Chapter 4-Air Pollution Control

CHAPTER 4
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
1
Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control
Prepared by: Nur Ain Bt Mohd Zainuddin
Course Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:
Clearly explain CAR 2014
Understand methods/technologies available to control

particulate contaminant, which can be divided into wall
collection devices and dividing collection devices.
Understand the equipment available to control the

emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), NO x,
Sox.
2
4.1 Legal and Administrative Systems for Air
Pollution Control
4.1 Legal and

Administrative Systems for
Air Pollution Control
3
Pollution Control
AIR POLLUTIONS
 VOLCANIC  MINING ACTIVITY

ERUPTIONS  CEMENT PLANT
DEFINITION :  POLLEN  MOTOR
 LAND VEHICLES
The presence in or introduction into  INDUSTRIAL
the air of a substance which CLEARING
has harmful or poisonous effects  SEA  CONSTRUCTIONS
A  Carbon Monoxide (CO) SPLASH
I
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
R
 Chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC)
P
 Odor
O
 Toxic metal
L
 Radioactive waste
L
 Dust/ particulates
U
Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 4
T
Pollution Control
IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION

HUMAN ANIMALS PLANTS
MATERIALS
AND GLOBAL
STRUCTURES WARMIN ACID RAIN
G
5
Pollution Control
1 SECTION 22 :RESTIRICTION ON POLLUTION OF THE

ATMOSPHERE
2 EQR (CLEAN AIR) REGULATIONS 2014
3 EQR (MOTOR VEHICLES NOISE) 1987
4 EQR (CONTROL EMISSION FROM DIESEL ENGINES)

1996
5 EQR (CONTROL EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES) 1996
6 EQR (CONTROL EMISSION FROM MOTORCYCLES) 2003
7 EQR (CONTROL PROPERTIES OF PETROL AND DIESEL)(AMMENDMENT)

2015
6
Pollution Control
MITIGATION MEASURES TO REDUCE

AIRPOLLUTION
HCFC Gas Non HCFC
TO
HCFC PHASE
OUT
MANAGAMEN
T PLAN
Environmental
Quality Act 1974
LAWS AND
CLEAN AIR
REGULATIO REGULATION 2014
NS
7
Pollution Control
CONTROL
MEASURES
 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM–
WET SCRUBBER, BAG FILTERS, CYCLONE,
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR ETC.
 INDIVIDUAL AND PUBLIC

COMMITMENTS
 AWARENESS PROGRAMS AND

CAMPAIGNS
Pollution Control
WHY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

(APCS) IS REQUIRED?
 Legal requirement – Environmental Quality Act 1974 and
Clean Air Regulation 2014
(a) Regulation 7 – Air Pollution Control System
(b) Regulation 9 – Performance Monitoring of
Air Pollution Control System
 Product recovery
 The needs of production and product quality
 Compliance to ISO 14001
 Good corporate and social responsibility
Pollution Control
A COMPLETE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM
SHOULD
COMPRISES THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS :
APCS
DUCTING
STAC
K
SUCTION
HOOD AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
FAN
Pollution Control
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR DUST
EMISSION CONTROL
BAG FILTER
CYCLONE PARTICUL
ATE
SCRUBBE
R
ELECTROSTATIC Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control VORSEP® 11

PRECIPITATOR RECYCLONE VORTEX
Pollution Control
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR GAS EMISSION
CONTROL
SCRUBB FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION THERMAL

ER SYSTEM OXIDIZER
BIOFILT
ER
Pollution Control
INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY (CLEAN
AIR) REGULATION
2014 AND
COMPLIANCE
Pollution Control
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CLEAN AIR)

REGULATIONS 2014
 Replacement to the Environmental Quality (Clean
Air) Regulations 1978
 Gazetted on 4th June 2014 and started enforced on the 5th
June 2014.
 Existing Industrial Facilities are given 5 years grace period
(untill 5th June 2019) to ensure compliance to the air
emission limits mentioned in the law.
Premise that conducts Premise that
 Applicable burning or incineration discharges air
(of waste, materials pollutants into
for: etc) activity the open air
Any fuel
Any industrial
burning
plant 14
Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control equipment
Pollution Control
Stage III
(Operation stage)
- Proper
operation,
preventive
maintenance (plus
performance
monitoring)
Stage II
(constructio
n stage) - Stage I
Adequate (design
quality of stage) -
construction Adequat
e design

Pollution Control
REGULATION IN CAR 2014
1 Citation
2 Interpretation
3 Application
4 Obligation to comply
5 Obligation to notify
6 Measures to reduce emission
7 Air pollution control system
8 Failure in operation of air pollution control system
9 Performance monitoring of air pollution control system
10 Maintenance of records
11 Change of occupancy
12 Opacity
13 Limit values and technical standards
14 Prohibition on emission dilution
15 Hazardous substances
16 Periodic measurements
17 Continuous measurements
18 Emission declaration
19 Owner or occupier of premises to render assistance
20 Failure of control equipment and emergency requirement
21 Accidental emission
22 Installation and operations as required by the Director General
23 Standard method of sampling and analysis of emissions
24 Prohibition order
25 Licence required to contravene acceptable conditions for emitting emissions into atmosphere
26 Schedule of required actions
27 Fees
28 False or misleading information
29 Penalty
30 Revocation Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 16
Pollution Control
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CLEAN AIR) REGULATIONS 2014
Regulation 13 is referring to
This regulations shall apply to
3 schedules which are :
:
1) Any premise that carry out
1) First Schedule –
burning process for
ACTIVITIES AND INDUSTRIES
industrial and trade
SUBJECT
THE BEST
TO
purposes including burning
TECHNIQUES
AVAILABLE ECONOMICALLY
of waste;
ACHIEVABLE (BAT)
2) Any premise or process that
2) Second Schedule – LIMIT
discharges air pollutants
VALUES TECHNICAL
into open air;
AND
3) Any industrial plant; and
3) STANDARDS
Third – LIMIT
4) Any fuel burning equipment
Schedule
VALUES AND TECHNICAL
STANDARDS (BY ACTIVITY OR
INDUSTRY)

Pollution Control
This regulations stipulate key requirements which are summarized as below :

Obligations to notify on Requirement to install Compliance to the limit values
the installation of Air Air and technical standards
Pollution Control system Pollution Control Systems
Regulation 5 Regulation 7 Regulation 13
Limit values are specified in Second

Schedule and Third Schedule

Pollution Control
PLANNING STAGE
Submit
Written Fuel • AS/PUB/N-APB
Notification Regulation 5 Burning • AS/PUB/N-JANA
Equipment
(Obligation
to Notify)
Chimney • AS/PUB/N-CHIMNEY
30 days
before any
• AS/PUB/N-BAGFILTER
work starts Air • AS/PUB/N-SCRUBBER
Pollutant • AS/PUB/N-CYCLONE
Control • AS/PUB/N-INS
System • AS/PUB/N-SPRAYBOOTH
• AS/PUB/N-ESP
Pollution Control
WRITTEN NOTIFICATION
FORMS

Pollution Control
CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Air pollution control systems need to be designed and constructed
in strict compliance with the minimum requirements and
specification as outline in Guidance Document for Fuel Burning
Equipments and Air Pollution Control Systems (GD APCS)
Submit
Written
Declaration
Regulation 7 (Air
Pollution • AS/PUB-DECLARE
Control System) Written
Declaration
Form
30 days after
commencement of
operations

Pollution Control
WRITTEN DECLARATION
FORM

Pollution Control
OPERATION STAGE
Submit
Emission
Declaration Regulation • AS/PUB-EMISSION
18 (Emission
Emission
Declaration
Declaration) Form
Reports
anually

Pollution Control
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM INSTALLATION PROCESS
Regulation
PLANNING
New Premises
Regulation 5
Obligation to notify
Written Notification
Submit to DG
(30 days before work commence) Regulation 5(2)
Written Notification
CONSTRUCTION
Construction
AS-built Drawing 
Written Declaration Regulation 7
(30 days after Air Pollution Control
System
OPERATION operation)
Operation
Emission Regulation 18
REPORTING Existing Emission
Declaration
Premises Declaration
Pollution Control
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
SYSTEM
 Mentioned in Regulation 7 of CAR 2014
 Every premise shall be equipped with Air Pollution
Control System (APCS)
 APCS shall be designed and constructed by a
professional engineer
 APCS must be operated by a competent person
who shall be on duty at all times during operation
hours

Pollution Control
COMPETENT PERSON IN OPERATING
APCE
 As mentioned in Regulation No. 7(4)
 Competency course :
(i) Course on Certified Environmental Professional In

Bag Filter Operation (ii) Course on Certified
Environmental Professional In Scrubber Operation
conducted by EiMAS
 Task :
To ensure the APCE such as bag filter is function

appropriately and efficiently according to the original
design
To conduct / supervise Performance Monitoring
activity of APCE in order to get an early detection of
any possible failures that may happen
Pollution Control
PERFORMANCE
MONITORING OF APCS
 As mentioned
in Regulation No.
9
 Need to be conducted
on daily, weekly,
monthly and annually
basis.
 Typical form used
for performance
monitoring of
bag filter
DAILY
MONITORINGChapter 4: Air Pollution Control 28
Pollution Control
DAILY
MONITORI
NG

Pollution Control
WEEKLY
MONITORI
NG

Pollution Control
MONTHLY
MONITORI
NG

Pollution Control

Pollution Control
Effective method in
preventing pollution
BEST
and, where that is not AVAILABLE
practicable, generally
to reduce emissions
TECHNIQUES
into the air from the ECONOMICALL
industrial activities
and their impact on
Y ACHIEVABLE
the environment as a (BAT)
whole

Pollution Control
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT)

INDUSTRY LISTED IN THE 1ST
BAT
SCHEDULE (CAR
DOCUMENTS
2014)
Size, design and operating characteristics of the plant or the latest

process
Selection of raw material or fuel

BAT Implementation of the 3R
best concept
techniques Other processes within the plant design capacity &
and effective capability
way to Other way of operating or setting within the plant design capacity
prevent and & capability
reduce Proper handling &
pollution monitoring
Efficient and continuous maintenance of a plant &
equipment
Reasonable economic & cost factors
Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 34 29

Pollution Control
INDUSTRIES WITH BAT
DOCUMENT
Pulp & Paper Iron & Steel
Oil & Gas Industry
Industry Industry
Production of Waste
Power Generation
Petrochemicals Incineration
Storage &
Non-Ferrous Handling Non-Metallic
Metal Industry Petroleum (Mineral) Industry
Products

Pollution Control
PERFORMANCE MONITORING
REQUIREMENTS
This requirement is intended to encourage the industry

towards self regulating so that they are more responsible for
the activities they carried out
To ensure that the air pollution control system operates in

good condition at all time
Requirements to carry out periodic or continuous emission

monitoring

Pollution Control
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
Promote a continuous maintenance culture within the
industry and to increase compliance
Maintenance of air pollution control system and stack

sampling are being conducted by competent person
Methods of sampling and analysis should follow the

procedures in the Malaysian Standard or the Methods by the
USEPA or other equivalent methods

Pollution Control
MONITORING
REQUIREMENTS
Proof of compliance with limit values
- The frequency of monitoring will depend on
the types of industries and types of air
pollutants
Periodic
measurements
Continuous
measurements

33
Pollution Control
CONTINUOUS EMISSION
MONITORING
Continuous measurements: some activities listed in the Second Schedule
of the Third Schedule have to conduct continuous measurement for
selected pollutants
• No daily average should exceeds the emission standards and no

half-hour average should exceed twice the emission standards
• Result of evaluation should be submitted within 3 months after the

end of each calendar year. Result should be kept for at least 3 years
period.
• Measuring device must be type approved by the DG

34
Pollution Control
CONTINUOUS EMISSION
MONITORING
Refer to the specification in these documents
• Guideline For The Installation & Maintenance

Volume Of Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems
I (CEMS) For Industrial Premises / Facilities
• Guideline For The Continuous Emission

Volume Monitoring Systems- Data Interface System
II (CEMS-DIS)(Version 6.0)

35
Pollution Control
REGULATION 12 : OPACITY
SMOKE LIMIT VALUES
TO RINGELMANN AND EXEMPTI
ACCORDING
OPACITY ON
No 2 Ringelmann Chart in
> No 1 Ringelmann
Chart 5 minutes aggregate within
1 hour period
>20%
Transmissiomete No 2 Ringelmann Chart in
15 minutes aggregate within
r (1 minute 24 hours period
averaging time )
At Start-up
No 2 Ringelmann
Chart

Pollution Control
LIMIT VALUES AND TECHNICAL STANDARDS

All activities and industries under 1ST Schedule must comply to standards in 2nd & 3rd Schedule

Pollution Control

2ND
SCHEDU
LE
Fuel
Burning
Equipm
ent
(FBE)
using:-
-
pulveriz
ed fuel
-any Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 43
Pollution Control
Air emission monitoring need to be conducted either on periodically basis or

continuous basis based on requirements mentioned in the CAR 2014
STACK SAMPLING CONTINUOUS MONITORING
 Regulation 16 – Periodic  Regulation 17 – Continuous

Monitoring Emission Monitoring System
 Conducted once a year unless
otherwise directed by the
DG

Pollution Control
SECOND SCHEDULE :SECOND SCHEDULE : COMBUSTIONS EMISSION FROM

FUEL BURNING EQUIOMENTS AND INCINERATORS NOT COVERED BY THE FIRST
SCHEDULE
Example :
Type of pollutants : Multi cyclone to collect LIMIT
course dusts VALUE
Concentration of TPM
 Total Particulate FOR TPM
emitted from the
Matters
stack is 400 mg/m3.
 Black Smoke
TPM concentration emitted

INCOMPLY
exceeds
Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control the limit value. 45
Pollution Control
THIRD SCHEDULE : ACTIVITY (K) WASTE INCINERATORS IN ALL SIZES
Example :
Type of pollutants : Wet Scrubber To Scrub LIMIT
pollutants VALUE
Concentration of NO2
 Total Particulate from
generated
the incineration FOR NO2
emitted from the
Matters process
 Non Methane Volatile stack is 200 mg/m3.
Organic Compound
 Acid Gaseous (i.e :
Hydrogen Chloride,
Sulfur Dioxide
etc.)
NO2 concentration emitted exceeds the
limit value.
INCOMPLY
Pollution Control
YEAR OF PREMIS NAME TYPE OF OFFENSE
OFFENSE
2012 EVERGREEN FIBREBOARD Regulations 25 - Solid particles
BERHAD , JOHOR concentration in other
operations
2012 HI-EX FABRICATOR Regulation 38 - Erection etc. of
ENGINEERING SDN BHD, chimney.
JOHOR
2013 TBH TIMBER SDN BHD , Regulation 40 -
KELANTAN Control equipment to be in
operation

Pollution Control
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT

1974
EQR (Motor Vehicles Noise) 1987 EQR (Control Emission from Diesel
Engines) 1996
EQR (Control Emission from Petrol EQR (Control Emission from

Engines) 1996 Motorcycles) 2003
EQR (Control Properties of Petrol and EQR (Control Properties of

Diesel) 2007 Petrol
and Diesel) (Amendment) 2015

Pollution Control
• Emission standards for:

New & • New models;
• In-use vehicles;
exiting model
• Integrated operation with other agencies;

Regulated • Road side camera video surveillance on
smoky motor vehicles;
communities • Fleet Operator;

• Approved Facilities/ Emission Test
Center;
•Improve fuel quality;

Fuel •Introduce cleaner fuel;
Properties
Pollution Control
YEAR OF PREMIS NAME TYPE OF COURT

DECISION
OFFENC OFFENS
E E
2009 ATLAS EDIBLE Emitted Prosecution
ICE [UTARA] black smoke failed to prove
SDN BHD with 83.4% a prima facie
opacity against OKS
2008 ATLAS EDIBLE Emitted black Prosecution
ICE [UTARA] smoke with failed to prove
SDN BHD 93.1% opacity a prima facie
Main reason of failed to prove prima facie: against OKS
Regulation 17. Approved Facility to carry out any smoke test required.
(1) Where a motor vehicles is required to undergo a smoke test under
section 48A of the Act such smoke test shall only be carried out at an
approved facility.
In this case, DOE could not prove that the curb site operation by DOE’s
enforcer is an Approved Facility under regulation 17 of the regulations.
Pollution Control
FORMS AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS RELATED
NO DOCUMENT / FORMS REGULATIONS
1 Form: Written Notification of Air Emission Sources 5(2)

Guidance Document : Best Available Techniques Economically Achievable
2 (BAT) 6
3 Guidance Document : Design and Operation of Air Pollution Control System 7(1)
Form : Written Declaration On Design And Construction Of Air Pollution

4 Control System 7(4)
5 Document : List of Hazardous Substances 15(2)
Guidance Document : Performance Monitoring of Air Pollution Control

6 System 9(a)
Guidance Document : Installation and Maintenance of Continuous Emission

7 Monitoring System (CEMS) 17 (2)
8 Form: Emission Declaration Of Air Emission Sources 19(1)
9 Guidance Document : Fugitive Emission Control Second Schedule
10 Guidance Document : Leak Detection and Repair 3-E

39
Pollution Control
http://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/wp-
content/uploads/2015/01/Peraturan-
peraturan_kualiti_alam_sekeliling_udara_bersih
_2 014.pdf

4.2 Control Devices for Particulate
Contaminants.
4.2 Control
Devices For
Particulate
Contaminants
53
Contaminants.
ATMOSPHERIC CLEANSING PROCESSES

Natural removal mechanisms in atmosphere
Mechanism Details
Dispersion -done by wind current
-lessens the conc at one place
Gravitational settling -removing particulates those >20 micron

Flocculation -settle out particles <0.1micron
Absorption (washout or -particulates and gaseous pollutants are collected in rain or
scavenging) mist, then settle out
-takes place below cloud level
Rainout -involving precipitation

-occurs within clouds when submicron part serve as
condensation nuclei
Adsorption -occurs in friction layer of atm (the closest layer to earth)

-gas, liq and solid are electrostatically attracted to a surface
-natural adsorbent – soil, rocks,leaves, grass
Contaminants.
APPROACHES TO
CONTAMINANT CONTROL
DILUTION CONTROL AT
SOURCE

Contaminants.
APPROACHES TO CONTAMINANT CONTROL
1) Dilution
– Accomplished using tall stacks
• Penetrate the inversion layer and disperse the
contaminant
• Reduce the ground-level conc
– Means of spreading air contaminant
– Diluting air contaminant to harmful level and less
noticeable near the source
– Only short-term control measure

Contaminants.
2) Control at source
– Long-term control, desirable and effective
i) Prevent the contaminant from exist
ii) Use alternative power source – solar, geothermal, hydro
in replace of fossil fuel.
iii) Alter high contaminant fuels to desulfured, LNG or LPG
iv. Proper use of existing equipment –regular inspection
and maintenance
v. Changing the process being used e.g replace open-
hearth furnace with electric furnace to reduce smoke.
vi. Install control equipment – either destroy, counteract,
collect or mask pollutants

Contaminants.
Methods to Control Air Pollutants
• Air pollution can be categorized into primary and secondary particulate.
• Primary particulates are generally larger than secondary particulates and
more toxic, since they are small enough to be respirable  health concern!
– E.g.: asbestos and heavy metals
• Secondary particulates are fine particles that can be formed in the
atmosphere from gaseous pollutants
– E.g.: formed mostly from hydrocarbon (VOC), oxides of nitrogen (NOX)
and oxides of sulfur (SOX)
Available methods to
control primary
particles
Wall collection Dividing collection

devices Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control
devices 58
Contaminants.
Wall Collection Devices

• The mechanism of Wall Collection Devices:
– The devices are functioning by driving the
particles to a solid wall
– Then, the particles will adhere to each other to
form agglomerates
– The agglomerates of the particles can be
removed from the collection devices and
disposed of
• There are 3 types this devices:

– Gravity settlers
– Cyclone separators
– Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)
Contaminants.
Dividing Collection Devices
• This type of the devices do not drive the particles to a wall,
but rather divide the flow into smaller parts where the
particles can be collected.
• There are three types of dividing collection devices:
– Surface filter
– Depth filter
– Scrubbers
• Normally, typical people always refers filters as any kind of
pollution control devices, which mean ‘cleaning device’.
• However, engineers must live with the difference between the
technical meaning and the one used by non-professionals.

Contaminants.
CONTROL DEVICES FOR PARTICULATE
CONTAMINANTS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
• Can be divided into five major SELECTION
groups: 1) Depends on particle

characteristics – size
– Gravitational settling chambers distribution, shape,
density, stickiness,
– Centrifugal collectors electrical properties
– Wet collectors 2) Depends on carrier
gas properties – flow rate
– Electrostatic precipitators and particle conc
– Fabric filters 3) Depends on economic
considerations – cost of
installation, operating and
maintenance

Contaminants.
Control Devices for Particulate Contaminants
Gravitational• Normal
Settling • Cyclone
•
Chamber Baffled Centrifugal • Dynamic
collector
precipitator
• Spray Tower
• Wet Cyclone
Wet
Collector
scrubber
• Venturi
Scrubber
Fabric
Filter ESP
Contaminants.
1) Gravitational settling chambers

Two types: The cross-sectional area
(WH) is much larger than
the connecting duct
- Thus the gas velocity

inside is much lower
Settling chamber
To effectively trap
the particles from
flowing out
To spread evenly the

incoming flow evenly
across the settling
chamber
Baffled chamber
Contaminants.
1) Gravitational settling chambers

• Provide enlarged areas to minimize horizontal velocities and
allow time for vertical velocity to carry particle to the floor
• Usual velocity – 0.5 to 2.5 m/s (best result -obtained at
uniform flow of <0.3m/s
• Calculating minimum diameter of a particle at 100% efficiency
in a chamber of length L.
1/ 2
18 𝜇 𝑣 h 𝐻
𝑑 𝑝=
( 𝑔𝐿 𝜌 𝑝 ) Where:
= particle diameter
µ = viscosity
=horizontal flow-through velocity, m/s.
H= height of settling chamber
g=gravity
L= length of settling chamber
= particle density
NOTE: Go thru Example 9.1 Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 64

Contaminants.
1) Gravitational settling chambers (page 518)
Advantages Disadvantages
• Simple in design • Require a large
and operation space for
• Remove particle installation
>50 μm • Low efficiency for
• Employ gravity to small particles
separate particles
65
Contaminants.
2) Centrifugal collectors (page 518)

• Employ centrifugal force which can
be generated
• Much smaller particles can be Advantages
removed compared to gravity
settling chamber
• Two commonly used types:
– Cyclones
– Dynamic precipitators

Contaminants.
CENTRIFUGAL COLLECTORS
Cyclone Dynamic Precipitator

Contaminants.
2.1. Cyclones
• Centrifugal force
– generated by spinning of gas
– Magnitude depends on particle
mass, gas velocity within cyclone
and cyclone diameter
• Solid particles are thrown to the
walls as gas spirals upward
• Separation efficiency depends on
centrifugal force exerted on particles.

Contaminants.
• Relatively inexpensive to
operate.
• Can handle large volumes of
gases, T up to 980°C.
• Used in many applications e.g.
cement plants, petroleum
refinery, etc.

Contaminants.
Empirical efficiency for standard

dimension cyclone

Contaminants.
• Large-diameter cyclone remove particles 40 - 50 μm
diameter
• High efficiency cyclones with diameter 23 cm or less
is good for particles of 15 to 20 μm
• Smaller diameter multicyclone
– Increase the centrifugal force
Advantages
– Reduce distance of particle travelling before
collection
– Problems with equalizing gas flow to each
cone Disadvantages
– Abrasion of tube bcoz high velocity
– Plugging of heavily loaded tubes
Contaminants.
Cyclones
Alternative designs are also available.

Contaminants.
Types Advantages Disadvantages
Cyclones •Have no moving parts •Have low collection efficiency for
respirable particulates
•Can be used as precleaners to remove •Suffer decreased efficiency if gas viscosity
coarser particulates and reduce load on or gas density increases
more efficient dust collectors
•Can be designed to remove a specific size •Are susceptible to erosion

range of particles .
•Have drastically reduced efficiency due to
reduction in airflow rate
•Cannot process sticky dust
Multicyclones •Have no moving parts •Have low collection efficiency for
respirable particulates
•Are more efficient than single-cyclone •Are prone to plugging due to smaller
separators diameter tubes
•Have low pressure drop when used as a •Improper gas distribution may result in
precleaner dirty gas bypassing several tubes
•Cannot process sticky dust
•For a given gas volume, occupy more
space than single-cyclone separators
•Normally have higher pressure drop than
single-cyclone separators
Contaminants.
The sizes of particle determined by the following equation

based on work by Lapple.
1/ 2
9 μb
𝑑 50= (
2 π 𝑁 𝑒 𝑣𝑖 𝜌 𝑝 )
Where:
= diameter of the particle that is collex=cted with 50% efficiency,m
= gas viscosity, kg/m.s
b= width of cyclone inlet, m
= number of effective turns within the cyclone
= inlet gas velocity, m/s
= density of the particulate matter
NOTE: Go thru Example 9.2

74
Contaminants.
2.2. Dynamic Precipitator

• A.k.a Rotoclones.
• Centrifugal force
– Generated by the action
of rotating vanes
– Force is 7 times higher
than conventional
cyclone

Contaminants.
2.2. Dynamic Precipitator
• Serve as both • Cannot handle wet,
exhaust fan and fibrous material
dust collector. (can accumulate on
• Widely used in blade).
ceramics, food, • Requires higher
pharmaceutical. power input than
cyclone.
76
Contaminants.
3) Wet collectors
• Incorporating particles into liquid droplets by
impingement or interception during gravitational
settling
• Efficiency depends on energy consumed in the
air-to-water contact
Directly proportional
to pressure drop
Applying this theory –

high efficiency is
expected in venturi-type Low- remove High – remove
medium to coarse fine particles
size particles
Contaminants.
3) Wet collectors
• Provide efficient, low-cost • High or fluctuating pressure
solutions to air pollution drop.
problems. • High maintenance cost if
• Can handle hot and moist collecting corrosive materials.
gases. • Not recommended for use
where high plume rise is
important.
• Disposal problems of the
particulates – require other
treatment.
78
Contaminants.
Types of wet collectors
 Three most commonly used wet scrubbers:

1. Spray towers
2. Wet cyclone scrubbers
3. Venturi scrubbers
 Other types available ( e.g. packed tower

scrubber) are suitable for removal of gaseous
pollutant. It will clog unit quickly if used for
particulates.

Contaminants.
3.1. Spray tower

Contaminants.
3.1 Spray towers

Low-cost scrubber.
Remove both gaseous and
particulate contaminants.
Cause little pressure loss.
Able to handle large volumes of
gases.
Effective in moving particles in
excess of 10 μm.
Contaminants.
3.1 Spray towers/ Scrubber

As gas flows upward,
particles collide with liq
droplets sprayed across the
flow passage.
Liq droplets containing

particles settle by gravity to
the bottom of chamber

Contaminants.
3.2. Wet cyclone scrubber

Contaminants.
 High-pressure spray nozzles generate a fine

spray that intercepts the small particles
entrained in the swirling gases.
 PM thrown to the wall by centrifugal force, then
drained to collection sump.
 Efficiency slightly higher than spray tower.
100% for particles of 100 μm
90-98% for particles 5 - 50 μm
Higher compared to spray tower
 Particle removal depends on contact with liq
droplet & is a function of:
Liq flow rate, liq droplets & particle size
Contaminants.
3.3. Venturi scrubber

Contaminants.
• Most efficient in removing submicron

particles of 0.5 to 5 micron (smoke and
Advantages
fumes)
• Efficient in removing particulate and
gaseous contaminant
Disadvantage
• High power cost – high inlet gas velocity
• Removal efficiency – depends on
particle size and head loss

Contaminants.
Venturi scrubber
Wet cyclone scrubber
Spray tower scrubber
SprayChapter
tower4:scrubber
Air Pollution Control 87
Contaminants.
4. Fabric filters (baghouse filters)

Contaminants.
 Gas stream with particulate contaminant passes

through a woven or felted fabric
 Ways of how small particles are retained
– Direct interception
– Inertial impaction
– Diffusion
– Electrostatic attraction
– Gravitational settling

4.2 Control Devices for Particulate and
Gaseous Contaminants.
• Filter bags used
– Tubular or envelope-shaped
– Capable of retaining particles < 0.5 micron
(+ substantial quantities of < 0.1 micron)
– Ranging from 1.8 to 9 m long
– Upper ends are closed and lower ends are
attached to inlet manifold
– After the pressure drop increase, can be cleaned
intermittently, periodically or continuously
Unit must be shut down –

seldom used Using mechanical shaker,
Portions are cleaned while reverse-air flow, pulse jets
the rest in operation
Contaminants.
4. Fabric filters (baghouse filters)

• High collection efficiency over a broad • Possibility of explosion or fire if sparks
range of particle size are discharged in baghouse where
• Extreme flexibility in design. organic dust are being filtered.
• Able to handle large volumes of gases at • Space limitation for heavy loads.
relatively high speed, reasonable • Possibility of rupture;
operating pressure drop and power • if temperature too high for the fabric
requirement. medium
• Ability to handle a diversity of solid • because of moisture, acidity or
materials. alkalinity content of the particulate
• Application in high-volume operation • The design based on filtering rates/air-
such as cement kiln, foundries, steel to-cloth ratios.
furnaces and grain-handling plants. • Filtering rates range from 0.5 to 5
m/min depends on dust loading, fabric
material and method of cleaning.
91
Contaminants.
Bag Filter or Bag House

Contaminants.
NOTE: Go thru Example Chapter

9.3 4: Air Pollution Control 93
Contaminants.
5. Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)

• Can be classified as:
(1) low-voltage two-stage
(2) high-voltage single-stage units

Contaminants.
1.Low-voltage two-stage ESP
– Operate at 6000 to 12 000 V
– Employed mainly in conjunction with air-
conditioning systems for hospitals and commercial
installation
– Used mainly to collect liquid particles
– Not recommended for control of solid or sticky
material
– Its precipitators have a separate ionizing zone
located ahead of the collection plates

Contaminants.
2. High-voltage single-stage unit
– Operate at 30 000 to 100 000 V range
– Used at large industrial plant such as coal-fired
utility boilers (power stations)
– Require 4 basic steps in in the operation
• Electrical charging of the particulates
• Collection of charged particles on a grounded surface
• Neutralization of the charge at the collector
• Removal of the particulate for disposal

Contaminants.

Contaminants.
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)

Contaminants.
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)

Contaminants.
5. Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)
• Have wide application • Cannot be used with explosive
• 99% removal efficiency for a wide range materials.
of particle sizes. • High installation cost .
• Can handle large volumes of gas – 25 to • Require a great deal of space for
1000 m3/s. industrial operation.
• Low pressure drops. • Only operate at peak efficiency within a
• Can operate continuously with little limited temperature range
maintenance. • May use excessive power if buildup of
• Can be used to collect acid or tar mists. collected material causes ‘spark over’.
• Inefficient if buildup suppresses the
corona discharge from negative
electrode.
100
Electrostatic Precipitators
NOTE: Go thru Example 9.3

Contaminants.
Process Selection
A) Settling Chamber
B) Simple Cyclone
C) High-efficiency
Cyclone
D) Electrostatic
Precipitator
E) Spray Tower wet
scrubber
F) Venturi Scrubber
G) Bag Filter

Contaminants.
How to Choose a Collector??

• Important factors that need to be considered are:
1. The size of the particles to be collected
2. The required collection efficiency
3. The size of the gas flow
4. The allowed time between cleanings
5. The nature of the particles
• Rules of thumb:
1. Small of occasional flows can be treated by throwaway devices (e.g.
cigarette & motor oil filter)
2. Large and steady flow requires collection devices that operated
continuously or semi-continuously from which the collected particles
can be removed easily.
3. Sticky particles (e.g. tars) must be collected either on throwaway
devices or into a liquid (scrubber, cyclone, filter or wet ESP) whose
surfaces are continually coated with a film of flowing liquid.

Contaminants.
• Rules of thumb (cont.)

4.Particles that adhere to each other but not to solid surfaces are easy to
collect
5.Electrical properties of the particles are of paramount importance in ESPs
and they are also significant in other control devices where friction-induced
electrostatic charges on the particles can aid or hinder collection.
6.For non-sticky particles larger than 5µ a cyclone separator is probably the
only device to consider.
7.For particles much smaller than 5µ, normally consider ESP, filter and
scrubbers. Each of these devices can collect particles as small as a fraction
of a micron.
8.For large flows the pumping cost makes scrubbers very expensive, other
devices can be chosen if possible.
9.Corrosion resistance and acid dew point must always be considered.

Tutorial
1. Problem 9.10
2. Problem 9.11
3. Problem 9.12
4. Problem 9.17
5. Problem 9.18
6. Problem 9.21

4.3 Control Devices for Gaseous Contaminants.
CONTROL DEVICES FOR GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS

FROM STATIONARY SOURCE
Major treatment
processes
SOx, NOx, CO,

organic & inorganic
acid gases, HC
removal
Adsorption Absorption Condensation Combustion

Minimization of Emission of VOC, NOx and SOx

• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are liquids or solids
that contain organic carbon which vaporize at significant
rates.
• VOCs are toxic and carcinogenic and also contribute to the
problem of global warming.
• The control of VOCs do not involve any changing on the
chemical nature of the pollutants (physically control).
• Minimization of VOCs can be done via:
Concentration &
Prevention Oxidation
Recovery
Substitution Condensation Biological oxidation
Process modification Adsorption Combustion
Leakage control Absorption (scrubbing)

• Sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are

emitted from various industries (e.g. power plant, refinery,
transportation etc.).
• These pollutants are strong respiratory irritants that can
cause health damage at high concentrations.
• These gases also form secondary particles in the
atmosphere.
– Contribute to the formation of PM10 and PM2.5 problems
and impairing visibility.
– The principal causes of acid rain.
• Minimization of SOx and NOx SO xx
NO xx
Catalytic
can be done via: Absorption reduction
Stripping
Wet
Scrubbing
1. ADSORPTION
• Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of
gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface
(adsorbent).
• Involves passing a stream of effluent gas
through a porous solid material (adsorbent)
• Adsorption of adsorbate on adsorbent can be
either by physical or chemical

Physical Adsorption
– Condensation of gases and vapors on solid above dew
point
– Depends upon van der Waals force
– The higher the boiling point, the greater the amount
adsorbed
– Directly proportional to the amount of solid surface
available
– Accompanied by capillary condensation within the pores
– Small amount of heat is liberated
– Process relatively rapid and readily reversible
– By lowering pressure/increasing temperature, adsorbed
gas can be desorbed
Chemical adsorption/chemisorption
– Gas molecule forms a chemical bond with the adsorbent
– Gas is strongly held to the solid surface by valence forces
– A slower process since displacement of atoms must occur in
molecules
– Releases greater amount of heat & require more energy
– Results in formation of single layer of molecules on solid
surface
– Process is irreversible – chemical nature of adsorbate have
been altered
– Amount of gas adsorbed depends on pressure and temperature
– Example: Catalysed reactions, chemisorption of CO on NH3

Steam is used to purge captured pollutants

from the bed to a pollutant recovery device.
Figure: Extra bed in a Figure: Non-Regenerative

Regenerative Carbon Adsorption Carbon Adsorption System
System

Adsorbents
• Key characteristics of solid adsorbents
1. Preferential affinity for specific substances,
e.g:
• Alumina, bauxite, silica gel – affinity for polar
such as water. → used as drying agent. Zeolite Molecular sieves
• Activated charcoal – nonpolar organic

compounds, e.g. lower paraffin HCs.
• Synthetic/Zeolite/Silicate Molecular sieve
(tailor-made selectivity) – SO2 , NOx. But
expensive (see page 541 for examples).
Granular Activated carbon

Adsorbents
2. Surface-to-volume ratios
• Provided by internal pores
• Can be increased by activating some adsorbent, e.g.:
– Activated carbon – treating with steam
– Activated alumina – reactivated by heating to 175 to 325oC
Strontium sulfate
Fuller’s Earth
Zeolite
Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control Silica gel 114
Adsorption equipment
• Can be designed with fixed, moving or
fluidized beds
• Fixed bed
– Vertical or horizontal cylindrical shell
– Adsorbent used is activated carbon in layers of 1.3
cm thick (thin-bed adsorbers) or >1.3 cm (deep-
bed adsorbers)

Moving bed adsorber

• Adsorbent is contained in a rotating drum.
• Contaminated air is moved by fan into the
rotating drum.
• Vapor-laden air enters above the carbon bed,
passes thru activated carbon bed, then leaves
at the end of drum.

Fluidized adsorber
• Contains a shallow, floating bed of adsorbent .
• Air flows upward, expanding the bed, suspending &
fluidizing the adsorbents.
• Provides intimate contact between gaseous
contaminant & adsorbent.
• Decontaminated air leaves at top of unit.

Adsorption & desorption

• Adsortion units are highly efficient, until a breakpoint –
(saturated adsorbents). At this point, adsorbents must be
renewed or regenerated.
• 2 types of adsorbers, depending on gas properties whether
easily desorbed or not :
– Regenerative
• If depends on physical adsorption, can be accomplished using
superheated steam or circulating hot air. Cool the bed before
reuse
• Other ways – burning, pressure reduction and chemical treatment
– Nonregenerative - costly

• Usually 2 units adsorbers installed to allow renewal/ regeneration.
• Application
– Adsorb organic vapors from dry cleaning, degreasing, solvent
extracting
• Recovery of valuable material from organic vapor is sometimes
economically feasible when concentrations of organic vapors is high.
• E.g. Reinluft Process collects SO2 from flue gas to get H2SO4.

2) ABSORPTION
• A.k.a scrubbing
• A fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or
solid.
• Contaminated effluent gas (absorbate or
solute) is brought into contact with liquid
absorbent (solvent)
• Utilize chemical (reactive) or physical
(nonreactive) change to remove pollutants

Reactive & Nonreactive liquid absorbent
• Water can be reactive or non-reactive:

• Reactive absorbent: water + limestone to
remove sulfur dioxide from flue gases.
• Nonreactive: water to dissolve gases without
reaction.

…Absorption
• Amount of gas absorbed depends on
– properties of gas and solvent
– Pressure of gas above the solution (Henry’s Law)
– Temperature of the system
– Packing used – turbulence, flow rate and type
• Application
– Control of SO2,NOx,H2S, Cl2, NH3
– Removal of HC in asphalt plants, varnish cookers
– Recovery of products, e.g acetic acid, chloroform.

Absorbent (solvent)
• Good solubility solvent if:
– Chemically similar to the solute
– Low viscosity
• Other characteristics of solvents:
– Have low freezing point
– Low in toxicity, noncorrosive
– Relatively nonvolatile
– Nonflammable
– Chemically stable
– Inexpensive, readily available

Application of absorbers
• Installed at power plants to control SO2 emission.
Efficiency of 80% - 90%.
• Not efficient in NOx removal. Efficiency of 20% using
limewater.
• Main absorbents used in SO2 absorption process:
– Alkalies (sodium and ammonia)
• Sodium – not volatile and have no fume problem
• Ammonia – Ammonium sulfate byproduct is more desirable
– Alkaline earths (calcium and magnesium)
• Compound being used – MgO, CaO, CaCO3

Absorption units
• Designed to provide
– intimate contact between gas and liq
– Optimum diffusion of the gas in solution
• Selection depends on number of scrubbers to
be used
– Single - removes both particulate and gaseous in a
single unit
– Two separate units for gaseous and particulates.

Spray
tower
Absorption Plate /
Venturi
tray
scrubber Units tower
Packed
towers
Spray towers
• Absorbing liq, usually
water, is sprayed thru
contaminated gas.
• Water-contaminant soln
falls downward.
• Clean gas exits thru outlet
valve at top of unit.
• Moisture eliminators
reduce moisture in gas
before release.

Advantages of spray towers

• Can handle large volumes of gas
• Little pressure drop
• High efficiency of removal – low
conc of gaseous contaminant
• Applicable for dual removal
• Chance of absorption depends on
droplet size and turbulence
• Inexpensive to install and operate

Disadvantages of absorbers
• Have less gas-liquid interfacial area

• Less effective in removing gaseous
contaminant
• Good for particulate removal.

Plate or Tray Towers

Contain horizontal trays or • Provide large liquid-gas
plates. interfacial areas
• Usually spaced 0.3 to
0.9m apart
Perforated plate

Perforated plate column

• Liq enters from side of column near the
top.
• Liq flows across the tray, over a weir and to
a downpipe to the next tray. Zigzag pattern
until liq reaches bottom of column.
• Polluted air enters side at bottom, roses up
thru openings in each tray.
• This rising gas prevents liq from flowing
thru opening rather than thru downpipe.

Bubble-cap tray/plate tower

• Contain cap at which gas are diverted
downward and discharged as small bubbles
from slots.
• Contaminant-laden liq drawn off at bottom.

Packed towers
Packing is used to increase the
contact time between vapor and liquid
Berl saddle
Pall ring
Intalox Raschig
saddle ring

• Materials of packing
– Has large surface-to-volume ratio
– Has large void ratio to minimize the
resistance of gas flow
– Lightweight and unbreakable
Operation:
• Countercurrent flow – gas from bottom, liquid from
top.
• Liq flows over surface of packing in a thin film.
• Highly efficient for gaseous removal
• Disadvantage – easily clogged if gas of high
particulate is introduced

Venturi scrubber

Venturi Scrubber
• For particulate & gaseous
contaminants.
• Co-current unit –
gas/particulate and
absorption solution
- Are brought into contact in or near the venturi

throat
- Moved together into an entrainment separator
- Separated by centrifugal force of the liquid
droplets Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 137
Venturi Scrubber

3) CONDENSATION
• 2 basic types: – surface & contact condensers
•Key role is physical •Vapor and cooling medium are

adsorption brought into direct contact
•Cooling medium – air •Less expensive and more
or water flexible
•Vapor and cooling •More efficient in removing
medium is separated organic compounds
by a metal wall •Disadvantage – create water
pollution problem

Types of condensers
Clean
Dirty Air
Air In Outlet
Surface condenser Contact condenser
Condensers are simple, relatively inexpensive devices that normally use water or air to
cool and condense a vapor stream. Condensers are typically used as pretreatment
devices. They can be used ahead of adsorbers, absorbers, and incinerators to reduce
the total gas volume to be treated by more expensive control equipment.
Condensers
• Application depends upon

– Amount and type of coolant used
– Waste liquid disposal problems that will result
– Amount of compound to be recovered
• Generally considered as pretreatment device for air
pollution control.
• Used in conjunction with afterburners (thermal
combustion), absorbers or adsorption unit.
4) COMBUSTION
• Important air-pollution control process
• Convert the air contaminants to innocuous CO2
and water
• Push oxidaton rxn to completion.
• 4 basic elements for efficient combustion to
occur
– Oxygen
– Temperature
– Turbulence
– time
4 basic elements for efficient combustion to occur:
• Determine the end • Must be

product obtained keep at
ignition T
O2 T
time turbulence
• Keep O2 well
• For sufficient burning mixed with
combustible
• Increasing stack height subs
• Provided by
baffles or
Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control injection 143
nozzles
Direct-
Flame
Thermal
Catalytic
TYPES OF COMBUSTION UNIT

Direct-flame combustion
• Waste gases are burned directly in a
combustor
• Burn by own – if sufficient heat value
and O2 content
• Frequently used in petrochemical
plants and refineries
• Flares
– usually open-ended combustion units
– Safe means of disposing highly
combustible waste gases
• Disadvantages of flares
– Burn at high temp and long periods – cause
formation of oxides of nitrogen
– Produce visible smoke or soot
– Waste large amount of heat energy
• Economical when the waste gas contribute >50%
of the total heating value for incineration

Thermal combustion / Afterburner

• Applied when combustible gaseous pollutant is too
low for direct flame.
• The waste gas is preheated using heat exchanger by
utilizing the heat produced by thermal incinerator
• Temp of operation depends on nature of the waste
gas. Up to 2000°C. All 4 parameters must be closely
monitored.

Thermal combustion
• Advantages
– Well-designed unit can produce odorless steam
plumes
– Clean stream of hot air produced can be used as a
heat source for other operation

Catalytic combustion
• Used when combustible materials is low.
• Consist of preheating and catalytic section
• High efficiency 95 -98% eff.
• Efficiency depends on
– Contaminant conc
– Gas stream T
– O2 conc
– Contact time
– Type of catalyst

Catalytic combustion
• Have been used to control SO2, NOx, HC, CO
• Catalyst: Platinum (most effective for NOx), Palladium and
ceramic materials
• Advantages:
– Lower T (200°C for CO to CO2 conversion)
– Catalyst accelerates rxn, reduce time
(20 to 50 times less time than thermal incinerator)
• Disadvantages:
– High maintenance cost
– Catalytic poisoning

Because air pollutants vary in size many orders of

magnitude, many different types of treatment devices are
required for emissions treatment.

Thank You

Chapter 4-Air Pollution Control

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Chapter 4-Air Pollution Control

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CHAPTER 4

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:

Clearly explain CAR 2014

Understand methods/technologies available to control

Understand the equipment available to control the

4.1 Legal and

 VOLCANIC  MINING ACTIVITY

IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION

1 SECTION 22 :RESTIRICTION ON POLLUTION OF THE

2 EQR (CLEAN AIR) REGULATIONS 2014

3 EQR (MOTOR VEHICLES NOISE) 1987

4 EQR (CONTROL EMISSION FROM DIESEL ENGINES)

5 EQR (CONTROL EMISSION FROM PETROL ENGINES) 1996

6 EQR (CONTROL EMISSION FROM MOTORCYCLES) 2003

7 EQR (CONTROL PROPERTIES OF PETROL AND DIESEL)(AMMENDMENT)

MITIGATION MEASURES TO REDUCE

 INDIVIDUAL AND PUBLIC

 AWARENESS PROGRAMS AND

WHY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

ELECTROSTATIC Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control VORSEP® 11

SCRUBB FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION THERMAL

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CLEAN AIR)

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 15

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 17

This regulations stipulate key requirements which are summarized as below :

Regulation 5 Regulation 7 Regulation 13

Limit values are specified in Second

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 18

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 20

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 21

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 22

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 23

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 26

(i) Course on Certified Environmental Professional In

To ensure the APCE such as bag filter is function

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 29

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 30

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 31

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 32

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 33

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT)

Size, design and operating characteristics of the plant or the latest

Selection of raw material or fuel

Reasonable economic & cost factors

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 34 29

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 35 30

This requirement is intended to encourage the industry

To ensure that the air pollution control system operates in

Requirements to carry out periodic or continuous emission

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 36 31

Maintenance of air pollution control system and stack

Methods of sampling and analysis should follow the

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 37 32

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 38

• No daily average should exceeds the emission standards and no

• Result of evaluation should be submitted within 3 months after the

• Measuring device must be type approved by the DG

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 39

• Guideline For The Installation & Maintenance

• Guideline For The Continuous Emission

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 40

Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control 41

LIMIT VALUES AND TECHNICAL STANDARDS