Waste Management Fundamentals

CHAPTER 6
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
1
Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management
Prepared by: Nur Ain Bt Mohd Zainuddin
Course Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:

Characterize waste generation:
classification and sources
Explain factor that can affect wastes

generation rate
Explain functional element in solid

waste management: on site handling,
on site storage, on site processing,
collection, transfer and transport
Explain the methods for ultimate or final

disposal of solid waste.
2
6.1 Solid Waste Generation
Classification of Solid Wastes
Definition Example
MSW is a waste type consisting •Food waste
Municipal of everyday items that are •Rubbish
Solid discarded by the public. •Ashes & Residue
Wastes Commonly known as trash or •Demolition & construction
garbage. •Special waste
•Treatment plant waste
Industrial
Refer Table 10-1
Industrial Industrial wastes are those •Rubbish

Wastes waste arising from industrial •Ashes
activities. •Demolition & construction
•Special waste
•Hazardous
Waste that pose a substantial

•Radioactive
Hazardous danger immediately or over a
•Chemicals
Wastes period of time to human, plant,
•Biologicals
or animal life are classified as
•Flammables
hazardous wastes.
Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 3
•Explosives
Sources of Solid Wastes
• Knowledge of types and sources of solid wastes along with the data of composition and rate of generation is
basic design and operation of the functional elements associated with the management of solid wastes.
Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Construction &
demolitions
sources
Types &
Municipal
services
Agricultural
Industrial
Municipal
Solid Waste
Treatment plant sites

(incinerators) Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 4
Waste Generation Theory

Functional Element of Solid Waste Management System
• Those activities in which are identified as no longer being of value an are
Waste
either thrown away or gathered together for disposal.
Generation
On-Site • Those activities associated with the handling, storage and processing of solid
Handling, wastes at or near the point of generation.
Storage and
Processing
• Those activities associated with the gathering of solid wastes and the hauling of
Collection wastes after collection to the location where the collection vehicles is emptied.
• Those activities associated with (1) the transfer of wastes from the smaller
Transfer and collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent
Transport transport of the wastes, usually over long distance to the disposal site.
• Those techniques, equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency
Processing and of other functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion
Recovery products or energy from solid wastes.
• Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes, including

Disposal those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, semisolid
waste (sludges) from wastewater treatment plants, incinerator residue,
compost, or other substances from the various solid-waste processing
plants that are of no further use. 6
The following flow chart shows the
To implement proper interrelationship between the functional elements
waste management, in solid waste management.
various aspects have to
be considered such as
i. source reduction
ii. onsite storage
iii. collection and
transfer
iv. processing
techniques
v. disposal

Factor that Affect Generation Rate
Factor that influence the quantity of municipal waste generated include :
Geographic
location
Public Season
attitude of the
s year
Factor that
affect
Extent of generation
salvaging rate Collection
and frequency
recycling
Use of
Characteristic kitchen
of populace waste
grinders

Sample of Waste Generation

6.2 On Site Handling, Storage and Processing
On Site Handling
Refer to the activities associated with the handling of
solid wastes until they are placed in the containers used
for their storage before collection at the point of
generation.
Depending on the type of collection service, handling
also encompasses the movement of loaded containers
to the collection point and return the empty container to
the point where the waste are stored between
collection.

On Site Handling
Wastes are placed in in large
storage container to await
removal by the waste collection
agencies.
Low/ Medium-rise
residential area
For curb collection-resident
responsible for placing the
loaded larger storage area at the
curb
Domestic Solid
Wastes Picked up by building
On Site Handling
maintenance personal and taken

to the basement service area.
High-rise residential Taken to the service

area (apartment) maintenance area by tenant
Large container
Commercial and Bagged and placed by the tenant
mounted on rollers and
Industrial Solid in special designed chutes with
removed by service
Wastes opening, located at each floor
elevator.

On Site Handling
12
On Site Storage
 Factors that must be considered in the on-site storage
of solid wastes include:
Factor-on-site storage
Type of container
to be used
Container location
Public health and

aesthetics
Collection methods
to be used

On Site Storage - Containers
 Types and capacities of container used depend on:
1. Characteristic of solid waste
2. Collection frequency
3. Space available for the placement of the container
Table 11-4: Data on the types and sizes of containers used for the on-site storage of solid wastes
14

 Types of waste storage bin in Malaysia
i. Small Bin » household (16 – 210 L)
ii. Medium Bin » communal bin (0.8 – 9 m3)
iii. Large Bin » hauled communal (9 – 30
m3 )
Figure 1: Types of containers and bags

15

Types of containers
The most commonly used individual household waste storage
containers in Malaysia are:
 daily collection : Size 7 – 10 litres
 weekly collection : Size 20 litres, 30 litres, 50 litres, 120 litres
10 L bin 20 L bin 30 L bin 50 L bin

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 120 L wheelie16bin
On Site Storage – Containers locations
 Depends on:
i. type of dwelling – residential, commercial or industrial
ii. height of dwelling – low, medium or high rise
iii. accessible to collection service – truck or compactor
iv. available space – no obstruction
1. Residential dwelling :Container for municipal solid wastes usually
are placed or located:
v. Newer residential area: by the side or rear of the house.
vi. Older residential area: in alley.
vii. Low-rise multifamily apartment :special designed and
designated enclosure.
viii. High-rise apartment : basement of ground-floor service area.

a) Curbs
b) Alleys / back-lanes
c) Special enclosures (apartment)
d) Basement


2. Commercial and Industrial Facilities.
 The location of container at existing commercial and
industrial facilities depends on:
i. location of available space
ii. and services-access conditions.
• Since the containers are not owned by the commercial or industrial
activity the location and types of container to be used for on-site
storage are shared by industrial, public and private collection
agency.

On Site Processing
 Method used to recover usable materials from solid
wastes, to reduce the volume or to alter the physical
form.
 Normal processing operations include:
i. manual sorting,
ii. compaction
iii. incineration.

6.3 Collection of Solid Waste
 Collection is the first fundamental function of solid waste
management.
 Solid waste collection refers to the gathering of the waste
materials at the source of generation such a residential, commercial,
institutional, industrial areas and as well as public parks, the loading
of the wastes onto the collection vehicle and the transport of the
materials to the treatment or disposal site.
 Functional elements in collection of solid wastes:
1. Types of collection services
2. Types of collection system
3. Analysis of collection system
4. Setting up collection route
 Collection services can be divided to:
1. Municipal collection services
2. Commercial-Industrial collection
Chapter services.
6: Solid Waste Management 21
Municipal Collection Services

 Common collection services:
1. Curb
2. Alley
3. Backyard collection
 (Curb collection):
 Gain popularity because labour cost for collection can be
minimized.
 Used of large containers which can be emptied
mechanically with an articulated container pick up
mechanism.
 Most common method used for the collection of
municipal wastes.

Municipal Collection Services
Mechanized curbside collection
 The containers are designed specifically to the work with
container-unloading mechanism attach to the collection
vehicle.
 The container size is from 75 to 120 gallons (280 – 450
litres).
 90 gallons (340 litres) container being the most common.

Commercial-Industries Collection Services

 Commercial-industrial collection service: Provided to large
apartment buildings, residential complex and commercial
and industrial activities typically centred around the use of
large movable and stationary containers and large
stationary compactor.

Type of Collection System

Types of collection systems
 Two types of collection systems based on operation mode:
1. Hauled-Container System (HCS)
2. Stationary Container System (SCS)
Hauled-Container System (HCS) Stationary Container System (SCS)

Type of Collection System-HCS

Hauled-Container System (HCS)
 Container use for storage of solid waste are hauled to the
processing, transfer or disposal site
 Emptied the container at processing, transfer station or
disposal site.
 Returned to their original location or other location.
 Example; communal bin.
 Two types of HCS:
 Tilt-frame container trailer
 Trash-trailer


 The collector is responsible for driving the vehicles,
loading full container and unloading empty container and
emptying the contents of the container at the disposal
site.
 For safety reasons, both driver and helper are used.
 System used tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and large
container often called drop boxes are suited for -
the collection for all types of solid waste and rubbish
from locations where the generation rate warrants
the use of large containers.
 Open-top containers are used routinely at warehouses
and construction sites. Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 27
 Large container used in conjunction with stationary
compactors are common at commercial and industrial
services and at transfer stations - large volume can be
hauled.
 Tilt-frame hauled-container system widespread especially
among private collectors servicing industrial accounts.
 Trash trailer application similar to Tilt-frame hauled-
container system however is better for the collection of
heavy rubbish such as sand, metal scrap and for
demolition waste at construction sites.
 Advantages of HCS:
Advantages Disadvantages
• Useful when the generation rate • If the containers are not filled,
is high and the containers are low utilization rate.
large.
• Flexible. Need more capacity,
use a larger container.
• Requiring only one truck and
driver to accomplish the
collection cycle.
• May eliminate spillage
associated with multiple smaller
containers.


 Tilt-frame container trailer

Type of Collection System-SCS

 Storage container will remain at the point of waste generation site except
when moved for collection example individual bin.
 Labour requirements for mechanically loaded stationary- container systems are
essentially the same as for HCS.
 Two main types for SCS:
i. Self-loading compactor vehicles
ii. Manually loaded vehicles
 Container size and utilization are not critical as HCS -using self-loading collection
vehicles equipped with a compaction mechanism.
 Trips to the disposal site, transfer station or processing station are made after the
contents of a number containers have been collected and compacted and the
collection vehicles is full.
 SCS used for all types of waste collection- a variety of container size and types are
available.


 Major application of manual transfer and loading methods is in
the collection of residential waste and litter.
 Manual methods collection of industrial wastes where pick up
points are inaccessible to the collection vehicles.
 Advantage of SCS:
i. Vehicle does not travel to the disposal area until it is
full-yielding higher utilization rates.
 Disadvantages of SCS:
i. The system is not flexible in terms of picking up bulky
good.
ii. Demolition waste » damage the compaction
mechanisms.
iii. Not suitable for large generations of waste.

Type of Collection System

Table 11-5: Typical data on the collection vehicles and container used with various
collection systems

Determination of vehicle and labor requirements

 Must be optimized to save collection time and costs.
 Important to determine vehicle and labour requirements for the
various collection systems and method, the unit time required to
perform each task.
 By separating the collection activities into unit operation is possible:
 to develop design data and relationships that can be used
universally.
 to evaluate both the variables associated with collection
activities and the variables related to, or controlled by, the
particular location.

Figure 11-10 (a): Definition Sketch for waste collection: hauled-container

Figure 11-10 (b): Definition Sketch for waste collection: stationary-container


 The activities involved in the collection of solid waste can be resolved
into 4 unit operations:
i. pick up (P)
ii. Haul (h)
iii. at-site (s)
iv. off-route (W)

• Hauled Container System, Phcs
• The time spend picking up the loaded container, the time required to redeposit the container after its contents have been emptied
and the time spent driving to the next container.
• Stationary Container System, P scs
Pick up (P) • The time spend loading the collection vehicles, beginning with the stopping of the vehicles prior to loading the contents of the first
container and ending when the content s of the last container to be emptied have been loaded.
• Hauled Container System, h hcs

• The time required to reach the disposal site, starting after a container whose contents are to be emptied has been loaded on the
truck, plus the time after leaving the disposal site until the truck HCS arrives at thelocation wherethe emptycontainers to be redeposit. Time spend at the
disposal site is not included.
• Stationary Container System, hscs
Haul (h) • The time required to reach the disposal site, starting after the last container on the route has been emptied or the collection
vehicles is filled, plus the time after leaving the disposal site until the truck arrives at the location of the first containers to be
emptied on the next collection route. Time spend at the disposal site is not included.
• The time spend at the disposal site, including the time spent waiting to unload as well as the time spent unloading.
At-site (s)
• All time spent on activities that are nonproductive from the point of view of the overall collection operation. Necessary off-route time
include (1) time spend checking in and out in the morning and at the end of the day (2) time lost due to unavoidable congestion and
(3) time spent on equipment repairs and maintenance. Unnecessary off-route include time spend for lunch in excess of the stated
Off-route (W) lunch period and time spent on taking unauthorized coffee breaks, talking to friend and etc.

Hauled Container System (HCS) Analysis

1. Time required per trip:
Thcs Phcs  s  a  bx Equation 11-1
h  a  bx
Where:
Thcs = time per trip for hauled container systems, h/trip
Phcs = pick up time per trip for hauled container system, h/trip
s = at site time per trip, h/trip
h = haul time per trip, h/trip
a = empirical haul constant, h/trip
b = empirical haul constant, h/km
x = round-trip haul distance, km/trip

2. Picked up time per trip (Phcs) :
 pc  uc  dbc Equation 11-2

Phcs
Where:
Phcs = pick up time per trip, h/trip
pc = time required to pick up loaded container, h/trip
uc = time required to unload empty container, h/trip
dbc = average time spent driving between container location, h/trip


3. Number of trip per day (Nd)
  1  W  H  t 1  t 2
d   P Vd
 s  a  bx cf
Equation 11-3
NWhere: hcs

Nd = number of trips per day, trip/d
W = off-route factor, expressed as fraction
H = length of workday, h/d
t1 = time from garage to first container, h
t2 = time from last container location to garage, h
Vd = average daily quantity of waste collected, m3/d
c = average container size, m3/trip
f = weighted average container utilization factor (fraction of container volume occupied by solid
wastes)
Note: W values varies from 0.10 toChapter

0.40;6: Solid
a factor
Waste of 0.15 is representative for most
Management 42
operation.

Table 11-7: Typical values for haul constant coefficients a and b in equation 11-1,11-3,11-4 and 11-8
Table 11-8: Typical data for computing equipment and labor requirements for hauled and
stationary container collection systems (a)


Example 11.1 : Analysing a hauled container collection system.
Solid waste from a new industrial park is to be collected in large
containers (drop boxes), some of which will be used in conjunction with
stationary compactors. Based on traffic studies at similar parks, it is
estimated that the average time to drive from the garage to the first
container and from last container to the garage each day will be 15 and
20 minute, respectively. If the average time required to drive between
containers is 6 min and the one- way distance to the disposal site is 25
km (speed limit: 88 km/h), determine the number of containers that
can be emptied per day, based on an 8-h workday.


Solution Example 11.1 : Analysing a hauled container collection system.
45

Solution Example 11.1 : Analysing a hauled container collection system.
46
Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Mechanically Self
Loading Collection vehicles
1. Time required per trip (TSCS)
Tscs  Pscs  s  a  bx Equation 11-4

Where:
Tscs = time per trip for SCS, h/trip
Pscs= pick up time per trip for SCS, h/trip
x = average round-trip haul distance, km/trip

2. Picked up time per trip (PSCS)
Equation 11-5
Pscs  C t uc  n p  1 dbc
Where:
Pscs= Pick up time per trip for SCS, h/trip
Ct = Number of containers emptied per trip, container/trip
uc = average unloading time per container for SCS, h/container
np = number of container pickup locations per trip, locations/trip
dbc = average time spent driving between container locations, h/location
(determined locally)

3. Number of container can be emptied per collection trip, Ct
C t  vr Equation 11-6
cf
Where:
Ct : number of containers emptied per trip, container/trip
v = volume of collection vehicle, m3/trip
r = compaction ratio
c = container volume, m3/container
f = weighted container utilization factor

4. Number of trip per day (Nd)
 1  W  H t1  t 
Nd  2   Vd
Equation 11-7
TSCS vr
Where:
Nd = number of collection trips required per day ,trips/d
Vd = daily waste generation rate, m3/d
5. Length of workday (h/d)
( 𝑡 1 − 𝑡 2 )+ 𝑁𝑑 ( 𝑃𝑠𝑐𝑠 +𝑠 +𝑎 +𝑏𝑥 Equation
) 11-8
𝐻=
1 −𝑊

• Example 11.2 (SCS - Mechanically self-loading collection vehicles):
Solid waste from a commercial area are to be collected using SCS
having 4 m3 containers. Determine the appropriate truck capacity for
the following conditions:
a. Containers size = 4 m3
b. Container utilization factor = 0.75
c. Average number of containers at each location = 2
d. Collection -vehicles compaction ratio = 2.5
e. Container unloading time = 0.1 h/container
f. Average drive time between container locations= 0.1 h
g. One-way haul distance = 30 km
h. Speed limit = 88 km/h
i. Time for garage to first container location = 0.33 h
j. Time from last container location to garage = 0.25 h
k. Number of trips to disposal site per day = 2
l. Length of workday = 8 Chapter
h 6: Solid Waste Management 51
• Solution

• Solution

Stationary Container System (SCS) Analysis- Manual Loading
Collection vehicles
1. Number of pickup locations per trip (Np)
N p  6 0 PS C S Equation 11-9
tp
Where:
n
Tscs = time per trip for SCS, h/trip
Pscs = pick up time per trip for SCS, h/trip
x = average round-trip haul distance, km/trip

Collection vehicles
2. Average picked up time for one person collection crew per location (tp)
t p  0.92
3. Average picked up time for two persons collection crew per location (tp)
t p  0.720.18C n  0.014(PRH ) Equation 11-10
Where:
tp = average pickup time per pickup location, collection. min/location
Cn = average number of containers at each pickup location
PRH = rear-of-house pickup locations, percent

Collection vehicles
VP n
v 
Equation 11-11
P r
Where:
v : volume of collection vehicles, m3/trip
Vp = volume of solid wastes collected per pick up location, m3/location
Np = number of pickup locations per trip, location/trip
r = compaction ratio, m3/container
 1  W  H  t1
 t 2 
Pscs  s  a  bx
N 
Collection vehicles
• Example 11.2.1(SCS - Manually loaded): Design a solid waste curb
collection system to service a residential area with 1000 single-family
dwellings. Two manually loaded collection systems are to be evaluated.
The first involves the use of a side-loaded collection vehicle with a one
person crew; the second involves the use of a rear-loaded collection
vehicle with a two person crew. Determine the size of collection vehicle
required and compare the labour requirements for each collection
system. Assume the following data are applicable:
 Average number of residents per service = 3.5

 Solid waste generation rate per capita = 2.5 lb/capita.d
 Density of solid wastes (at containers) = 200 lb/yd3

Collection vehicles
 Containers per service = two 32-gal containers plus 1.5

cardboard containers (20 gal on average)
 Collection frequency = once per week
 Collection vehicle compaction ratio, r = 2.5
 Round-trip haul distance, h = 35 mi
 Nominal length of workday, H = 8 h
 Trips per day, Nd = 2
 Travel time to first pickup location, t1 = 0.3 h
 Travel time from last pickup location, t2 = 0.4 h
 Off-route factor, W = 0.15
 Haul-time constants: a = 0.016 h/trip and b = 0.018 h/mi
 At-site time per trip, s = 0.10 h/trip
 Average number of containers at each location = 3.5
containers
Collection vehicles
• Solution

Collection vehicles

Collection vehicles

Collection vehicles

Collection Routes
• In general, the layout of collection routes is a trial-and- error

process. There are no fixed rules that can be applied to all
situation.
• Route established by
i. Trial and error
ii. Computer
iii. Heuristic methods (common sense)

Collection Routes
Factors for laying out routes

Scattered pickup
points where small
quantities of solid
Existing system Wastes generated at Wastes generated at
wastes are generated
Existing company conditions such as traffic-congested traffic-congested
should, if possible,
policies and crew size and vehicle locations should be locations should be
be served during one
regulations. types must be collected as early in collected as early in
trip or the same day,
coordinated. the day as possible. the day as possible.
if they receive the
same collection
frequency.

Collection Routes- Layout Routes
 Lay out of routes: 4 steps

processes

Example 11-3: Laying collection routes :Lay out collection
routes for the residential area shown in the accompanying
figure. Assume the following data are applicable.
1. General
a. Occupants per resident = 3.5
b. Solid waste generation rate = 1.6 kg/persond
c. Type of collection service = curb
d. Collection crew size = one person
e. Collection vehicle capacity = 20 m3
f. Compacted density of solid waste in collection vehicles = 325
kg/m3
2. Routes constraints
 No U-turn in streets
 Collection from each side of street with stand-up right-hand
drive collection vehicle.
Location map of collection routes

• Solution

Collection Routes- Schedules
 A master schedule for each collection route

should be prepared for use by the engineering
department and the transportation despatcher.
 A schedule for each routes on which can be
found the location and order of each pickup
point to be serviced, should be prepared for the
driver.
 In addition, a route book should be maintained
by each truck driver.

6.4 Transfer and Transport
Transfer Station
 Transfer stations are facilities where municipal solid waste is
unloaded from collection vehicles and briefly held while it is reloaded
onto larger long-distance transport vehicles for shipment to landfills
or other treatment or disposal facilities.
 Transfer station is important:
i. When hauled distance to available disposal sites or
processing centres increase.
ii. Most common in larger metropolitan areas.
iii. Direct hauling no longer economically.
 Important factors in the design of transfer station:
i. Type of transfer operation to be used
ii. Capacity requirements
iii. Equipment and accessory requirements
iv. Environmental requirements
Transfer Station
 3 types of transfer station (depend on the method used to load the
transport vehicles):
71
Transfer Station
Figure 11-1: Typical direct discharged transfer station
Figure 11-2: Typical storage discharged transfer station

Transfer Station
direct load storage load

Location of Transfer Station
Near as possible to the individual solid waste
Location of Transfer production/ collection area served.
Easy access of major haul routes.
Where there will be a minimum of public and

Station
environmental objection to the transfer operation.
Where the construction and operation will be most

economical.
Adequate land area to provide isolation (to handle

traffic flow).
Served by utilities (water, sanitary sewer, storm

drainage, electricity).
Transfer Means and Method
Motor vehicle
transport
Railroad transport
Transfer
Means and
Method
Water transport
Pneumatic Transport

6.5 Processing Technique
 Processing techniques are used in solid waste management system to :
i. Improve the efficiency of solid waste disposal system
ii. To recover resources ( usable material)
iii. Prepare materials for the recovery of conversion product and
energy.
Table 11-10: Factor that should be considered in evaluating on site processing
equipment.

Important processing technique used routinely in MSW system include:
1. Mechanical and volume reduction/compaction
2. Thermal volume reduction / incineration
3. Manual separation of waste component/ Material recovery facilities
Material Recovery Facility (MRF)

 Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) is where recyclable materials that are collected
from households are sorted into different types (e.g. plastics, cardboard, paper,
metal) using a mixture of manual and automated methods.
 When the materials have been sorted they are sent to reprocesses and
manufacturers where they are used to create new products.
 The process also helps to provide quality recyclables that manufacturers
need to make certain products and goods.
 If they could not rely on the quality of the recyclables they would need to
use more raw materials.

MRF process flow

Examples of MRF

Examples of MRF

6.6 Ultimate Disposal

Landfill
 Definition: Physical facilities used for the disposal
of residual solid wastes in the surface soils of the
earth intended to be permanent.
 Involves burying the solid waste and sometimes co-
dispose with sewage sludge.
 Generally located in urban areas where a large
amount of waste is generated and has to be
dumped in a common place.
 The equipment required to operate is relatively
inexpensive and can be used for other municipal
operations as well serious threat to community health
represented by open dumping or burning is avoided.

 Type of solid waste disposal method

 Land disposal site classification
Level Description
Level O Open dumpsite
Controlled tipping/ controlled
Level I
dumpsite
Sanitary landfill with bund and
Level II
daily cover
Sanitary landfill with leachate
Level III
recirculation system
Sanitary landfill with leachate
Level IV
treatment facilities

 Common types of landfill:

i. Sanitary landfill:
Engineered facility for the disposal of MSW designed and operated
in a manner that meets most of the standard specification to
minimized public health and environmental impacts.
ii. Controlled dump:
A planned landfill that incorporates to some extent some of the
features of a sanitary landfill.
iii. Open dump:
An unplanned "landfill" that incorporates a few of any controlled
landfill characteristics. Typically no leachate control, no access
control, no cover, no management, and many waste pickers.

 Disposal on the earth’s mantle is the only viable method for

the long term handling:
1. Solid waste that are collected and are for of no further
use.
2. The residual matter remaining after solid waste have
been processed
3. The residual matter remaining after the recovery of
conversion product and or energy have been
accomplished.
 Important aspect in the implementation of sanitary landfills
include:
i. Site selection
ii. Land filling method and operations
iii. Occurrence of gases and leachate in landfills
iv. Movement and control of landfills gas and leachate.
 Factor that must be considered in evaluating potential solid

waste disposal site:

Modern landfill

Sanitary landfill

Landfill final cover

Leachate & Gas Collection Pipe

(Pulau Burung Landfill Site)
Construction of Leachate &

Gas Collection Pipe

Advantages Disadvantages
• Can produce energy which obtained • Completed landfill areas can settle
by the conversion of landfill gas. and requires maintenance.
• Filled land can be reused for other • Requires proper planning, design,
community purposes. and operation.
• Landfill is a specific location for • Landfills that are poorly designed or
waste deposition that can be operated share more problems that
monitored. are faced at the uncontrolled
• On completion of the landfill it can dumping areas.
be reclaimed and it can be used as • The areas surrounding the landfills
parks or farming land. become heavily polluted and cause
diseases or illness in the
communities living around the
landfill.
• Pollute air, water and also the soil.

Waste Management Fundamentals

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Waste Management Fundamentals

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CHAPTER 6

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:

Explain factor that can affect wastes

Explain functional element in solid

Explain the methods for ultimate or final

Industrial Industrial wastes are those •Rubbish

Waste that pose a substantial

Treatment plant sites

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 5

• Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes, including

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 7

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 8

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 9

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 10

maintenance personal and taken

High-rise residential Taken to the service

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 11

Public health and

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 13

On Site Storage - Containers

Figure 1: Types of containers and bags

On Site Storage - Containers

10 L bin 20 L bin 30 L bin 50 L bin

On Site Storage – Containers locations

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 18

On Site Storage – Containers locations

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 19

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 20

Municipal Collection Services

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 22

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 23

Commercial-Industries Collection Services

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 24

Type of Collection System

Hauled-Container System (HCS) Stationary Container System (SCS)

Type of Collection System-HCS

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 26

Type of Collection System-HCS

Type of Collection System-HCS

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 29

Type of Collection System-HCS

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 30

Type of Collection System-SCS

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 31

Type of Collection System-SCS

Type of Collection System-SCS

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 33

Type of Collection System

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 34

Determination of vehicle and labor requirements

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 35

Determination of vehicle and labor requirements

Figure 11-10 (a): Definition Sketch for waste collection: hauled-container

Determination of vehicle and labor requirements

Figure 11-10 (b): Definition Sketch for waste collection: stationary-container

Determination of vehicle and labor requirements

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 38

• Hauled Container System, h hcs

Chapter 6: Solid Waste Management 39

Hauled Container System (HCS) Analysis

Thcs Phcs  s  a  bx Equation 11-1