CE6403

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CE6403 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING L T P C 3 1 0 4

OBJECTIVES:
To introduce the students to various hydraulic engineering problems like open channel flows and
hydraulic machines. At the completion of the course, the student should be able to relate the
theory and practice of problems in hydraulic engineering.
UNIT I UNIFORM FLOW 9 Definition

and differences between pipe flow and open channel flow - Types of Flow - Properties of open
channel - Fundamental equations - Velocity distribution in open channel - Steady uniform flow:
Chezy equation, Manning equation - Best hydraulic sections for uniform flow - Computation in
Uniform Flow - Specific energy and specific force - Critical depth and velocity.
ww
UNIT II GRADUALLY V ARIED FLOW 9
Dynamic equations of gradually varied and spatially varied flows - Water surface flow profile
classifications: Hydraulic Slope, Hydraulic Curve - Profile determination by Numerical method:
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Direct step method and Standard step method, Graphical method - Applications.
UNIT III RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW 9 Application
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of the energy equation for RVF - Critical depth and velocity - Critical, Sub-critical and Super-
critical flow - Application of the momentum equation for RVF - Hydraulic jumps - Types -
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Energy dissipation - Surges and surge through channel transitions.
UNIT IV TURBINES
gin 9
Impact of Jet on vanes - Turbines - Classification - Reaction turbines - Francis turbine, Radial
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flow turbines, draft tube and cavitation - Propeller and Kaplan turbines - Impulse turbine -
Performance of turbine - Specific speed - Runaway speed - Similarity laws.
UNIT V PUMPS
rin 9 Centrifugal
g.n
pumps - Minimum speed to start the pump - NPSH - Cavitations in pumps - Operating
characteristics - Multistage pumps - Reciprocating pumps - Negative slip - Flow separation
et
conditions - Air vessels, indicator diagrams and its variations - Savings in work done - Rotary
pumps: Gear pump. TOTAL (L:45+T:15): 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Jain. A.K., "Fluid Mechanics", Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2010.
2. Modi P.N. and Seth S.M., "Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics", Standard Book House, New Delhi,
2002. 3. Subramanya K., "Flow in open channels", Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2000.
REFERENCES:
1. Ven Te Chow, "Open Channel Hydraulics", McGraw Hill, New York, 2009.
2. Rajesh Srivastava, "Flow through open channels", Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2008.
3. Bansal, "Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines", Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, 2008.
4. Mays L. W., "Water Resources Engineering", John Wiley and Sons (WSE), New York, 2005

CE6403 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

1. AIM:
ÿ To introduce the students to various hydraulic engineering problems like open

channel flows and hydraulic machines.
ÿ At the completion of the course, the student should be able to relate the theory
and practice of problems in hydraulic engineering.
.
2. OBJECTIVES:
ww The following are the objectives of various topics:

ÿ
ÿ
w.E
This course enables the students to understand the flow phenomena in
rivers,streams and man-made channel.
It enables the students to gain basic knowledge about the design of sewer ,
ÿ asy
irrigation channel etc.,
This course serves as a pre-requisite for the Subjects Environmental
ÿ
Engineering-I&II.
En
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This course enables the students to gain idea about hydro power generation.
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3. Need and Importance for Study of the Subject
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∑ This course enables the students to understand the flow phenomena in
rivers,streams and man-made channel.
g.n
∑ It enables the students to gain basic knowledge about the design of sewer ,
irrigation channel etc.,
∑ This course serves as a pre-requisite for the Subjects Environmental
et
Engineering-I&II.
∑ This course enables the students to gain idea about hydro power generation.
4. Industry Connectivity and Latest Developments
∑ Water supply and deign of pipe lines

∑ Irrigation channels
∑ hydropower generation

Department of Civil Engineering
Detailed Lesson Plan
Name of the Subject& Code CE6403 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
TEXT BOOKS:
1.Jain. A.K., "Fluid Mechanics", Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2010.
2.Modi P.N. and Seth S.M., "Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics", Standard Book House, NewDelhi,
2002.
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3. Subramanya K., "Flow in open channels", Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2000.
REFERENCES:
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1. Ven Te Chow, "Open Channel Hydraulics", McGraw Hill, New York, 2009.
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2.Rajesh Srivastava,"Flow through open channels",Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2008.
3.Bansal, "Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines", Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, 2008.
En Hours
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Cumulati Books
Sl. No Unit Topic / Portions to be Covered Required /
ve Hrs Referred
Planned
1.
2.
1
1
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Definition and differences between pipe flow and
open channel flow
Types of Flow - Properties of open channel rin
1
1
1
2
T-3
T-3
3. 1 Fundamental equations ,Velocity distribution in

open channel g.n
1 3 T-3
4.
5.
1
1
Steady uniform flow: Chezy equation, Manning
equation
Definition and differences between pipe flow and
open channel flow
2
1
et 5
6
T-3,R3
T-3, R3
6. 1 Best hydraulic sections for uniform flow 3 9 T-3, R3
7. 1 Computation in Uniform Flow 1 10 T-3, R3
8. 1 Specific energy and specific force 1 11 T-3
9. 1 Critical depth and velocity. 1 12 T-3
2 Dynamic equations of gradually varied and 1 13 T-2,T-3

10.
spatially varied flows
2 Problem in Dynamic equations of gradually varied 1 14 T-2,T-3
11.
and flow

12. 2 Water surface flow profile classifications 1 15 T-2,T-3
2 Problems in Water surface flow profile 1 16 T-2,T-3

13.
classifications
14. 2 Hydraulic Slope, Hydraulic Curve 1 17 T-2,T-3
15. 2 Slope determination 1 18 T-2,T-3
2 Profile determination by Numerical method: 1 19 T-2,T-3

16.
Direct step method
2 Profile determination by Numerical method: 1 20 T-2,T-3
17.
Direct step method
18. 2 Standard step method 1 21 T-2,T-3
2 1 22 T-2,T-3
19.
20. ww
2
Problems in Standard step method
Graphical method - Applications 1 23 T-2,T-3
21.
22.
2
3w.E Problem solving
Application of the energy equation for RVF

1
1
24
25
T-2,T-3
T-2,T-3
23. 3
asy
Critical depth and velocity 1 26 T-2,T-3
24. 3
En
Critical depth and velocity-problems 1 27 T-2,T-3
gin
25. 3 Critical, Sub-critical and Super-critical flow 1 28 T-2,T-3
26. 3 Application of the momentum equation for RVF 1 29 T-2,T-3
27.
28.
3
3
ee
Hydraulic jumps - Types
Hydraulic jumps-problems
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1
1
30
31
T-2,T-3
T-2,T-3
29. 3 Energy dissipation

g.n
1 32 T-2,T-3
30.
31.
3
3
Surges and surge through channel transitions.
Surges and surge through channel transitions.

1
1
et 33
34
35
T-2,T-3
T-2,T-3
T-2,T-3
32. Surges-problems
33. 3 Problem solving 1 36 T-2,T-3
34. 4 Impact of Jet on vanes 1 37 T-2,R-3
35. 4 Impact of Jet on vanes 1 38 T-2,R-3
36. 4 Turbines - Classification 1 39 T-2,R-3
37. 4 Reaction turbines - Francis turbine 1 40 T-2,R-3
38. 4 Radial flow turbines 1 41 T-2,R-3

39. 4 draft tube and cavitation 1 42 T-2,R-3
40. 4 Propeller and Kaplan turbines 1 43 T-2,R-3
41. 4 Impulse turbine 1 44 T-2,R-3
42. 4 Performance of turbine 1 45 T-2,R-3
43. 4 Specific speed - Runaway speed 1 46 T-2,R-3
44. 4 Similarity laws 1 47 T-2,R-3
45. 4 Problem solving 1 48 T-2,R-3
46. 5 Centrifugal pumps-working principle 1 49 T-2,R-3
47.
ww
5 Minimum speed to start the pump 1 50 T-2,R-3
w.E
48. 5 NPSH - Cavitations in pumps 1 51 T-2,R-3
49. 5 Operating characteristics 1 52 T-2,R-3
50. 5
5 asyMultistage pumps 1
1
53
54
T-2,R-3
T-2,R-3
51.
52. 5
En
Reciprocating pumps - working principle
Negative slip - Flow separation conditions 1 55 T-2,R-3
53. 5
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Air vessels 1 56 T-2,R-3
54.
55.
5
5 ee
indicator diagrams and its variations
Savings in work done

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1
1
57
58
T-2,R-3
T-2,R-3
56.
57.
5
5
Rotary pumps: Gear pump
Problem solving g.n

1
1
59
60
T-2,R-3
T-2,R-3
et

UNIT 1 UNIFORM FLOW
PART A
1. Define open channel flow with examples.

Flow of liquid with a free surface (i.e., surface exposed to atmosphere) through
any passage is known as open channel flow. The liquid flowing through any closed
passage without touching the top can also treated as open channels.
Examples:
1. Flow in natural waterfalls, river and streams
ww 2. Flow in artificial or man-made channels such as irrigation channels and flumes.

3. Closed conduit or pipe carries liquid partially (sewers that carry domestic or industrial
w.E waste water). Generally, liquid flowing in open channel in water.
2. Explain laminar and turbulent flow.

(a) Laminar flow:
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If Reynolds number of flow is less than 500, it is called as Laminar flow. The
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value of Reynolds number is between 500 and 2000, the flow is transitional.
(b) Turbulent flow:
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For values of Reynolds number greater than 2000, the flow is turbulent.
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3. What are the various types of flow in open channels?
The flow in open channel is classified into the following types:
(a) Steady and unsteady flow rin
(b) Uniform and non- uniform flow
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(c) Laminar and turbulent flow
(d) Subcritical, critical and supercritical flow.
4. Define the term uniform flow.
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If the depth of flow, slope of the bed of channel and cross section remain
constant with respect to distance is called uniform flow.
∂y V
=0, =0
∂s ∂s

5. Define non uniform flow.

Flow properties, such as depth of flow, velocity of flow are not constant with
respect to distance is called non uniform flow.
∂y ∂V
≠0, ≠0
∂s ∂s
6. Distinguish between steady and unsteady flow.

In steady flow, various characteristics of flowing fluids such as velocity, pressure,
density, temperature etc. at a point do not change with time. In other words, a steady
ww flow may be defined as that in which the various characteristics are independent of time.
w.E
Mathematically it can be expressed as
∂u
=0,
∂v
=0 ;
∂w
=0
∂t
asy ∂t ∂t
∂p
=0, En
∂ρ
=0
∂t ∂t
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In unsteady flow, various characteristics of flowing fluids such as velocity,
pressure, density, etc. at a point change with respect to time.
Mathematically,
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v
≠ 0 and (or )
p
≠0 ... etc g.n
t t
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Unsteadiness refers to the change of flow pattern with the passage of time at a position in
the flow.
7. Explain the terms: (i) Gradually varied flow and (ii) Rapidly varied flow. [Anna
Univ.Nov’07&Nov’08]
1. Gradually varied flow

If the depth of flow changes gradually over a long length of the channel, the
flow is said to gradually varied flow (GVF)

2. Rapidly varied flow.

If the depth of flow changes rapidly over a small length of the
channel, the flow is said to be rapidly varied flow.
8. Write down the formula for Froude number
V
Froute Number F = < 1.0
gD
Where
ww V = Average velocity of flow in m/s

g = Acceleration due to gravity =9.81 m / s2
w.E D = Hydraulic depth in meter
= asy
Cross Section Area of flow
Top Width
=
A
T
9. Define hydraulic mean depth. En
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D = Hydraulic depth in meter
Top Width
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= Cross Section Area of flow = A
T
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10.Define specific energy. [Anna Univ.Nov’06&Nov’08]
g.n
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Specific energy of a flowing liquid is defined as energy per unit weight of a liquid
with respect to the bottom of the channel. By a symbol E.
V2
E = y+
2g
Where
E = Specific Energy
V = Velocity of flow
y = Depth of flow

11. Define critical flow.

Depth of flow of water at which the specific energy. E is minimum is called as critical
depth (yc)
For rectangular channel, critical depth,
q2
1
3
hc =
g
12.Define critical velocity.

Velocity of flow at the critical depth is called critical velocity Vc
ww Vc = g * yc
w.E
Where
yc = Critical Depth
g
asy
= Acceleration due to gravity
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13.Distinguish between critical, sub critical and subcritical flows.
Critical flow:
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Depth of flow of water at which the specific energy is minimum is called as critical
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flow. Otherwise, flow corresponding to critical depth is called as critical flow.
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For Critical Depth
Froute Number F =
V
= 1.0 g.n
Where D = Hydraulic Mean Depth
gD
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Area of flow A
=
Top Width T
Sub critical flow:

When the depth of flow in a channel is greater than the critical depth yc, the flow
is called as sub critical flow. It is otherwise, called as streaming flow or tranquil flow.
For sub critical flow, Froude number, F<1

Super critical flow:

When the depth of flow in a channel is less than the critical flow, yc,
the flow is called as sub critical flow or torrential flow. For supercritical flow, Froude
number, F>1
14. Differentiate prismatic and non-prismatic channels.
Prismatic channel
Geometric dimensions of the channel, such as cross section and bottom slope
ww are constant throughout the length of the channel is called as a prismatic channel.
Eg. Most of the artificial channels of circular, rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular cross
w.E
section are called prismatic channels.
Non- prismatic channel
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Geometric dimensions of the channel, such as cross section and bottom slope
are constant for length of the channel is called as a non-prismatic channel. Eg. All natural
En
channels such as river, are non-prismatic channels.
gin
15. Explain specific force (Fc) [Anna Univ. Nov’08]
ee
Specific force is the sum of the pressure force (F) and momentum force due to flow (M)
per unit weight of the liquid at a section.
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Specific Force = Fs =
F +M
g.n
Where
γ
γ = weight density of Liquid

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UNIT-II GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

PART-A
1.Define gradually varying flow.
If the change in depth in a varying flow is gradual so that the curvature of the streaming line is
not excessive such flow is called gradually varying flow.
2.Define afflux.
The maximum increase in water level due to obstruction in the path of flow is known as afflux.
3.Define length of backwater curve.

The distance along the bed of the channel between the section where water starts raising to the
section where water is having maximum height is known as the length of the back water curve.
4.What do mean by M1 profile?
ww
The most common of all gradually varying flow is of M1 type which is a sub critical flow
condition obstructions to flow such as wiers,dams etc…which produce M1 profile.
w.E
5.What are the types of flow profile?
 Mild slope profile
asy
 Steep slope profile
 Critical slope profile
 Horizontal bed profile
En
 Adverse slope profile
6.What do you mean by M2 profile?
gin
The M2 profile occurs at a sudden drop in the bed of the channel in to the ponds or pools or
lakes.
7.What do mean by M3 profile? ee

The M3 profile occurs the flow yielding from a spillway or a sluice gate.
rin
8.What do you know Drop down curve?
g.n
The water surface has a convex profile upwards this curve is called drop down curve.
9.What are the assumptions of gradually varying flow profile?

1.Pressure distribution at any section is assumed to be hydrostatic.
et
2.The velocity distribution at the channel section is fixed
3.The channel is prismatic
4.The roughness coefficient is independent of the depth of flow.
10. What are the methods used for finding gradually varying flow profile?
1.Direct integration method
2.Numerical method
3.Graphical representation method.
11.What the two cases where distance of the normal depth of flow does not exit?
(a) When the channel bed is horizontal.
(b) When the channel bed has a adverse slope.
28

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UNIT-III RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW

PART-A
1.Define sub critical flow.
If the froude number is less than one then the flow is said to be subcritical flow
2.Define critical flow.

If the froude number is less equal to one it is called as critical flow.
3.Define supercritical flow.

If the froude number is greater than one it is called as super critical flow.
4.Define Rapidly varying flow.

If the curvature in a varied flow is large and depth changes appreciably over short length it is called
rapidly varying flow.
ww
5.Define hydraulic jump
The raise of water level which takes place due to the transformation of the unstable shooting flow
w.E
(super critical flow) to a stable Streaming flow ( sub critical flow ) is called hydraulic jump.
6.Write down the expression for energy loss due to hydraulic jump?
Where asy
HL = (d2-d1)3 / (4d1d2)
HL – energy loss due to hydraulic jump
En
D2 - depth of flow after the jump
D1 -- depth of flow before the jump
gin
7.What do you mean by length of hydraulic jump?
ee
This is defined as the length between the two sections where one section is taken before the hydraulic
jump and the second section is taken immediately after the jump.
rin
8.What are the types of hydraulic jump?
1. Critical flow g.n
2. Undular jump
3. Weak jump
4. Oscillating jump
5. Steady jump
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6. Strong jump
9.What is a surge?
A moving hydraulic jump is called Surge. A surge is a rapid increase in the depth of flow. A
surge may result from sudden release of water from a dam. There are two types, They are (i)Positive
Surge ,(ii)Negative surge.
10.Name some devices to dissipate energy .

1. Stilling basins
2. Flip buckets
3. Roller buckets
48

11. What do you mean by length of hydraulic jump?
This is defined as the length between the two sections where one section is taken
before the hydraulic jump and the second section is taken immediately after the jump.
12. What are the assumptions of gradually varying flow profile?

1.Pressure distribution at any section is assumed to be hydrostatic.
2.The velocity distribution at the channel section is fixed
3.The channel is prismatic
4.The roughness coefficient is independent of the depth of flow.
13. Write down the dynamic equation for gradually varied flow.
. ww d S Se
w.E y
d
1
v2
gy
x
asy
Where
En
gin
S = slope of the bed
Se= slope of the energy line
ee
v = depth of flow of the rectangular channel
g=velocity of the flow rin

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CE6403

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CE6403 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING L T P C 3 1 0 4

UNIT I UNIFORM FLOW 9 Definition

UNIT III RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW 9 Application

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CE6403 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

ÿ To introduce the students to various hydraulic engineering problems like open

ww The following are the objectives of various topics:

4. Industry Connectivity and Latest Developments

∑ Water supply and deign of pipe lines

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Department of Civil Engineering

Detailed Lesson Plan

Name of the Subject& Code CE6403 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

1.Jain. A.K., "Fluid Mechanics", Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2010.

3. 1 Fundamental equations ,Velocity distribution in

6. 1 Best hydraulic sections for uniform flow 3 9 T-3, R3

7. 1 Computation in Uniform Flow 1 10 T-3, R3

8. 1 Specific energy and specific force 1 11 T-3

9. 1 Critical depth and velocity. 1 12 T-3

2 Dynamic equations of gradually varied and 1 13 T-2,T-3

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12. 2 Water surface flow profile classifications 1 15 T-2,T-3

2 Problems in Water surface flow profile 1 16 T-2,T-3

15. 2 Slope determination 1 18 T-2,T-3

2 Profile determination by Numerical method: 1 19 T-2,T-3

Graphical method - Applications 1 23 T-2,T-3

3w.E Problem solving

Application of the energy equation for RVF

26. 3 Application of the momentum equation for RVF 1 29 T-2,T-3

29. 3 Energy dissipation

Surges and surge through channel transitions.

33. 3 Problem solving 1 36 T-2,T-3

34. 4 Impact of Jet on vanes 1 37 T-2,R-3

35. 4 Impact of Jet on vanes 1 38 T-2,R-3

36. 4 Turbines - Classification 1 39 T-2,R-3

37. 4 Reaction turbines - Francis turbine 1 40 T-2,R-3

38. 4 Radial flow turbines 1 41 T-2,R-3

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39. 4 draft tube and cavitation 1 42 T-2,R-3

40. 4 Propeller and Kaplan turbines 1 43 T-2,R-3

41. 4 Impulse turbine 1 44 T-2,R-3

42. 4 Performance of turbine 1 45 T-2,R-3

43. 4 Specific speed - Runaway speed 1 46 T-2,R-3

44. 4 Similarity laws 1 47 T-2,R-3

45. 4 Problem solving 1 48 T-2,R-3

46. 5 Centrifugal pumps-working principle 1 49 T-2,R-3

49. 5 Operating characteristics 1 52 T-2,R-3

Negative slip - Flow separation conditions 1 55 T-2,R-3

Savings in work done

Problem solving g.n

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UNIT 1 UNIFORM FLOW

1. Define open channel flow with examples.

ww 2. Flow in artificial or man-made channels such as irrigation channels and flumes.

w.E waste water). Generally, liquid flowing in open channel in water.

2. Explain laminar and turbulent flow.

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5. Define non uniform flow.

6. Distinguish between steady and unsteady flow.

1. Gradually varied flow