A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PINEAPPLE JUICE’S

EFFECTIVENESS AS A CLEANING AGENT

NUR FAIZATUL NADIRAH RAZAHA (2014433412)

NUR NADIA HAZIQAH AB JALIL (2014263712)
JAMILAH MOHAMED SALLEH (2014493762)

DIPLOMA IN SCIENCE
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

SEPTEMBER 2016
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PINEAPPLE JUICE’S EFFECTIVENESS AS A
CLEANING AGENT

NUR FAIZATUL NADIRAH RAZAHA (2014433412)

NUR NADIA HAZIQAH AB JALIL (2014263712)
JAMILAH MOHAMED SALLEH (2014493762)

Mini Project Report Submitted in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Diploma in Science
in the Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA

SEPTEMBER 2016
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the thesis is based on our original work except for quotations

and citations which have been duly acknowledged. We also declare that it has not

been previously or concurrently submitted for any other report at Universiti Teknologi

MARA or other institutions.

___________________
Nur Faizatul Nadirah Razaha

___________________

Nur Nadia Haziqah Ab Jalil

___________________
Jamilah Mohamed Salleh
This Final Year Project Report entitled “A Preliminary Study of The Effectiveness of
Pineapple Juice’s Effectiveness as a Cleaning Agent in Universiti Teknologi MARA
Pahang” was submitted by Nur Faizatul Nadirah Razaha (2014433412), Nur Nadia
Haziqah Ab Jalil (2014263712), and Jamilah Mohamed Salleh (2014493762), in
partial fulfillment for the Diploma in Science, in the Faculty of Applied Science, and
was approved by

_________________________
Nor Amira Abdul Rahman
Supervisor
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang

_________________________
Sharifah Faezah Syed Mohamad
Project Coordinator
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA (Pahang)
_________________________
Dr Hj Mohd Zahari Bin Abdullah@Rafie
Head Of Science Study Department
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA (Pahang)

Date: __________________ Date: __________________

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Upon completion of this project, we would like to express our gratitude to many

parties. Our heartful thanks to our BIO300 project supervisor, Miss Nor Amira Abdul

Rahman who give us inspirations, encouragement and also helped us to manage this

project. We also would like to acknowledge with much appreciation to all laboratory

assistance and other lecturers for helping us with our project and all the guidance

given.

Nur Faizatul Nadirah Razaha

Nur Nadia Haziqah Ab Jalil
Jamilah Mohamed Salleh

\
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DECLARATION iii
APPROVAL SHEET iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF PLATE ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x
ABSTRACT xi
ABSTRAK xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Significance of study 2
1.3 Objective of study 2

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Classification 3-4
2.2 Morphology and Characteristics 5-6
2.3 Diversity and Distribution 6
2.4 Importance of pineapple 7
2.5 Bromelain enzyme 7-9
2.5.1 Importance of Bromelain Enzyme 9

CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Preparation og organic ethanol 10-11
3.2 Purification of ethanol 11-12
3.3 Preparation of pineapple juice 12
3.4 Pineapple juice cleaning agent 12-13
3.5 Pineapple juice testing 14

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Bromelain enzyme in pineapple juice as cleaning agent 15-16
4.2 Effect of pineapple juice on user 17-18

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 19

REFERENCES 20-22

CURRICULUM VITAE 23-25

 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

4.1 Cleaning results before and after using pineapple juice cleaner and 16

other chemical cleaner

 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Title Page

2.1 Pineapple fruit 5

 LIST OF PLATES

Plate Title Page

3.1 The conical flask is covered with a stopper and wrap with and 10

aluminium foil.

3.2 The conical flask is put in the Incubator Shaker INNOVA 44 for 11

incubate process at 100 rpm, at temperature 35.0oC, for three days

3.3 250ml of ethanol in a flask is being attached to the Rotary 12

Evaporation HS – 2005/HS-2005V/HS-20005C machine and the

temperature is set up to 120 degree Celcius

3.4 300 ml of pineapple juice is calibrate in a measuring cylinder. 13

3.5 Measure 150 ml of ethanol in measuring cylinder 13

3.6 Mixed both solution in the same beaker 13

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

UiTM : Universiti Teknologi MARA

VOC : Volatile Organic Compound

BML : Bromelain Enzyme

ml : Milimeters

ºC : Degree Celcius

g : Grams

rpm : Radius per minute

CO2 : Carbon dioxide

CAM : Crassulacean acid metabolism

 ABSTRACT

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PINEAPPLE JUICE’S EFFECTIVENESS AS

CLEANING AGENT

Pineapple is a tropical plant in the Bromeliaceae family (Steven et al., 1988) and was
used as a folk medicine to cure different ailments by the aboriginal inhabitants of
Central and South America. One of the powerful protein-digesting or proteolytic
enzymes that can be found in the pineapple plant, Ananas comosus sp. including stem,
fruit and leaves of the plant is bromelain (Casadebaig et al., 1991). Bromelain has
been used commercially in the food industry, in certain cosmetics, textile industries
and in dietary supplements (Uhlig, 1998; Walsh, 2002; Ketnawa and Rawdkuen,
2011; Subhabrata and Mayura, 2006). Common chemical cleaner for households is
made from volatile organic compound (VOCs), ammonia, and bleach which were
reported resulting in health problems such as allergies and asthma (Wolkoff et al.,
1998). Therefore, this project was designed to lowering health risks among users with
a biodegradable product. Pineapple juice is believed to have less chemical effect on
the user compared to other chemical cleaner products nowadays. The objective of this
study is to determine the effectiveness of pineapple juice as cleaning agent. 300 ml of
pineapple juice is mixed with 150 ml of 85% pure ethanol to produce the pineapple
cleaner. To test the effectiveness of pineapple juice cleaner compared to Like Cleaner,
an experiment was conducted on several types of stain; marker pens stain, sauce stain
and chocolate stain. Both cleaning agent were sprayed directly on each stains within
one minute of frame time. To reduce bias, only one person gently cleaned the stain to
compare the effectiveness of both cleaners. Result showed that the pineapple juice
cleaner cleans better for all three stains, within one minute of time, compared to Like
cleaner. This results also suggest that pineapple juice cleaner does not show any side
effect on the user compared with the Like cleaner which is painful when it contact
with the skin.
 ABSTRAK

KAJIAN AWAL KEBERKESANAN JUS NENAS SEBAGAI EJEN PENCUCI

DI UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PAHANG

Nenas merupakan buahan tropika dalam kelurga Bromelicaea (Steven et al., 1988)
dan telah digunakan sebagai ubat tradisional untuk mengubati pelbagai penyakit oleh
orang asli Amerika tengah dan selatan. Salah satu daripada enzim proteolitik yang
boleh dijumpai didalam nenas ialah enzim Bromelain yang boleh dijumpai didalam
buah nenas, batang nenas dan daunnya (Casadebaig et al., 1991). Bromelain telah
digunakan secara komersial dalam industri makanan, kosmetik, dan tekstil (Uhlig,
1998; Walsh, 2002; Ketnawa dan Rawdkuen, 2011; Uhlig, 1998; Subhabrata dan
Mayura, 2006). Kebiasaannya, pencuci kimia yang biasa diperbuat daripada sebatian
organik meruap (VOC), yang mengandungi ammonia, peluntur dan beberapa ejen
pembersihan kimia. Hal ini telah mendatangkan masalah kesihatan seperti alahan
dan asma kepada pengguna terutama kepada suri rumah (Wolkoff et al., 1998). Oleh
itu, projek ini telah direka untuk mencegah pencemaran dalaman dan mengurangkan
risiko kesihatan di kalangan pengguna. Kemudian, projek ini akan menunjukkan
manfaat produk semula jadi kepada kesihatan kita berbanding dengan produk
pembersihan kimia biasa. Jus nanas telah digunakan didalam projek kami kerana ia
tidak mempunyai kesan sampingan kepada pengguna berbanding dengan produk
pembersih kimia lain pada masa kini. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan
keberkesanan jus nanas sebagai ejen pembersihan. 300 ml jus nanas telah
dicampurkan dengan 150 ml 85% etanol tulen untuk menghasilkan pencuci daripada
jus nenas. Untuk menguji keberkesanan jus nanas sebagai ejen pencuci, sebuah
eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk membandingkan keberkesanan ejen puncuci
daripada jus nenas dengan ejen pencuci kimia biasa dan eksperimen ini telah
dijalankan ke atas beberapa jenis kotoran iaitu kotoran daripada pen marker, kotoran
sos dan kotoran coklat. Kedua-dua ejen pembersih disembur pada setiap kotoran
dalam masa satu minit sahaja. Untuk mengelakkan berat sebelah, hanya seorang
sahaja yang menjalankan ekperimen tersebut untuk membandingkan tahap
keberkesanan kedua-dua ejen pencuci tersebut. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa jus
nanas membersih lebih baik untuk kesemua jenis kotoran, berbanding ejen pencuci
kimia biasa dalam masa satu minit. Kemudian, semasa menggunakan ejen pencuci jus
nanas, ia tidak menunjukkan sebarang kesan sampingan kepada pengguna berbanding
dengan ejen pembersih kimia biasa yang memedihkan apabila ejen pencuci kimia
tersebut terkena tangan pengguna.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Pineapple is a tropical plant in the Bromeliaceae family (Steven et al., 1988) and

found by Columbus in 1493 in Gouadeloupe. They also stated that pineapple was used

as a folk medicine to cure different ailments by the aboriginal inhabitants of Central

and South America. Pineapples occupy prominent positions in the world market,

being among the main fruits of great commercial importance. One of the powerful

protein-digesting or proteolytic enzymes that can be found in the pineapple plant,

Ananas comosus sp. including stem, fruit and leaves of the plant is bromelain

(Casadebaig et al., 1991).

Some cleaning agents for households were reported resulting in health problems such

as allergies and asthma (Wolkoff et al., 1998). He also stated that both cleaners and

occupants are exposed to the same substances, but with a different weighting that

depends on the time-dependent emission and removal of vapors’, gases and dust.

Therefore, this project was designed to prevent indoor pollution and lowering the

health risks among users. Then, this project will show the benefit of biodegerable

product to our health compared to usual chemical cleaning products.

1
1.2 Significance of the study

This project aims to encourage people to use more organic, biodegerable and natural-

based detergent. This is because this product is free from dangerous chemicals

including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia and bleach. Even natural

fragrances such as citrus in the chemical cleaner can produce dangerous indoor

pollutions. So this project were done to prevent health risk such as asthma or

respiratory ilness of the people that use chemical cleaning agent in their daily life.

1.3 Objectives of the study

To test the effectiveness of pineapple juice as cleaning agent compared to chemical

cleaning agent and to test the effect of pineapple juice cleaner on user.

2
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Classification

Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Poales
Family: Bromeliaceae
Subfamily: Bromelioideae
Genus: Ananas
Species: A. comosus

Pineapple, Ananas comosus, belong to family Bromeliaceae is under genus Ananas

(Bartholomew et al., 2003). The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) are a family of

monocot flowering plants of 51 genera and around 3475 known species native mainly

to the tropical Americas and they can grow in moist to extremely dry situations and at

varying altitudes from sea level to alpine conditions (Bartholomew et al., 2003).

In Order, it is Poales. Poales usually grow in sunny and dry regions. Also, a common

feature among all Poales is that they have CO 2 concentrating mechanisms like C4

photosynthesis or crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Ananas comosus is a CAM

plant. For next is the Family which is Bromeliaceae. Members of the Bromeliaceae

family are of the epiphytic, which means they often grow non-parasitically on another

plant. The water absorbing scales that are located on their leaves and stems also

characterizes the Bromeliaceae family and help the plants to survive periods of

drought(Clayton., 2006). The stems have rosettes of stiff and narrow leaves to collect

water. The subfamily of this species is Bromelioideae. The members of the subfamily

Bromelioideae are defined as being epiphytic and terrestrial plants that have leaves

3
with serrated edges (Clayton., 2006). Then the genus is Ananas. Their sword shaped,

tough leaves that grow in a rosette pattern from the crown characterize members of

the genus Ananas. They also have fleshy fruits that are made up of many flowers

(Purseglove., 1972). And lastly, the species is Ananas comosus. Ananas comosus is a

tropical plant with a large fleshy fruit. It has stems with rosettes of tough, serrated

leaves. The dense terminal leaves for a fruit a syncarp (fleshy compound fruit), and

the main axis grows through the fruit and extends to form a crown of tough leaves on

top of the fruit (Nakasone and Paull., 1998).

The most important representative of Bromeliaceae family is they cultivated at the

tropical and subtropical regions for local consumption including international export

with all around the world. Besides, pineapple plants are set apart from other monocots

by their characteristic; star-shaped, scale-like multicellular hairs and unusual coiling

stigmas, which fold together lengthwise (Gilmartin and Brown, 1987).

4
2.2 Morphology and characteristics

Figure 2.1: Pineapple fruit

Pineapple (figure 1) are primarily propagated by crowns (leafy clumps atop mature

fruits), slips (on peduncles below the fruit), suckers (along the stem) or to a lesser

degree by old stems. Pineapple, Ananas comosus is perennial, herbaceous and

monocot of the family Bromeliaceae. Pineapple leaves will be seen as spirally

organized in adense rossete, around a short stem. There are spiny leaves on every type

of the pineapple plant. The characteristic of Ananas cosmosus is, the fruits are usually

but not always larger and they contain a relatively large amount of palatable flesh.

The floral bracts are inconspicuous in the mature fruit and do not cover the top of

ovary.Fruits are seedless and rarely produce a few seeds.

Pineapple is a shallow rooted tropical fruit that is grown outdoors in frost free areas

where temperatures typically in range of 25ᵒC – 32ᵒC. It is best grown in acidic, loose,

sandy, organically rich, well-drained soils (Nakason and Paul, 1999). In temperate

regions, pineapples are grown indoors in warm greenhouses or in containers as

houseplants. Indoor plants require a consistently moist soil, bright sun, high humidity

5
and an air temperature that does not dip below of 20ᵒC (Nakason and Paul, 1999). The

hormonal shift from vegetative to generative growth is triggered by climatic factors,

mainly day length and temperature, the plant receptivity increasing with its size and

stress condition (Coppen et al., 1993).

2.3 Diversity and distribution

There are approximately 30 cultivars of A. cosmosus that are grown commercially in

tropical and sub tropical countries around the world. However, for covenience in

global trade, the numerous pineapple cultivars are grouped in four main classes:

‘Smooth Cayenne’, ’Red Spanish’, ’Queen’ and “pernambuco’ (Abacaxi), despite

much variation in the types within each class (Leal et al., 2001). The fifth group or

class comprising of ‘Motilona’ or ‘Perolera’ is commercially important in south

America (Sanewski and Scott, 2000).

In Australia the most dominant cultivar used in commercial plantations for canning

purposes is Smooth Cayenne followed by Quenn (Burtolomew et al., 2003). Ananas

cosmosus can be adapt based on condition of the soil (Nakason and Paul., 2001). It

will be able to grow in many different soils as long as there are drainage. As for the

temperature, Nakason and Paul (2001) stated that the temperature have to be

approximately at 29ᵒC, in range of 25ᵒC – 32ᵒC for important cultivation and the

presence of sunlight.

2.4 Importance of pineapple

6
Ananas cosmosus contain many benefits in term of nutrition and health (Brien et al.,

2004). It was used as a folk medicine to cure different ailments by the aboriginal

inhabitants of central and south America. Pineapples contain a substance called

bromelain which may have health benefits. According Ketnawa (2008), bromelain

acts as an anti-inflammatory, making it beneficial in the treatment of asthma and

arthritis. It also helps to inhibit the growth and spread of cancer cell (Taussig et al.,

1985). Other products derived from the pineapple are a very resistant silk-like fiber,

processed into luxury clothes or specialty paper, both of remarkable thinness,

smoothness and pliability (Collins, 1960; Montinola, 1991).

2.5 Bromelain enzyme

Taussing and Batkin(1988) stated that the fruit of which the natives of America make

the greatest medicinal use is called nana, which is ananas; pineapple. Peckold et al.,

(1876) found proteolytic enzyme in the Brazilian pineapple and Chittenden (1891)

isolated bromelain from its juice. In 1957, Heinecke found that the stem of the

pineapple contains more bromelain than the expensive fruit (Taussing et al., 1988).

Bromelain was discovered in 1876 and widely studied since then, bromelain is

particularly useful for reducing muscle and tissue inflammation and as a digestive aid

(Fischer et al., 2009).

7
Besides the pharmacological effects, bromelain is also employed in food industries,

such as breweries and meat processing (Fischer et al., 2009). The optimum pH and

temperature of bromelian are 6.5-7.5 and 37°C, respectively (Lopes et al., 2005;

Lopes et al., 2007; Lopes et al., 2009; Silveira et al., 2009). Taussig and Batkin(1988)

stated that today, the main bromelain producer is Taiwan. Taussig and Batkin(1988)

also stated since the mid-1950s when bromelain first became commercially available,

at least 800 scientific papers appeared on its chemistry, pharmacology, industrial and

clinical applications. Bromelain enzyme have been studied for various of reasons and

have been used in biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use (Taussig and Batkin,

1988).

Unlike crude stem bromelain enzyme (BML) which is used widely in industry, fruit

BML is not commercially available despite the large quantities of waste pineapple

fruit portions at pineapple canneries (Caygill, 1979). The continuous interest in BML,

for its numerous applications in the food industry as well as in medicine and

pharmacology, make this enzyme one of the best vegetal proteases (Maurer, 2001).

The potential therapeutic value of BML is due to its biochemical and pharmacological

properties and hence, it is desired to obtain Bromelain in its highest purified form

(Ota et al., 1964).

Bromelain enzyme can be found in tissues including stem, fruit and leaves of the

pineapple plant family (Doko et al., 1991). Bromelain and other cysteine proteases are

8
well known enzymes that are present in different parts of pineapple (Ketnawa et al.,

2010; Rolle, 1998; Schieber et al., 2001). The Bromelain enzyme produced in the

stem and the fruit of Ananas comosus are the most studied. And the extract of the

pineapple crown gave the highest proteolytic activity and protein contents compared

to other parts of the pineapple (Taussig and Batkin, 1988)

2.5.1 Importance of Bromelain enzyme

Bromelain has been used commercially in the food industry, in certain cosmetics and

in dietary supplements (Uhlig, 1998; Walsh, 2002). It is used for meat tenderizing,

brewing, baking, as well as for the production of protein hydrolysates (Ketnawa and

Rawdkuen, 2011; Walsh, 2002). Other applications are in tanning, for leather and

textile industries, hair removal, wool, skin softening, and detergent formulations

(Uhlig, 1998; Subhabrata and Mayura, 2006). Moreover, bromelain has been used as a

folk medicine, a wound healer, an anti-inflammatory and an anti-diarrhea and

digestive aid (Bitange et al., 2008; Koh et al., 2006). This Bromelain is aproteolytic

enzyme complex, is used as a meat tenderizer and as a nutraceutical with potential

therapeutic activity on inflammatory changes, blood coagulation, debriment of severe

burns, drug absorption and tumors (Taussig and Batkin, 1988).

9
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Preparation of Organic Ethanol

25gram of “GULA PRAI” brown sugar and 5g of “Mauri-pan” yeast were weighed

and mixed with 250ml of distilled water that was measured in a 500ml measuring

cylinder. The conical flask was covered with a stopper and wrapped with an

aluminium foil (Plate 3.1). The mixture was stirred continuously with the incubator

shaker INNOVA 44 100 rpm, at temperature 35.0oC, for three days (Plate 3.2).

Plate 3.1: The conical flask is covered with a stopper and wrap with an aluminium foil

10
 Plate 3.2: the conical flask is put in the Incubator Shaker INNOVA 44 for incubate
process at 100rpm, at temperature 35.0oC, for three days

3.2 Purification of ethanol

To get the pure etanol, we use purification techinique which is pervapouration using

water (Chovau et al., 2011) where 250ml of ethanol that were obtained is calibrate

and placed in a flask and being attached to the Rotary Evaporation HS – 2005/HS-

2005V/HS-20005C machine and the temperature is set up to 120ºC (Plate 3.3).

11
 Plate 3.3: 250ml of ethanol in a flask is being attached to the Rotary Evaporation HS
– 2005/HS-2005V/HS-20005C machine and the temperature is set up to 120 oC

3.3 Preparation of Pineapple Juice

One pineapple was peeled and then cut into smaller scrapped by using a knife. The

scrapped were added into laboratory juicer with 225ml of distilled water and then

crushed it to get approximately 500ml juice. By using tea filter cloth, the pineapple

juice was filtered to remove the fibrous material. Then, the filter juice was stored in

the refrigerator at 4C and can be used whenever required.

3.4 Pineapple juice cleaning agent

For the pineapple juice cleaning agent, 300ml of pineapple juice and 150ml of ethanol

were measured using the measuring cylinder (Plate 3.4; Plate 3.5) and then mixed

together into a 1000 ml beaker (Plate 3.6). The solution was mixed and shaken well.

12
Plate 3.4: 300 ml of pineapple juice is calibrate in a measuring cylinder.

Plate 3.5: Measure 150 ml of ethanol in measuring cylinder

Plate 3.6: mixed both solution in the same beaker

13
3.5 Cleaning Test

A one minute test on three difference stains (chocolate, sauce and marker pen) was

done to compare the effectiveness between pineapple juice cleaner with Like cleaner.

The pineapple cleaner and the Like cleaner was sprayed on each of the stains and

were left for one minute for the reaction to take place. After one minute, the same

person simultaneously swept gently the stain once to determine which cleaner cleans

better. The test was repeated three times in a row by three different persons on the

same stains in the same time interval to reduce any bias.

14
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Bromelain Enzyme in Pineapple Juice as Cleaning Agent

Result showed that the pineapple cleaner is more effective in cleaning all three type of

stains compared to Like cleaner. The pineapple juice cleaner only left a little traces

for all three stains after one minute, unlike the Like cleaner which still causes a lot of

mark stains to be left.

This proves that the pineapple cleaner cleans more effective than the Like cleaner.

This is because, the pineapple cleaner contain bromelain enzyme. Bromelain enzyme

is relatively classified as protease enzyme and have been applied in cleaning industry

as a protein stain removal (Kirk et al., 2002). So, bromelain enzyme in pineapple juice

will act as a stain removal to remove any traces on the floor. Borchert et al. (2002)

also stated that these agent is required to degrade recalcitrant stains composed of

proteins. Fuglsang et al. (2002) stated that their uses as detergent addictives still

represents the largest application of industrial enzymes, both in terms of volume and

value.

15
Table 4.1 : Cleaning results before and after using pineapple juice cleaner and

other chemical cleaner

TYPE OF BEFORE 1 MINUTE AFTER 1 MINUTE

STAIN ON
THE FLOOR

Marker pen
stain

Sauce stain

Chocolate
stain

16
4.2 Effect of pineapple juice on user

While doing the experiment, Like cleaner irritates the hand’s user, while pineapple

cleaner does not irritate the hand’s user. This is because another cleaner (Like cleaner)

contains many major toxicologically chemicals significant constituents of the former

such as volatile organic compound (VOCs). VOCs contains organic chemicals that

have high vapour pressure at ordinary room temperature and high boiling points in the

range of 0C to about 400C. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as

gases from certain solids or liquids

(https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-

indoor-air-quality, Accessed on September 2016). Some cleaning products also

contain chemicals that are linked to cancer and neurological damage, as well as

acute hazards such as skin, eye and throat irritation and burns (Gorman, 2007).

While these health impacts are important particularly for workers in the cleaning

industry, they are not the focus of this report (Gorman, 2007). Additional resources

are listed at the end of the report with more detailed information on these and other

hazards (Gorman, 2007). Cleaning agents are used in large quantities throughout the

world (Wolkoff et al., 1998). Although a wide spectrum of exposures to chemical

agents and resulting health problems such as allergies, eczema asthma, are reported

among cleaners, only a few studies on cleaning agents have been performed (Wolkoff

et al., 1998). Gorman (2007) stated that we are exposed to these chemicals through

regular application of these products.

17
Gorman (2007) also stated that we are well aware of some of the short-term impacts

of cleaning chemicals, such as skin, eye or lung irritation. However, we know

considerably less about the impacts of long-term exposure, and the possible

connections to chronic diseases. This information is usually recorded on the product

label with a caution or warning (Gorman, 2007). However, the pineapple cleaner does

not cause any effect on user because it is a biodegerable product that made up by

organic or natural chemical material. So this is can avoid any side effect health

problem to users.

18
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

From the positive results, we can conclude that the pineapple juice does act as a better

cleaning agent compared to Like cleaner, because of the presence of bromelain

enzyme in the pineapple fruits. This will give us an insight on the effect of pineapple

juice cleaner on human. The pineapple juice cleaner has the ability to act as a cleaner

and show no side effect while using it. Furthermore, the pineapple juice cleaner is bio-

degradable natural, eco-friendly and free from any pollutant that a chemical cleaner

can produces.

19
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application of pineapple protease (bromelain). Pakistan Journal Nutrition.
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2. Bartholomew, D. P., Paull, R. E., Rohrbach, K. G., 2003. The pineapple:
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G. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. 2:1-301
3. Caygill, J. C., 1979. Sulphydryl Plant Proteases. Journal of Enzyme and
Microbial Technology. 1(4): 233-242
4. Collins, J. L., 1960. The pineapple: botany, cultivation and utilization. Collins,
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5. Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, G., 1996 Pineapple. In: Janick, J. and Moore, JN
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7. Doko, M., B., Bassani, V., Casadebaig, J., Cavailles, L., Jacob, M., 1991.
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Fruit juice using Semipermeable Membrane, Ammonium Sulfate Extraction,
Centrifugation And Freeze-Drying Processes. Intrenational Journal of
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 CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal

Ful name: Nur Faizatul Nadirah Razaha

Student No.: 2014433412

Birth date: January 26th 1996

Citizenship: Malaysian

Place of birth: Hospital Besar Pekan

Gender: Female

Address: BM 31 KG. Pulau Jawa, 26600 Pekan Pahang

Telephone no.: 011- 1996 8284

E-mail address: faizatulnadirah@gmail.com

B. Academic qualifications

1. PMR in Sekolah Menengah Sains Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Kuantan

2. SPM in Sekolah Mengengah Sains Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Kuantan

3. Diploma in Biological Sciences UiTM Pahang

23
 CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal

Ful name: Nur Nadia Haziqah Ab Jalil

Student No.: 2014263712

Birth date: June 21st 1996

Citizenship: Malaysian

Place of birth: Hospital Batu Pahat

Gender: Female

Address: 64, Kg. Parit Gantong Seri Meriung, 83100 Rengit Batu Pahat, Johor

Telephone no.: 011- 3744 6153

E-mail address: nadianaja239.nh@gmail.com

B. Academic qualifications

1. PMR in Sekolah Menengah Sains Sultan Iskandar, Johor

2. SPM in Sekolah Menengah Sains Sultan Iskandar, Johor

3. Diploma in Biological Sciences UiTM Pahang

24
 CURRICULUM VITAE

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Citizenship: Malaysian

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Gender: Female

Address: 9, Jalan Nibung Satu 18/36A Seksyen 18, Shah Alam 40200 Selangor

Telephone no.: 011- 3121 3205

E-mail address: milaa96@yahoo.ocm

B. Academic qualifications

1. PMR in Sekolah Menengah Seksyen 18 Shah Alam

2. SPM in Sekolah Menengah Seksyen 18 Shah Alam

3. Diploma in Biological Sciences UiTM Pahang

25