TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTE WATER USING NATURAL COAGULANTS

A project report submitted by

ABIN ABRAHAM (UR12CE003)

RONI T RAJU (UR12CE090)

SAREEG THOMAS (UR12CE101)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
under the supervision of
Dr. VINODHA S

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

KARUNYA UNIVERSITY

(Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences )

(Declared as Deemed to be University under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore-641114, Tamil Nadu, India
April-2016

1
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTE WATER USING
NATURAL COAGULANTS” is the bonafide work of ABIN ABRAHAM, RONI T
RAJU and SAREEG THOMAS” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. D.TENSING Dr. S. VINODHA

Director Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering School of Civil Engineering

Submitted for the Project Viva Voce held on…………………………….

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we thank the Almighty God whose presence is eternally felt within me, whose
grace and guidance has helped us to complete the first phase of the thesis successfully.

We reverently thank the Founder Dr. PAUL DHINAKARAN (Chancellor) for his
constant prayers.

We express our sincere thanks to our beloved Vice Chancellor, Dr. S. SUNDAR
MANOHARAN, Pro Vice Chancellor Dr. X.J XAVIER and our Registrar, Dr. JOSEPH
KENNADY C for all their encouragement.

We thank our Director, Dr. TENSING D for his immense help, interest and guidance
throughout the project.

We also express my heartfelt thanks to Dr. HEMALATHA G, Head of the Department

for her timely suggestions and encouragement.

We wish to express our gratitude to our beloved Guide Dr. S. VINODHA, Assistant
Professor for her timely suggestions and encouragement.

Also we express our sincere thanks to our Staff members, family members, friends and
classmates for their ever continuing support and encouragement.

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 ABSTRACT

Dairy wastewater from dairy industry has always caused a serious

environmental problem. Expensive wastewater treatment methods have always put
a pressure on natural and inexpensive methods of treating water. Natural coagulation
was developed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional treatment. Natural
coagulation have an added advantage over the chemical treatment, because they are
biological and edible. In this project, the efficiency of Moringa Oleifera and Bean in
treating dairy wastewater has been studied. The important parameters those are
responsible for the treatment have been optimized. The prime parameters considered
in the study are the pH, coagulant dosage and reaction time for both the coagulants
used for the study. Moringa Olifera proved high treatment efficiency. The optimum
condition observed with both Moringa Olifera and Bean was 6.8 for pH, 2.5 ml for
coagulant dosage and 5 minutes for reaction time.

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 CONTENTS

BONAFIDE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 WASTE WATER
1.2 DAIRY WASTE WATER
1.3 TREATMENT METHODS OF DAIRY WASTE WATER
1.3.1 CHEMICAL COAGULATION
1.3.2 BIOLOGICAL COAGULATION
1.3.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT
1.4 NATURAL COAGULATION
2. STATE OF THE ART
2.1 EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL COAGULATION PROCESS
2.2 PROPERTIES OF NATURAL COAGULANTS USED
2.2.1 EFFICENCY OF MORINGA OLEIFERA
2.2.2 ADSORBTION PROPERTY OF COAGULANTS

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS USING
MORINGA POWDER

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 4.1.1 VARIED PH, CONSTANT DOSAGE AND CONSTANT REACTION
TIME
4.1.2 VARIED DOSAGE, CONSTANT REACTION TIME AND
CONTSANT PH
4.1.3 VARYING REACTION TIME, CONSATNT DOSAGE AND
CONSTANT PH

4.2 OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS USING BEAN

POWDER
4.2.1 VARIED PH, CONSTANT DOSAGE AND CONSTANT REACTION
TIME:
4.2.2 VARIED DOSAGE, CONSTANT REACTION TIME AND
CONTSANT PH
4.2.3 VARYING REACTION TIME, CONSATNT DOSAGE AND
CONSTANT PH
4.3 TREATED WASTE WATER CHARACTERISTICS AT OPTIMUM
CONDITIONS
4.3.1 WASTE WATER TREATED USING MORINGA POWDER
4.3.2 WASTE WATER TREATED USING BEAN POWDER
4.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN MORINGA EXTRACT AND BEAN
EXTRACT
5. CONCLUSION
6. REFERENCES

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LIST OF FIGURES:
Fig 1 Methodology
Fig 2 Preparation of coagulant extract
Fig 3 Experimental Setup
Fig 4 Waste water obtained after treatment
Fig 5 Effect of pH on TSS (Moringa Oleifera)
Fig 6 Effect of pH on TDS (Moringa Oleifera)
Fig 7 Effect of Coagulant dosage on TDS (Moringa Oleifera)
Fig 8 Effect of Coagulant Dosage on TSS (Moringa Oleifera)
Fig 9 Effect of time on TDS (Moringa Oleifera)
Fig 10 Effect of time on TSS (Moringa Oleifera)
Fig 11 Effect of pH on TSS(Bean powder)
Fig 12 Effect of pH on TDS(Bean powder)
Fig 13 Effect of Coagulant Dosage on TDS (Bean powder)
Fig 14 Effect of Coagulant Dosage on TSS (Bean powder)
Fig 15 Effect of time on TDS (Bean powder)
Fig 16 Effect of time on TSS (Bean powder)
Fig 17 Removal of COD when treated at optimum condition using Moringa
oleifera
Fig 18 Change in TDS when treated at optimum condition using Moringa oleifera
Fig 19 Removal of TSS when treated at optimum condition using Moringa
oleifera
Fig 20 Removal of COD when treated at optimum condition using bean powder
Fig 21 Change in TDS when treated at optimum condition using bean powder
Fig 22 Removal of TSS when treated at optimum condition using bean powder
Fig 23 Comparison of COD removal

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LIST OF TABLES:
Table 1 Initial Waste Water Characteristics
Table 2 Optimized condition for natural coagulation using moringa extract
Table 3 Characteristics of waste water treated at optimum conditions
Table 4 Optimized condition for natural coagulation using bean powder
Table 5 Characteristics of waste water treated at optimum conditions
Table 6 Comparison between moringa extract and bean extract

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

From ancient time itself, water is considered to be the very essence of life. A life without
water is impossible and unimaginable. It is undoubtedly the most inevitable natural
resource on the earth. Water not only controls of human life, but also acts as a driving force
on our planet.

The hydrologic cycle explains interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and
lithosphere. The Water is always in constant motion, evaporating into the atmosphere from
oceans, lakes, rivers and streams. We experience rain, snow, hail, or sleet, when the
atmosphere can no longer support the moisture within the clouds. The water cycle of
evaporation and transpiration, condensation, precipitation and runoff, reaches the sea at the
end. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation.

Water circulates through the land and also through the human body, transporting,
dissolving nutrients. It also regulates the activities of fluids, tissues, cells, lymph, blood
and glandular secretions in human body.

1.1 WASTE WATER

Waste water can be defined as any water that has been severely affected in quality
by anthropogenic or simply natural influence. Wastewater can also originate from the
combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities.

Sources or origin of waste water

The sources or origin of waste water is numerous. It includes human waste such as digested
waste, used toilet wipes, urine and other bodily fluids. It is also known as black water.
Some other sources related to human waste are Cesspit leakage, Septic tank discharge,
Sewage treatment plant discharge etc. Some of the other important source of waste water

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are washing water, Rainfall collected on roofs, Groundwater infiltrated into sewage,
Highway drainage and so on.

Constituents of waste water

Water is the major constituent which is more than 95 percent. It which is added
during flushing to carry waste down. Waste water also consist of Pathogens such as
bacteria, viruses, prions and parasitic worms and Non-pathogenic bacteria. Some of the
major components are Organic particles, Inorganic particles, Macro-solids, Gases,
Emulsions, Pharmaceuticals and hormones.

There are several significant health hazards which are related to untreated wastewater in
agriculture. Wastewater from cities contain a mixture of chemical and biological pollutants.
There are often high levels of pathogens from excreta seen in waste water. There are
increasing risks from inorganic and organic chemicals.

1.2 DAIRY WASTE WATER

One of the most polluting of the food industries is the dairy industry. Dairy Industries
produce large amount of effluent waste per day. These industries discharge wastewater
which is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand,
nutrients, and organic and inorganic contents. This waste with high intense foul odor
pollutes ecosystem and ground water, harbor pathogens causing health hazards.
To neutralize the effects, various pre-treatments are required. The various treatments for
dairy wastewater are Biological Treatment processes which include Aerobic Process and
Anaerobic Treatment and also different coagulation methods which includes chemical
coagulation and natural coagulation.

The dairy industry wastewaters are primarily generated from the cleaning and washing
operations in the milk processing plants. It is estimated that about 2% of the total milk is
wasted into drains. Dairy wastewater is characterized by high biological-oxygen demand
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(BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) and generally contains fats, nutrients, lactose
and sanitizing agents. The organic substances in the water comes either in the form in which
they were present in milk, or in a degraded form due to their processing.

Dairy cleaning waters may also contain a variety of Sterilizing agents and various acid and
alkaline detergents. Thus, the pH of the wastewaters can vary significantly depending on
the cleaning strategy employed.

1.3 TREATMENT METHODS OF DAIRY WASTE WATER

The different methods adopted in dairy waste water treatment are as follows:

1.3.1 CHEMICAL COAGULATION

Chemical coagulation is a widely used coagulation methods employed in water and

wastewater treatment. The effectiveness of this coagulation technique depend on factors
such as pH, coagulation dose, coagulant type, water and wastewater type etc. The
commonly used chemical coagulants are inorganic coagulants are aluminum and iron salts.

Chemical coagulation process is used in separating suspended solids materials in water and
wastewaters. The process operate in steps which break down forces which stabilize charged
particles present in the water or wastewater allowing inter-particle collision to occur,
hence, generating floccules.

Coagulants are added to water and wastewater to neutralize the negative charge of
suspended particles. Upon neutralization, the suspended particles stick together to form
slightly larger particles. Rapid mixing to effectively disperse the coagulant and encourage
particle collision is applied for efficient coagulation. This process is followed by a
flocculation process where gentle mixing increases the particle size from sub-micro-
floccule to visible suspended solids. Particles are thus bound together to produce larger
macro-floccules.

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Addition of Alum and ferric chloride to dairy effluent formed insoluble materials in the
form of aluminum hydroxide and ferric hydroxide respectively. They in turn facilitate the
precipitation of colloids and increase the sedimentation rate of other particulate matter in
the effluent. Thus, the total suspended matter will reduce in the effluent and the
sedimentation rate of organic matter will also increase.

1.3.2 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

Biological treatment of dairy waste water consists of the aerobic and anaerobic process.
Sometimes anaerobic treatment followed by aerobic treatment is employed for the
reduction of soluble organic matter (BOD) and biological nutrient removal (BNR) is
employed for the reduction of nitrogen
and phosphorus. Sometimes chlorination of the effluent is also done for the purpose of di
sinfection before reusing the water.

Aerobic Process:

Aerobic biological treatment involves microbial degradation and oxidation of waste in the
presence of oxygen. Conventional treatment of dairy wastewater by aerobic processes
includes processes such as activated sludge, trickling filters, aerated lagoons, or a
combination of these.

All compounds of dairy wastewater are biodegradable except protein and fats which are
not easily degraded. Amongst the various aerobic technologies, sequential batch reactor
(SBR) seems to be the most promising technology for treatment of dairy wastewater. It is
a fill- and draw-activated sludge system. In this system, wastewater is added to a single
batch reactor, treated to remove undesirable components, and then discharged.

Anaerobic Treatment:

Dairy effluents have high COD and organic content and are warm, enabling them to be
ideal for anaerobic treatment. Furthermore, no requirement for aeration, low amount of
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excess sludge production, and low area demand are additional advantages of anaerobic
treatment processes in comparison to aerobic processes. UASB reactors have been widely
used for thedairy wastewater treatment in full-scale applications

1.3.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT

Electrocoagulation is an advanced electrochemical technology that combines the functions

and advantages of conventional coagulation, flotation, and electrochemistry in water and
wastewater treatment. Each of these fundamental technologies has been widely studied
separately. Eco-friendliness have led to the increasing global interest in electrocoagulation
as a research subject.

Electrocoagulation Electrolysis is a process in which oxidation and reduction reactions take

place when electric current is applied to an electrolytic solution. Electrocoagulation is
based on dis- solution of the electrode material used as an anode. The electrodes are usually
made of aluminum, iron, or stain- less steel (SS), because these metals are cheap, readily
available and proven effective.

The solution temperature, type of salt used to raise conductivity, presence of chloride,
electrode gap, passivation of the anode, and water flow rate also have an impact on the
removal efficiency and economic durability of a given EC application.

1.4 NATURAL COAGULATION

As the name suggests, natural coagulation is the treatment method of dairy waste water by
natural coagulation. The wastewater is treated with natural coagulants and then tests are to
be carried to check the water characteristics like BOD, COD, pH and turbidity, etc. Some
of the Natural coagulants to be used are Moringa Oleifera seeds, Trigonella foenum-
graecum, Dolichos lablab and Cicer arietinum.

From the above treatment methods we have adopted, treatment of dairy waste water by
natural coagulation technique.
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The dairy industry is generally considered to be largest source of food processing. These
industries wastewater is characterized by high COD, BOD, nutrients etc. Such wastewater
is to be treated natural coagulants and then tests are to be carried to check the water
characteristics like BOD, COD, pH and turbidity etc.

Initially, the dairy wastewater which is subjected to preliminary treatment like screening,
oil and grease removal, aeration etc. And colloidal suspensions are observed, which are
mostly organic in nature.

Coagulation-flocculation followed by sedimentation, using chemical coagulant is a very

common treatment method used mainly in dairy waste water treatment. But use of natural
coagulants such as Moringa oleifera (Drumsticks seed) is found out to be quite effective
and have many advantages over chemical coagulation technique.

Preliminary treated dairy wastewater undergoes the used coagulation process with the help
of suitable coagulants. The main objective of coagulation studies is to find out the
effectiveness of the coagulant used, for reducing wastewater characteristics concerned with
environmental pollution like BOD, COD etc.

This treatment method has got several advantages compared to the above mentioned
treatment techniques. The main advantages are the easiness in availability and the
affordable cost. It also does not have any harmful effects considering the water and
environment, compared to other treatment techniques like chemical coagulation process.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Numerous work have been done conducted in field of dairy wastewater treatment till date.
Some of the research are highlighted below:

 Efficiency of natural coagulation process.

 Properties of natural coagulants used.

2.1 Efficiency of natural coagulation process

Pallavi N et al (2013), has discussed in her paper about the efficiency of the process of
natural coagulation. In her research she studied about the Feasibility of Moringa Oleifera
in different dosage. She observed that there is significant reduction in turbidity and initial
reduction in COD, and there was no alteration in pH.
Mrs.B.Shoba et al (2015), in her paper, has discussed about the efficiency of Tamarind
kernel for treatment of dairy wastewater. She observed that, it has ability to act as an
adsorbent in removing COD, total solids, turbidity and sulphates present in the wastewater.
She found out that, an optimum rapid mixing contact time of 15 minutes was more efficient
than 40 minutes of mixing time, in removing COD, total solids, turbidity and sulphate

Dawn SS et al (2015), has compared food waste, Pongamia seed coats and commercial
activated carbon for more effective treatment of dairy wastewater. Food waste was
converted to activated carbon for treating the wastewater. Result obtained, food waste and
pongamia was more effective than commercial activated carbon and cost effective.

15
Prof. Chidanand Patil et al (2015), has compared different natural coagulants for treating
dairy wastewater. He used Moringa Oleifera seeds, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Dolichos
lablab and Cicer arietinum as coagulants. In his research he tested coagulants at different
dosages. Tests were carried out for COD, BOD, pH and turbidity. He observed that there
was no much change in pH and conductivity. Cicer arietinum was found to be more
effective than other coagulants used.

2.2 Properties of natural coagulants used

2.2.1 Efficiency of Moringa Oleifera:

Pallavi N et al (2013), in her study, has carried out the experiment by adding the coagulant
at different dosages. By usage of Moringa Oleifera there was a significant reduction of
turbidity and initial reduction of COD. There was no alteration in pH value of the treated
water. It was proved more efficient than other coagulation methods.

Prof. Chidanand Patil et al (2015), in his study, has compared different natural coagulants
such as Moringa oleifera, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Dolichos lablab and Cicer
arietinum. He observed that Moringa Oleifera was effective in reducing the turbidity by
61.60 %. The effective reduction in turbidity and COD was due to the high protein content
present in it.

2.2.2 Adsorption property of coagulants:

Mrs.B.Shoba et al (2015), in her paper, has discussed about the efficiency of Tamarind
kernel for treatment of dairy wastewater. She has mainly used the ability of tamarind kernel
to act as an adsorbent in removing COD, total solids, turbidity and sulphates present in the
wastewater.

16
Dawn SS et al (2015), has compared food waste, Pongamia seed coats and commercial
activated carbon for the effective treatment of dairy wastewater. Food waste was converted
to activated carbon for treating the wastewater. Here, commercial activated carbon act as
an adsorbent.

17
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

In this work, Moringa Oleifera and Bean have been used as the natural coagulants for the
treatment of the collected dairy waste water. Various characteristics like coagulant dosage,
pH, treatment time etc are optimized by conducting a number of experiments. The above
mentioned characteristics are varied and the solutions are tested to find the optimum
conditions.

Fig 1 Methodology

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3.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION

The wastewater used in this work was taken from the dairy industry in Coimbatore.
Although the quality of the effluent is variable, it was colored milk. Samples were collected
in barrels, immediately closed with stopper and kept at 40C before use. The effluent initially
contained high concentrations of soluble and suspended materials. The typical
characteristics of the raw dairy wastewater are presented in table 1.

Table 1 Initial Waste Water Characteristics

Parameters Values

pH 6.8

Conductivity 1.89mS/cm

TDS 0.92ppt

TSS 1067mg/l

COD 765.21mg/l

3.2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The extract to be added is prepared from moringa powder and bean powder respectively.
100 ml distilled water is added to 10 g of the powder. And the solution is kept on magnetic
stirrer for 10 minutes at a moderate speed. After the mixing process, the solution is filter
using whatsman filter paper and the extract is obtained.

19
 Fig 2 Preparation of coagulant extract

The coagulation experiments were carried out at ambient temperature in batch mode. Batch
coagulation experiments was carried out at an agitation speed of 130rpm for 1min, the
speed was reduced to 100 rpm for the next four minutes. Then the mixing was continued

20
at a slow speed at a range of 80-85 rpm for the last five minutes. Four sieve sizes of
powdered both the powders were used in the experiment.

Experiments were carried out at the dosage of 100mgL-1, varying the dosage of the
extracts (2.5,5,10,15,20,25ml), varying pH (4.5,5.5,6.5,7.5,8.5,9.5 pH), and varying
reaction time in floculator (5,10,15,20,25).

Fig 3 Experimental Setup

After treating in flocculator, the solution was kept for settling without disturbing the flocs
for 24 hours. After one day the sludge would be formed. Then, the clear solution is
separated from the sludge. Then, the clear solution is tested to find the optimum conditions.

21
Fig 4 Waste water obtained after treatment

22
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experiments were carried out for optimizing vital parameters such as pH, reaction time and
coagulant dosage.
4.1 Optimization of operational parameters using moringa powder
4.1.1 Varied pH, Constant dosage and Constant reaction time
Studies were made to find out the effect of variation of pH on the TSS and TDS removal.
Experiments were carried out at all pH ranges of acidity, neutral and alkalinity between
4.5- 9.5. As stated the reaction time and dosage was constant throughout by 10 minutes
and 10 ml respectively.

pH vs TSS Coagulant dosage=10ml

Reaction time=10min
300

250
TSS(mg/l)

200

150

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
pH
Fig 5 Effect of pH on TSS (Moringa Oleifera)
23
The total suspended solids (TSS) was determined before and after treatment which showed
that in the acidic and the alkaline range of 4.5and 9.5 it seemed that there was less amount
of solids present of about 151mg/l and 239mg/l respectively. At the range between 5.5 to
8.5 the TSS was higher(5.5-181mg/l, 6.5-249mg/l, 7.5-200mg/l, 8.5=245mg/l )

pH vs TDS Coagulant dosage=10ml

Reaction time=10min

1.14

1.12

1.1

1.08
TDS(ppt)

1.06

1.04

1.02

0.98

0.96
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
pH

Fig 6 Effect of pH on TDS (Moringa Oleifera)

Similar to TSS the total dissolved solids (TDS) is also plotted against pH, and it was found
that at the range of 4.5-0.98ppt, 5.5- 0.99ppt, 6.5-0.99ppt, 7.5-1.06ppt, 8.5-1.04ppt and
9.5-1.12ppt was obtained. There is a slight increase at 7.5 and 9.5 gradually varies both
increase and decrease throughout. .After conducting experiment solution pH(6.8) was
considered for futher experiments.
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4.1.2 Varied dosage, Constant reaction time and Constant pH

Further experiments were done to determine the optimum dosage of moringa olifera. The
extract was taken at various concentrations of 5ml, 10ml, 15ml was added. Reaction time
and coagulant dosage was kept constant at 10min and 6.8 respectively.

pH=6.88
Coagulant dosage vs TDS Reaction time=10min
1.06

1.04

1.02

0.98
TDS(ppt)

0.96

0.94

0.92

0.9

0.88

0.86
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Dosage(ml)

Fig 7 Effect of Coagulant Dosage on TDS (Moringa Oleifera)

The total dissolved solids for the dosage variation was found to be gradually increasing ,
the coagulant dosage added were 2.5ml, 5ml, 10ml, 15ml, 20ml, 25ml that showed the
TDS after treatment of about 0.87ppt, 0.96ppt and 0.98ppt, 1.04ppt then slight decrease to
0.99ppt then again increase to 1.02ppt respectively. It is lesser in 2.5ml of coagulant
dosage.
25
 Coagulant dosage vs TSS pH=6.88
Reaction time=10min
250

200
TSS(mg/l)

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Dosage(ml)

Fig 8 Effect of Coagulant Dosage on TSS (Moringa Oleifera)

The Total suspended solids were tested for the dosage optimization which proved that the
solids are less at 2.5ml than any other range of coagulant dosage, so 2.5ml of moringa is
considerd for further experiments.

26
4.1.3 Varying reaction time, Constant dosage and constant pH

To determine the optimum reaction time, experiments were carried out by varying the time
from 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes and keeping dosage and pH constant as optimized.
The observations were made experimentally and the results are shown in the figure 6.

pH=6.88;Dosage=2.5ml

pH=6.88
Reaction time vs TDS Coagulant dosage=2.5ml

1.21

1.2

1.19
TDS(ppt)

1.18

1.17

1.16

1.15

1.14

1.13
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Reaction time(min)

Fig 9 Effect of time on TDS (Moringa Oleifera)

Figure 7 shows the graph plotted between reaction time and total dissolved solids which
proved that there is no much change in TDS, but there is slight decrease at 15 minutes of
about 1.15ppt and sudden increace in 20 min and again decreace at 25 and 30 min. Since
there in no much change 5 min is considerd for further experiments.

27
 pH=6.88
Reaction time vs TSS Coagulant dosage=2.5ml

200

180

160

140

120
TSS(mg/l)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Reaction time(min)

Fig 10 Effect of time on TSS (Moringa Oleifera)

The total suspended solids was also found which showed that at 10minutes there is increase
in total suspended solids about 183mg/l, whereas suddenly at 15 minutes the curve drops
down to 149mg/l again increase to 177mg/l then curve again drops down to 155mg/l, slight
increase at 30 min. As optimum condition 5min is considered for further condition

28
Experiments were carried out for optimizing vital parameters such as pH, reaction time and
coagulant dosage while using bean extract also as natural coagulant.

4.2 Optimization of operational parameters using Bean powder

4.2.1 Varied pH, Constant dosage and Constant reaction time
Studies were made to find out the effect of variation of pH on the TSS and TDS removal.
Experiments were carried out at all pH ranges of acidity, neutral and alkalinity between
4.5- 9.5. As stated the reaction time and dosage was constant throughout by 10 minutes
and 5 ml respectively.

pH vs %Removal of TSS

100

90

80
%Removal of TSS

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
pH

Fig 11 Effect of pH on TSS (Bean powder)

29
The total suspended solids (TSS) was determined before and after treatment which showed
that in the acidic and the alkaline range of 4.5and 9.5 it seemed that there was less amount
of solids present of about 125mg/l and 181mg/l respectively. At the range between 5.5 to
8.5 the TSS was higher(5.5-293mg/l, 6.5-254mg/l, 7.5-200mg/l, 8.5=193mg/l )

ph vsTDS
1.02

0.98

0.96
TDS(ppt)

0.94

0.92

0.9

0.88

0.86
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
pH

Fig 12 Effect of pH on TDS (Bean powder)

Similar to TSS the total dissolved solids (TDS) is also plotted against pH, and it was found
that at the range of 4.5-0.91ppt, 5.5- 0.88ppt, 6.5-0.90ppt, 7.5-0.96ppt, 8.5-0.96ppt and
9.5-1.01ppt was obtained. There is a slight increase at 7.5 and 9.5 gradually varies both
increase and decrease throughout. .After conducting experiment solution pH(6.8) was
considered for futher experiments.

30
4.2.2 Varied dosage, Constant reaction time and Constant pH

Further experiments were done to determine the optimum dosage of moringa olifera. The
extract was taken at various concentrations of 5ml, 10ml, 15ml was added. Reaction time
and coagulant dosage was kept constant at 10min and 6.8 respectively. The observation
made experimentally and results are as shown in figure 3.

Coagulant dosage vs TDS

0.94

0.92

0.9
TDS(ppt)

0.88

0.86

0.84

0.82

0.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Dosage(ml)

Fig 13 Effect of Coagulant Dosage on TDS (Bean powder)

The total dissolved solids for the dosage variation was found to be gradually
increasing. The coagulant dosage added were 2.5ml, 5ml, 10ml, 15ml, 20ml, 25ml that
showed the TDS after treatment of about 0.82ppt, 0.87ppt and 0.86ppt, 0.88ppt then slight
decrease to 0.84ppt then again increase to 0.82ppt respectively. It is lesser in 2.5ml of
coagulant dosage.

31
 Coagulant dosage vs %Removal of TSS

100
90
80
70
TSS(mg/l)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Dosage(ml)

Fig 14 Effect of Coagulant Dosage on TSS (Bean powder)

The Total Suspended Solids were tested for the dosage optimization which proved that the
solids are less at 2.5ml than any other range of coagulant dosage, so 2.5ml of bean is
considerd for further experiments.

4.2.3 Varying reaction time, Constant dosage and constant pH

To determine the optimum reaction time, experiments were carried out by varying the time
from 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes and keeping dosage and pH constant as optimized.
The observations were made experimentally and the results are shown in the figure 5.

pH=6.88;Dosage=2.5ml

32
 Reaction time vs TDS

1.06

1.04

1.02
TDS (ppt)

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Reaction time (min)

Fig 15 Effect of time on TDS (Bean powder)

Figure 7 shows the graph plotted between reaction time and total dissolved solids which
proved that there is no much change in TDS. Since there in no much change 5 min is
considerd for further experiments.

33
 Reaction time vs % TSS removal

100

90

80

70
% TSS removal

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Reaction time

Fig 16 Effect of time on TSS (Bean powder)

The total suspended solids was also found which showed that at 10minutes there is increase
in total suspended solids about 147mg/l, whereas suddenly at 15 minutes the curve drops
down to 135mg/l again increase to 160mg/l then curve rises to 177mg/l, slight increase at
30 min. As optimum condition 5min is considered for further condition

34
4.3 Treated wastewater characteristics at optimum conditions:

4.3.1 Wastewater treated using Moringa powder

The optimized condition of natural coagulation of dairy wastewater moringa powder is as

follows:

Table 2 Optimized condition for natural coagulation using moringa extract.

pH 6.8

Coagulant Dosage 2.5 ml

Reaction Time 5 min

Wastewater was treated at optimum condition and the characteristics of treated

wastewater is listed below:

35
Table 3 Characteristics of wastewater treated at optimum conditions.

TSS(mg/l) 178

TDS(ppt) 1.18

pH 7.8

Conductivity(mS/cm) 2.46

COD(mg/l) 74

36
 1200

1000

800
COD(mg/l)

600 Initial COD

COD after treatment

400

200

0
Moringa Extract

Fig 17 Removal of COD when treated at optimum condition using Moringa oleifera

Dairy wastewater having an initial COD of 1000mg/l when treated at optimum condition
(pH= 6.8; Coagulant Dosage=2.5ml; Reaction time= 5min) using moringa extract as
coagulant, COD level was observed to reduce to 74mg/l. This indicates that natural
coagulation using moringa extract as coagulant results in 92.6% removal of COD.

37
 5

4.5

3.5

3
Initial TDS
TDS(ppt)

2.5 TDS after treatment

1.5

0.5

0
Moringa Extract

Fig 18 Change in TDS when treated at optimum condition using

Moringa oleifera

Dairy wastewater having an initial TDS of 0.92ppt when treated at optimum condition
(pH= 6.8; Coagulant Dosage=2.5ml; Reaction time= 5min) using moringa extract as
coagulant. TDS level was increased to 1.18ppt. This indicates that natural coagulation
using moringa extract results in increase in TDS. It was increased to 28.2% .

38
 1200

1000

800
TSS(mg/l)

600 Initial TSS

TSS after treatment

400

200

0
Moringa Extract

Fig 19 Removal of TSS when treated at optimum condition using

Moringa oleifera

Dairy wastewater was analyzed with an initial TSS of 1067mg/l. Dairy wastewater was
treated with pH of 6.8, Coagulant dosage of 2.5ml and reaction time was 5min. The TSS
of treated wastewater was found to be 178 mg/l. The removal efficiency of TSS was found
to be 83.31%.

39
4.3.2 Wastewater treated using Bean powder

After conducting experiments with varying pH from a range of 4.5 to 9.5, varying
coagulant dosage from 2.5ml to 25ml and varying reaction time from 5min to 25 min, it
was concluded that the optimum condition for natural coagulation of dairy wastewater
using bean extract is as follows,

Table 4 Optimized condition for natural coagulation using bean powder.

pH 6.8

Coagulant Dosage 2.5ml

Reaction Time 5 min

40
Dairy wastewater after treatment at optimum conditions, the characteristics of wastewater
was noted as follows:

Table 5: Characteristics of wastewater treated at optimum conditions.

TSS(mg/l) 130

TDS(ppt) 0.93

pH 7.67

Conductivity(mS/cm) 1.83

COD(mg/l) 127

41
 1200

1000

800
COD(mg/l)

600 Initial COD

COD after treatment

400

200

0
Bean Powder

Fig 20 Removal of COD when treated at optimum condition using bean powder

The initial COD of the wastewater was found to be 1000 mg/l. The wastewater was then
allowed to undergo natural coagulation for 5 min with a coagulant dosage of 2.5ml and the
pH of the sample was 6.8. After treatment the COD of the sample was found to be 127mg/l.
The removal efficiency of COD was found to be 87.3% when bean extract was used as the
coagulant.

42
 5

4.5

3.5

3
TDS(ppt)

2.5 Initial TDS

TDS after treatment

1.5

0.5

0
Bean Powder

Fig 21 Change in TDS when treated at optimum condition using bean powder

The initial TDS of the wastewater was found to be 0.92ppt. The wastewater was then
allowed to undergo natural coagulation for 5 min with a coagulant dosage of 2.5ml and the
pH of the sample was 6.8. After treatment the TDS of the sample was found to be 0.93ppt.
This indicate that there was no much change in TDS after treatment with bean extract.

43
 1200

1000

800
TSS(mg/l)

600 Initial TSS

TSS after treatment

400

200

0
Bean Powder

Fig 22 Removal of TSS when treated at optimum condition using bean powder

Dairy wastewater was analyzed with an initial TSS of 1067mg/l. Dairy wastewater was
treated with pH of 6.8, coagulant dosage of 2.5ml, for a period of 5min. The TSS of treated
wastewater was found to be 130mg/l. The removal efficiency of TSS was found to be
87.8%.

44
Table 6 Comparison between Moringa extract and Bean extract

Properties Moringa extract Bean Extract

Sludge Formation More Less

Settling time 0-24 hours 24-48 hours

Removal Efficiency 92.6% 87.3%

(COD)

COD
1200

1000

800

Initial COD
COD(mg/l)

600 COD after treatment using

Mooringa Extract
COD after treatment using Bean
Powder
400

200

0
Natural Coagulation

Fig 23 Comparison of COD removal

45
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Extracts of both moringa and bean are used as natural coagulants for the treatment of dairy
waste water. Treatability of dairy wastewater was carried out using naturally available
Moringa Oleifera as a coagulant Moringa seed coagulant addition significantly affected
TSS reduction. Conductivity and TDS increased after the treatment with moringa seed
coagulation. COD of the water was also reduced significantly.

TSS was reduced from 1067 mg/l to 178 mg/l. TDS had an increment from 0.92 ppt to 1.18
ppt. Conductivity was also increased from 1.89 mS to 2.46 mS. The removal efficiency of
COD was found to be 92.6 %.

Dairy wastewater was also treated with naturally available bean. Bean powder coagulant
addition significantly affected TSS reduction. Conductivity and TDS increased after the
treatment with bean extract. COD of the water was also reduced significantly.

TSS was reduced from 1067 mg/l to 130mg/l. TDS had an increment from 0.92 ppt to 0.93
ppt. Conductivity was decreased from 1.89 mS to 1.83mS. The removal efficiency of COD
was found to be 87.3%.

Considering the found out results, it is concluded that moringa extract was proven to be
more efficient than bean extract as a natural coagulant for the treatment of dairy waste
water.

46
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