be covered planned hours No.
I. FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLUID STATICS

Fluid – definition, distinction between solid and
1 I fluid - Units and dimensions 1 1 T3
Properties of fluids - density, specific weight,
specific volume, specific gravity, temperature,
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2 I viscosity, compressibility, vapour pressure 1 2 T3
3
w.E I Problems
Fluid statics: concept of fluid static pressure,
2 4 T3
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absolute and gauge pressures - pressure
measurements by manometers and pressure
4 I En gauges 1 5 T3
5 I gin
Problems 1 6 T3
6
7
I
I
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Forces on planes and centre of pressure
Problems
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1
1
7
8
T3
T3
8 I Bouncy and floatation
V. ANALYSIS AND MODEL STUDIES g.n
1 9 T3
9
10
v
v
Fundamental dimensions
dimensional homogeneity, Rayleigh�s method
1
1
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11
T3
T3
11 v Buckingham Pi-Theorem 1 12 T3
12 v Problems 1 13 T3
13 v Dimensionless parameters 1 14 T3
14 v Problems 1 15 T3
Similitude and model studies - Distorted
15 v Models 1 16 T3
16 V Problems 2 18 T3

II. FLIUD KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS

Fluid Kinematics - Flow visualization - lines of
17 II flow 1 19 T3
Types of flow - velocity field and acceleration
Continuity equation (one and three dimensional
18 II differential forms) 1 20 T3
Equation of streamline ,stream function ,
19 II velocity potential function 2 22 T3
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20 II Circulation and flow net. 1 23 T3
21w.EII
Fluid dynamics - equations of motion - Euler's
equation along - a streamline 1 24 T3
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Bernoulli's equation – applications - Venturi
meter, Orifice meter and Pitot tube, Linear
22 II En
momentum equation and its application 3 27 T3
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III. FLOW THROUGH PIPES
23 III ee
Viscous flow - Shear stress, pressure gradient
relationship
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24 III Laminar flow between parallel plates 1 29 T3
Laminar flow through circular tubes (Hagen g.n
25
26
III
III
poiseulle's equation)
Hydraulic and energy gradient
1
1
et 30
31
T3
T3
Flow through pipes - Darcy -Weisbach's
27 III equation 1 32 T3
Pipe roughness -friction factor- Moody's
28 III diagram 1 33 T3
29 III Major and minor losses of flow in pipes 1 34 T3
30 III Problems on major and minor losses. 1 35 T3
31 III Pipes in series and in parallel. 1 36 T3

IV. BOUNDARY LAYER

Boundary layer definition, boundary layer on a
39 IV flat plate. 1 37 T3
Displacement , energy and momentum
40 IV thickness 2 39 T3
Problems on displacement , energy and
42 IV momentum thickness 2 41 T3
43 IV Boundary layer separation and control 1 42 T3
44 IV Problems 1 43 T3
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45 IV Drag in flat plate and drag and lift coefficients 2 45 T3
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UNIT-1
FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLUID STATICS
PART A
1. Define fluid mechanics. ( MAY/JUNE 2010)
It is the branch of science, which deals with the behavior of the fluids (liquids or
gases) at rest as well as in motion.
2. Define Mass Density. (NOV/DEC 2010)
Mass Density or Density is defined as ratio of mass of the fluid to its volume
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(V) Density of water = 1 gm/cm3 or 1000 kg / m3.
3. Define Specific Weight. (MAY/JUNE 2010)
w.E It is the ratio between weight of a fluid to its volume. Unit: N /m3
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Specific Weight = Weight/volume or mass / volume.
4. Define Viscosity.
En (NOV/DEC 2009)
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Viscosity is defined as the property of fluid, which offers resistance to the
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movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of fluid. When
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two
move one over the other at different velocities, say u and u+ du, the viscosity together
layers
with relative velocity causes shear stress acting between the fluid layers. The top layer
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causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress
on the adjacent top layer.
5. State Newton's Law of Viscosity.
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(NOV/DEC 2013)
It states that the shear stress on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the
rate of shear strain. The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of viscosity
6. Name the Types of fluids. (NOV/DEC 2012)
1. Ideal fluid
2. Real fluid
3. Newtonian fluid
4. Non-Newtonian fluid.

5. Ideal plastic fluid

7. Define Compressibility. (NOV/DEC 2012)
Compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus of elasticity, K which is
defined as the ratio of compressive stress to volumetric strain.
8. Define Surface Tension. (NOV/DEC 2012, 13)
Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in
contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact
surface behaves like a membrane under tension. Unit: N / m.
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9. Define Capillarity: (NOV/DEC 2013)
Capillary is defined as a phenomenon of rise of a liquid surface is a small tube
w.E
relative to adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid.
The resistance of liquid surface is known as capillary rise while the fall of the liquid
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surface is known as capillary depression. It is expressed in terms of cm or mm of liquid.
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10. Define Real fluid and Ideal fluid. (MAY10,MAY 12)
Real Fluid:
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A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All fluids, in actual
practice, are real fluids.
Ideal Fluid:
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A fluid, which is incompressible and is having no viscosity, is known as an ideal
fluid. Ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids, which exist, have some
viscosity.
11. Define centre of pressure.
et
(MAY,JUNE 2016)
The centre of pressure is defined as the point of application of total pressure
on the surface.
12. Define bulk modulus. (NOV,MAY14,15)
Bulk modulus is defined as the ratio of change of pressure to the rate of
change of volume.
k= change in pressure/change in volume per original volume
= - dp/(dV/V)

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UNIT-II
FLUID KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS
PA R T A
1. Define fluid Kinematics. (MAY/JUNE 2015)
It is a branch of fluid mechanics which deals with the study of velocity and
acceleration of the particles of fluid in motion and their distribution in space without
considering any force or force or energy involved.
2. Define stream line. (NOV/DEC 2013)
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A stream line is an imaginary line drawn through a flowing fluid in such a way that the
tangent at any point on it indicates the velocity at that point.
w.E
3. Define path line streak line. (NOV/DEC 2013)
A path line is the actual path travelled by an individual fluid particle over a period
of time. asy
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The streak line is a line that is traced by a fluid particle passing through a fixed
point in a flow field.
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4. Can a path line and a stream line cross each other at right angles? Why?
ee (APRIL/MAY 2015)
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It is not possible. A fluid particle always moves tangent to the streamline. In a steady
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flow, the path lines and stream lines are identical. In an unsteady flow, a fluid particle
follows one stream line at one instant and another at the next instant and so on, so that
the path line have no resemblance to any given instantaneous streamline.
5. What is stream tube? Explain.
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(NOV/DEC 2013)
` A stream tube is tube imagined to be formed by a group of neighboring
streamlines passing through a small closed curve which may or may not be circulate.
6. Define circulation. (NOV/DEC 2014)
Circulation is defined as the flow along a closed curve .mathematically the
Circulation is defined as the line integral of tangential velocity about a closed curve.
21

7. Define uniform and non-uniform flow. (MAY/ JUNE 2014, NOV/DEC 2015)
Uniform flow is a fluid flow in which the velocity of any given instant does not
change both in magnitude and direction with respect to spaces.
Non uniform flow is a fluid flow in which the velocity of any given instant does
change both in magnitude and direction with respect to spaces.
8. What are the assumptions made in the derivation of Bernoulli's equation?
(MAY/JUNE 2010)
(i). The fluid is ideal, i.e., Viscosity is zero. (ii). The flow is steady
ww (iii). Te flow is incompressible. (iv).The flow is irrotational.
w.E
9. State the Bernoulli's theorem for steady flow of an incompressible fluid.
It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the total energy
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at any point of the fluid is constant. The total energy consists of pressure energy,
kinetic energy and potential energy or datum energy. These energies per unit
weight of the fluid are: En
Pressure energy = p / Ug
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The mathematically, Bernoulli's theorem is written as
(p/w) + (v2 / 2g) + z = Constant.

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10. Write the equations of motion.
g.n
( MAY/JUNE 2011) (AUC NOV/DEC 2012)
Fx = (Fg)x + (Fp)x+(Fv)x+(Ft)x+(Fc)x
et
If the force due to compressibility, Fc is negligible, the resulting net force.
Fx = (Fg)x + (Fp)x+(Fv)x+(Ft)x
Where Fg = gravity force
Fp = Pressure force
Fv = force due to viscosity
Ft = force due to turbulence
Fc = force due to compressibility
22

11. Define Venturimeter. (AUC MAY/JUNE 2011)

Venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing
through a pipe. It consists of three parts
(i). A short converging part (ii) Throat and (iii) Diverging part.
12. Define Pitot - tube. (NOV/DEC 2012)
Pitot tube is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any point in a pipe
or channel. It is based on the principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero.
13. What is scale of turbulence? (NOV/DEC 2010)
ww The length scale at which the structure functions for turbulence breaks
down with large scale.
w.E
14. What is meant by dynamics of fluid flow? (MAY/JUNE 2013)
The study of fluid motion with the forces causing flow is called dynamics of fluid
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flow. The dynamic behavior of the fluid flow is analyzed by the Newton's second law of
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motion, which relates the acceleration with the forces.
15. Define flownet?
gin (MAY/JUNE 2016,NOV/DEC2015)
A grid obtained by drawing a serious of stream lines and equipotential lines is known
as a flow net.
ee rin
16.Distingush between stream function and velocity potential? (NOV/DEC2015)
g.n
It is defined as a scalar function of space and time,such that its partial derivation with
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respect to any direction gives the velocity components at right angles to this direction
23

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UNIT 4
UNIT 3
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
PART A
1. What is hydraulic mean depth or hydraulic radius?
Hydraulic ratio is the ratio of cross sectional area to the perimeter of that section.
2. Define critical velocity.
The velocity at which the flow changes from laminar to the turbulent for the case of a
given fluid at a given temperature in a given pipe is known as critical velocity.
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3. Difference between hydraulic gradient line and total energy line.
The sum of pressure head and datum head at a particular point of a flowing fluid is equal
w.E
to hydraulic gradient if the points of hydraulics gradient at different sections are connected are
called HGL.
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The sum of pressure head, datum head and velocity head at a particular point of a
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flowing fluid is equal to total head. if the total energy at different section are joint together then
the line is referred as TEL.
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4. Difference between pipes in series and parallel. (NOV/DEC 2009 & APR/MAY
2013)
ee rin
The pipes of different diameter and lengths are connected with one another to form a
single pipe line.
g.n
When a main pipe line is divided into two or more parallel pipes which again joint
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together to form a single pipe and continue as a main line. These pipes are said to be pipes in
parallel.
5. State the significance of the moody diagram. (APR/MAY 2011)
x A graph in non dimensional form that relates the darcy friction factor, Reynolds number
and relative roughness for a fully developed flow in a circular pipe.
x It can be used for working out pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe.
43

6. Define viscous flow.
A flow is said to be viscous if the Reynolds number is less than 2000 or the fluid
flows in layers.
7. Write the formula for finding the loss of head due to entrance of pipe hi?
hi = 0.5 ( V2 / 2g)
8.Define Water Hammer in pipes. (MAY/JUNE 2012)
In a long pipe, when the flowing water is suddenly brought to rest by closing the
Valve or by any similar cause, there will be a sudden rise in pressure due to the
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momentum of water being destroyed. A pressure wave is transmitted along the pipe.
w.E
A sudden rise in pressure has the effect of hammering action on the walls of the pipe.
This phenomenon of rise in pressure is known as water hammer or hammer blow.
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9.Discuss the importance of Darcy weisbach formula (NOV/DEC 2011)
It relates the head loss or pressure loss due to friction along a given length
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of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow. This formula is mainly used in
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fluid flow analysis based on Reynolds number.
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10. What is the major loss in a pipe line
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The energy loss mainly due to friction between fluids layers is
(NOV/DEC 2012)
called major energy loss.

11. What are the characteristics of laminar flow? g.n (MAY2010)
x There is a shear stress between fluids layers
x No slip at the boundary
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x The flow is rotational
x There is a continuous dissipation of energy due to viscous shear. So the energy must
be supplied to maintain the flow
12. what is the minor loss in a pipe line (NOV/DEC 2012)
The energy loss mainly due to change of velocity of the flow in fluid in
the magnitude or direction is called minor energy loss.
44

13.Write down the chezy’s formula. (MAY/JUNE 2008, 2012)

Chezy’s formula is generally used for the flow through open channel.
V = C √𝑚 𝑖
Where , C = chezy’s constant, m = hydraulic mean depth and i = hf/ L.
14.What is the formula to find the Efficiency of power transmission through
pipes?
n = ( H–hf) / H
where, H = total head at inlet of
ww pipe. hf = head lost due to

friction
w.E
15. Find the type of flow of an oil of relative density 0.9 and dynamic viscosity
20poise, flowing through a pipe of diameter 20 cm and giving a discharge
of 10 lps. asy
Solution :
En
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s = relative density = Specific gravity = 0.9
μ = Dynamic viscosity = 20 poise = 2 Ns/m2.
D = Dia of pipe
D = 0.2 m
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Discharge Q = 10 lps = (10 / 1000) m /s3
g.n
Q = AV.
So V = Q / A = [10 / (1000 X ( � ( 0.2)2) )] = 0.3183 m/s.
Kinematic viscosity = v = μ/ ρ = [ 2 / (0.9X1000)] = 2.222X10-3 m2
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/ s. Reynolds number Re = VD / v
Re = [0.3183 X 0.2 / 2.222X10-3] =
28.647; Since Re ( 28.647) < 2000, It is Laminar flow.
45

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UNIT 5
UNIT 4
BOUNDARY LAYER
PA R T A
1) For a given velocity profile, how to determine whether the flow has separated or
not? (APR/MAY 2015)
(OR)
Write the condition for separation of boundary layer.

ww For a given velocity profile, it can be determined whether the boundary layer has
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separated (or) on the verge of separation (or) will not separate from the following
conditions:
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En
𝜕𝑢
If � � = Negative ----- Flow is not separated
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
𝜕𝑢
If � � =0 gin
----- Flow is on the verge of separation
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𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
𝜕𝑢
If � �
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
= Positive
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----- Flow will not separate or flow will remain attached
with the surface g.n

2) How the drag and lift acting on a body moving in the fluid of density ρ at a
uniform velocity U are calculated mathematically?
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(APR/MAY 2015)
FD = 0.73 bU �𝜌𝜇𝑈𝐿
FD = 1/2 CD ρ AU2
FL = 1/2 CL ρ AU2
63

3) What are the different methods of preventing the separation of boundary layer?
(NOV/DEC 2014)
x Suction of slow moving fluid by suction slot

x Supplying additional energy from a blower
x Providing a bypass in the slotted wring
x Rotating boundary in the direction of flow.
x Providing small divergence in diffuser
x Providing guide – blades in a bend.
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4) Define the terms: Drag and Lift (NOV/DEC 2014)
w.E Drag : It is the force excerted by the fluid in the direction of motion.
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Lift : It is the force excerted by the fluid in the direction perpendicular to the
direction of motion
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5) Define laminar boundary layer.
gin (MAY 2014)
ee
Near the leading edge of the surface of the plate, the thickness of boundary layer is
rin
small and flow is laminar. This layer of fluid is said to be laminar boundary layer. The
length of the plate from the leading edge, up to which laminar boundary layer exists is
called as laminar zone. In this the velocity profile is parabolic. g.n
6) List the various types of boundary layer thickness. et (NOV 2009)
x Displacement thickness (δ*)

x Momentum thickness (θ)
x Energy thickness (δ**)
64

7) Define displacement thickness. (NOV 2012, 2013)
The displacement thickness is defined as the distance by which the boundary

should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in flow rate on account of boundary
layer formation.
δ* = ∫ [ 1 - (u/U) ] dy
8) Define momentum thickness. (NOV 2012, 2013)

The momentum thickness is defined as the distance by which the boundary should
ww
be displaced to compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on
account of boundary layer formation.
w.E θ = ∫ [(u/U)-(u/U)2] dy
9) Define Energy thickness asy

En
The energy thickness is defined as the distance by which the boundary should be
gin
displaced compensate for the reduction in kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account
of boundary layer formation.
δ** = ∫ [(u/U)-(u/U)3] dy
ee rin
10) What is mean by the term separation of boundary layer? g.n
et
The phenomenon of boundary layer deflecting sideway, due to loss of kinetic
energy, from the boundary separating it and moving into the main stream is called as
Separation of Boundary Layer.
11) Define transition zone.
After laminar zone, the laminar boundary layer becomes unstable and the fluid
motion transformed to turbulent boundary layer. This short length over which the
changes taking place is called as transition zone.
65

12) Define turbulent boundary.
Further downstream of transition zone, the boundary layer is turbulent and

continuous to grow in thickness. This layer of boundary is called turbulent boundary
layer.
13) Write the different classification of boundary layer.
Based on the types of flow, the flow over a flat plate is classified into:
wwx Laminar Boundary Layer / Laminar Zone
w.E
x Transition Zone
asy
x Turbulent Boundary Layer / Turbulent Zone
x Laminar Sub Layer
En
14) Define boundary layer thickness.
gin
It is defined as the distance from the solid boundary measured in y-direction to the
ee
point, where the velocity of fluid is approximately equal to 0.99 times the free stream
velocity of the fluid. It is denoted by δ. rin
15) Write the characteristics of boundary layer g.n
et
x The boundary layer thickness increases as the distance from the leading edge
increases.
x The increase in the velocity of flowing fluid decreases the thickness of boundary
layer.
x Greater kinematic viscosity of the fluid increases the viscosity of the fluid, results
in greater the boundary layer thickness.
x The boundary layer thickness is considerably affected by the pressure gradient.
66

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UNIT 3
UNIT 5
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODEL STUDIES
PA R T A
1) Examine whether the equation v=�𝟐𝒈𝑯 is dimensionally homogeneous.
( APRIL/MAY 2015)
LHS v= M0L1T-1
RHS �𝑔 = (M0L1T-2)1/2 = M0L1/2T-1
√𝐻 = (M0L1T0)1/2 = M0L1/2T0
ww 0 1/2 -1 0 1/2 0
�2𝑔𝐻 = (M L T ) (M L T )
w.E = M0L1T-1 = LHS

The given equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
asy
2) Write the advantages of distorted models. (APRIL/MAY 2015, NOV/DEC 2014)
x The vertical dimensions of the model can be measured accurately.
En
x The cost of model can be reduced.
gin
x Turbulent flow in the model can be maintained.
ee
3) Define Froude’s number and write its expression.
rin
(NOV/DEC 2014)
The Froude’s Number is defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force to
the gravity force acting on the fluid flow.
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
g.n
Froude’s Number = �
Fe = Fr = �
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜌𝐿2 𝑣 2
et
𝜌𝐿3 𝑔
𝑉
Fr =
�𝑔 𝐿
4) What is dynamic similarity in dimensional analysis? (APRIL/MAY 2011)

Dynamic similarities exists between model and prototype which are geometrically
and kinematically similar and if the ratio of all the forces acting on the model and
prototype and equal.
79

5) What are the uses of dimensional analysis? ( NOV 2009)

x It helps in testing the dimensional homogeneity of any equation of fluid motion.
x It helps in deriving equations expressed in terms of non-dimensional parameters.
x It helps in planning model tests and presenting experimental results in a systematic
manner
6) Define dimensional homogeneity. (NOV 2012, 2013)
An equation is said to be dimensionally homogeneous if the dimensions of the
terms on its LHS (Left Hand Side) are same as the dimensions of the terms on its RHS
ww
(Right Hand Side).
7) State Buckingham’s theorem. (MAY, NOV 2014)
w.E It states that “if there are ‘n’ variables (both dependent and independent variables)
in a physical phenomenon and if these variables contain ‘m’ functional dimensions and
asy
are related by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, and then the variables are
En
arranged into n-m dimensionless terms.
x Kinematic similarities gin

8) List the types of similarities or similitude used in model analysis. (MAY 2013)
x Geometric similarities
x Dynamic similarities
ee rin
9) Define geometric similarities.
g.n (NOV 2012)
et
A geometric similarity exists between the model and prototype if the ratio of
corresponding lengths, dimensions in the model and the prototype are equal. Such a ratio
is known as “Scale ratio”.
10) Define kinematic similarities. (MAY, NOV 2012)
A kinematic similarity exists between the model and the prototype if the paths of
the homogeneous moving particles are geometrically similar and if the ratio of the flow
properties is equal.
80

11) Define distorted model. (MAY 2013)

Distorted models are those in which one or more terms of the model at not
identical with their counterparts in the prototype.
12) Define scale effect. (MAY 2012)
An effect in fluid flow results from changing the scale, but not the shape, of a
body around which the flow passes. It is known as the scale effect.
13) List the steps in determining the π groups. (APRIL/MAY 2011)
Total number of π terms = n-m
ww Where
n -variables
w.E m- fundamental dimensions

According to Buckingham’s π theorem, a non dimensional equation in terms of π
asy
terms can be obtained to represent the equation (1), which is given by
En
F1 [π 1, π 2, π 3, . . . π n-m] = C1
gin
14) What are the types of dimensionless numbers?
x Reynold’s Number
x Froude’s Number
x Euler’s Number
ee rin
x Weber’s Number
g.n
x Mach’s Number
et
15) Define model and prototype.
The small scale replica of an actual structure or the machine is known as its
Model, while the actual structure or machine is called Prototype. Mostly models are such
smaller than the corresponding prototype.
81

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INDUSTRIAL CONNECTIVITY OF FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics as a sub-discipline o f civil engineering is concerned wit h the flow and
conveyance o f fluids, principally water . One feature of these systems is the extensive use o f
gravit y as the motive force to cause the movement of the fluids. This area o f civil engineering is
int imately related to the design o f bridges, dams, channels, canals, and levees, and to both
sanitary and environmental engineering.
The application o f fluid mechanics principles is mainly with problems dealing with the
collect ion, storage, control, transport, regulat ion, measurement, and use of water. It actually
develops conceptual designs for the various features which interact with water such as spillways
and outlet works for dams, culverts for highways, canals and related structures for irrigat ion
projects, and cooling-water facilit ies for thermal power plants.
ww
The various applicat ions o f fluid mechanics in construction industries are as fo llows,
w.E
Hydroelectric dams:
The steel and concrete structure of hydroelectric dam ho lds back millio ns o f tons o f
asy
water fro m the river or other body. The water nearest to the top has enormous potential energy.
Hydroelectric power is generated by allowing controlled streams of this water to flow downward,
collect ing kinet ic energy that is then transferred to powering turbines, which in turn creates
electric power.
En
Pump & motor:
gin
Pump is a device which is made for moving fluid, and it is done by developing a pressure
ee
difference, causing the fluid to move fro m an area of high pressure to low pressure. Its procedure
is based on both Pascal's and Bernoulli's principles.
Elevators: rin
g.n
Modern elevator or lift systems are driven by hydraulic or electric mot ion. Speeds rarely
exceed 0.75m/s and no overhead lift ing gear is needed. The total installation costs of these lift s
are comparatively lower.
Telescopic Cranes:
et
Cranes are used to lift things high off the ground, such as for lift ing materials to the upper
floors of a building under construction. Telescopic cranes rely largely on the advantages of
hydraulics for their effect iveness. These cranes have high effic iency rat ings because there are
few mo ving parts and friction is reduced by using oil-based fluids. They reach to heights about
60m.
Water Slides or roller coasters:

Coaster cars are driven by gravit y. At the beginning of the ride, the coaster car rises higher in the
air, its potential energy increases and then it is released fro m the top of the hill, and gravit y pulls
it down the track by converting potential energy to kinet ic energy. Water slides too work on
exactly the same principle.
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S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

a Aim and Objective of the subject I

c Detailed Lesson Plan I II

j U nit IVV – Boundary layer -Part-A

i Industrial Practical connectivity of the subject 96

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AIM AND OBJECTIVE

1. Develop an understanding of fluid dynamics in civil engineering as well as a variety of

5. A knowledge of laminar and turbulent boundary layer fundamentals. et

6. An exposure to recent developments in fluid mechanics, with application to civil

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CE8302 FLUID MECHANICS

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DETAILED LESSON PLAN

Sl. Hours Cumulative Book

I. FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLUID STATICS

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II. FLIUD KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS

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IV. BOUNDARY LAYER

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5. Ideal plastic fluid

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ww (iii). Te flow is incompressible. (iv).The flow is irrotational.

(p/w) + (v2 / 2g) + z = Constant.

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11. Define Venturimeter. (AUC MAY/JUNE 2011)

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