Chapter 5-Solid Waste

CHAPTER 5
SOLID WASTES
1
Chapter 5: Solid Wastes
Prepared by: Nur Ain Bt Mohd Zainuddin
Course Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:
Define solid wastes
Differentiate source of solid waste
Explain properties of wastes
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5.1 Solid wastes:Definition,Characteristic & Perspectives
Solid Wastes
 The term ''solid wastes” : all inclusive and encompasses all
sources, types of classification, composition and properties.
 Definition from National Solid Waste Department Malaysia:
a. Any scrap material or other unwanted surplus substance or
rejected products arising from the application of any process
b. any substance required to be disposed of as being broken,
worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled; or
c. any other material that according to this Act or any other
written law is required by the authority to be disposed of, but
does not include scheduled wastes as prescribed under the
Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127), sewage as defined in
the Water Services Industry Act 2006 (Act 655) or radioactive
waste as defined in the Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act
304).
Chapter 5: Solid Wastes 3
Example
Definition
•Food waste
MSW is a waste type consisting •Rubbish
Municipal of everyday items that are
Solid •Ashes & Residue
discarded by the public. •Demolition & construction
Wastes Commonly known as trash or •Special waste
garbage. •Treatment plant waste
Industrial
Refer Table 10-1
Industrial wastes are those •Rubbish

Industrial •Ashes
Wastes waste arising from industrial
activities. •Demolition & construction
•Special waste
•Hazardous
Waste that pose a substantial •Radioactive

Hazardous danger immediately or over a •Chemicals
Wastes period of time to human, plant, •Biologicals
or animal life are classified as •Flammables
hazardous wastes. •Explosives 4
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MSW treatment systems in East Asia region 2006

Country Disposal / Treatment Methods (%)
Composting Open Landfilling Incineration Others
dumping
Indonesia 15 60 10 2 13
Malaysia 10 50 30 5 5
Myanmar 5 80 10 - 5
Philippines 10 75 10 - 5
Singapore - - 30 70 -
Thailand 10 65 5 5 15
Vietnam 10 70 - - 20
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Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672)
SOLID WASTE
•Any scrap (small piece, leftover food, discarded, junk) material or other
unwanted surplus (excess, remainder) substance or rejected products
arising from the application of any process;
•Any substance required to be disposed of as being broken, worn out,

contaminated or otherwise spoiled; or
•Any other material that according to this Act or any other written law is
required by the authority to be disposed of.
but does not include scheduled wastes (Environmental Quality Act 1974), sewage
(Water Services Industry Act 2006) & radioactive waste (Atomic Energy Licensing Act
1984)

Controlled solid waste means any solid waste

falling within any of the following categories:
1. Household solid waste

2. Commercial solid waste
3. Institutional solid waste
4. Public solid waste
5. Imported solid waste
6. Construction solid waste
7. Industrial solid waste

Household solid waste means any solid waste

generated by a household, and of a kind that is
ordinarily generated or produced by any premises
when occupied as a dwelling house, and includes
garden waste.
Commercial solid waste means any solid waste

generated from any commercial activity.

Institutional solid waste means any solid waste generated by–
a)any premises approved under any written law or by the State Authority
for use wholly or mainly for religious worship or for charitable purposes;
b)any premises occupied by any Federal or State Government

department, any local authority or statutory body;
c)any educational premises;
d)any healthcare facilities including hospitals, clinics and health centres;
e)any premises used as public zoos, public museums, public libraries

and orphanages.

Public solid waste means any solid waste generated

by public places, which are under the supervision or
control of any local authority.
Imported solid waste means any solid waste

generated in other countries and imported to Malaysia
for processing or disposal.
(transboundary movements of hazardous waste and

their disposal is PROHIBITED under UN Basel
Convention 1992)

Construction solid waste means any solid

waste generated from any construction or
demolition activity, including improvement,
preparatory, repair or alteration works.
Industrial solid waste means any solid waste

generated from any industrial activity.

Special solid waste means any kind of

controlled solid waste as may be prescribed
which
(a) is or may be dangerous to public health; or
(b) is difficult to treat, keep or dispose of,
that special provisions are required to deal with it.
Recyclable solid waste means controlled solid

waste which is suitable for recycling as may be
prescribed.
Recycling means to collect and separate solid waste

for the purpose of producing products.
Solid waste generator means any person who

generates any controlled solid waste.
Solid waste management services means the

separation, storage, collection, transportation, transfer,
processing, recycling, treatment and disposal of
controlled solid waste.

Public cleansing management services means the following services:
1)cleansing of public roads, public places, public toilets and public drains;
2)cleansing of hawker centres excluding privately owned and
maintained food courts;
3)cleansing of markets excluding privately owned and maintained
markets;
4)clearing of illegally dumped controlled solid waste on public roads and
in public places;
5) beach cleansing;
6) kerbside grass cutting on public roads;
7) grass cutting in public places; and
8) removal of carcasses,
but EXCLUDES landscaping and maintenance of public roads and
public places. Chapter 5: Solid Wastes 19
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5.2 Types, Sources and Properties of solid wastes
Sources of Solid Wastes

SOURCES DESCRIPTION
Domestic or residential Dwelling, town houses, apartments
Municipal services Street, public places, play ground
Commercial Offices, shops, malls, warehouses, hotels, airports,
restaurants, markets
Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government offices,
religious worship
Industrial (Non process Packaging, food
wastes)
Industrial Waste from industrial processes
Agricultural Farms, orchards, feedlots
Construction Renovation, housing project, house repair
Treatment plant sites Water, wastewater
McGraw-Hill 200
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WASTE
CHARACTERIZATION
Physical Chemical Biological
A. Volatiles solids
A. Specific weight
B. Moisture content A. Proximate analysis B. Lignin contents
C. Particle size distribution B. Ultimate analysis C. Biodegradable
D. Field capacity C. Energy content fraction
E. Permeability
F. Density D. Odors
31
Physical properties
A. Specific weight lb/yd , a volume measure and, therefore, subject to interpretation and variable.
3
Beware of reporting: loose, as found in containers, un-compacted, compacted.
B. Moisture content Wet-weight relationship:

Varies from 15-40%, use 21%, food and yard wastes very high-70%; paper,
plastics and inorganics very low-3%.
Important consideration for transformation processes: energy recovery
(incineration) and composting. Rain soaked trash will way more than its dry
counterpart, a consideration at the weighing scales.
Table 10-4 typical data on moisture content of MSW
C. Particle size  Imprint consideration in the recovery of materials, pre-processing antecedent

distribution to a classification or sorting process – Screens
D. Field Capacity (FC) The amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to the
downward pull of gravity. Water in excess of FC will flow out of the waste as
leachate.
50-60% for uncompacted, commingled waste from residential and commercial
sources.
E. Permeability Measures the movement of gasses and liquids in landfills.

k= 10-11 to 10-12 m2 in the vertical and 10-10 in the horizontal.
F. Density Density of solid waste wastes vary markedly with geographic location, season of
the year, and length of time in storage
 Typical densities of solid wastes components and mixtures are as Table 10.5.
Go thru example 10.1 and 10.2
Chemical properties
A. Proximate Includes the following tests:
analysis Moisture
Volatilecombustible matter
Fixed carbon (combustible residue after volatile matter is removed)
Ash (weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible.
Table 10-6, typical proximate analysis data for MSW.
B. Ultimate Determination of the percent C, H, O, N, S, and ash.

analyses Opportunity to calculate chemical formula, which then can be used in various
chemical and biological reactions.
Elemental analyser
C. Energy content Potentiallycritical element in incineration. Can be measured or calculated.

DuLong Formula:
Btu/lb = 145C +610(H2 - O2/8) + 40S +10N eq.4-10, p.86
Constituents are % by weight.
Table 10-7: Typical data on energy content & inert residue for SW.
D. Fusing point of Define as T at which the ah resulting from the burning of waste will form of
ash solid (clinker) – by fusion and agglomeration
Typical fusing T for the formation of clinker from solid waste range from2000-
2200°F (1100-1200°C)

Go thru Example 10-3 and 10-4
Biological properties
o VS, volatile solids, ignition at 550°C is often used as a
measure of the
biodegradability of the organic fraction.
o Lignin – a polymeric material containing aromatic rings with
methoxyl group
(-OCH3),-present in some paper products such as
newsprint and fiberboard)
o Biodegradable Fraction (BF) – biodegradability of organic
compounds based on lignin content.
o Odors typically result from the anaerobic decomposition of
the organic fraction.
- Sulfate is reduced to sulfides and the to H2S.
- Organic compounds containing a sulfur radical can lead to
the formation of methyl mercaptan and aminobutyric acid.

Chapter 5-Solid Waste

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Chapter 5-Solid Waste

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CHAPTER 5

At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:

Define solid wastes

Differentiate source of solid waste

Explain properties of wastes

Industrial wastes are those •Rubbish

Waste that pose a substantial •Radioactive

MSW treatment systems in East Asia region 2006

•Any substance required to be disposed of as being broken, worn out,

Chapter 5: Solid Wastes 11

Controlled solid waste means any solid waste

1. Household solid waste

Chapter 5: Solid Wastes 12

Household solid waste means any solid waste

Commercial solid waste means any solid waste

Chapter 5: Solid Wastes 13

b)any premises occupied by any Federal or State Government

c)any educational premises;

d)any healthcare facilities including hospitals, clinics and health centres;

e)any premises used as public zoos, public museums, public libraries

Chapter 5: Solid Wastes 14

Public solid waste means any solid waste generated

Imported solid waste means any solid waste

(transboundary movements of hazardous waste and

Chapter 5: Solid Wastes 15

Construction solid waste means any solid

Industrial solid waste means any solid waste

Chapter 5: Solid Wastes 16

Special solid waste means any kind of

Recyclable solid waste means controlled solid

Recycling means to collect and separate solid waste

Solid waste generator means any person who

Solid waste management services means the

Chapter 5: Solid Wastes 18

Sources of Solid Wastes

Physical Chemical Biological

Beware of reporting: loose, as found in containers, un-compacted, compacted.

B. Moisture content Wet-weight relationship:

C. Particle size  Imprint consideration in the recovery of materials, pre-processing antecedent

E. Permeability Measures the movement of gasses and liquids in landfills.

B. Ultimate Determination of the percent C, H, O, N, S, and ash.

C. Energy content Potentiallycritical element in incineration. Can be measured or calculated.

Chapter 5: Solid Wastes 33

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