MANUFACTURING PROCESSES (SEMM 2713)

Section-10

PROJECT

Name Matric Number

. Md Mahbubur Rahman xxxxxxx

TOPIC

Ceramic Coated Non-Stick Fry Pan

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, the awareness of a healthy eating lifestyle has increased among people. This
lifestyle does not apply only to the type of food, but also takes into consideration the different
types of cookware for the preparation of the food. With the advancement of technology, the non-
stick pans have been developed which then become popular among people around the world.

Non-stick pan refers to the pan which has a non-stick coating on its surface. With the help of this
coating, it enables people to cook anything on the pan without the concern that the food will stick
to the pan. These pans are essential for use in any commercial kitchen. Non-stick pans usually
have moderate height, come in round shape and feature a signature all-purpose design to draw
people's attention to the product.

We often see that there are a lot of non-stick pans being sold in the market. The variety of non-
stick pans could make us wonder if there are any differences in these non-stick pans. Indeed, the
non-stick pans come in different types which mean a non-stick pan you own could be different
from your neighbour’s non-stick pan. These non-stick pans can be categorised according to its
coating.

Examples of different types of non-stick pans are ceramic coated non-stick pans,
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated pans and pans with seasoned cast iron coating. Each type
of non-stick pans has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of environment friendly, ease
of use, durability and price.

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 Pans with ceramic non-stick coating

Pans with ceramic non-stick coating have become one of people's choices when choosing a non-
stick pan. This is due to the fact that the material used is non-toxic which results in lower health
risk of the user. One major disadvantage of this non-stick pan is its coating. Compared to the
lifespan of Teflon, this ceramic coated pan has a lower lifespan. However, by taking good care of
the pan such as using wooden or silicone utensils, we can further extend its lifetime.

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 Pans with Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Coating

Next is the pans with PTFE coating. It is a commonly used material to design non-stick pans. PTFE
has a glassy nature and its rough surface enables it to have non-stick properties. However, the main
drawback of PTFE is that it is considered harmful to humans and the environment. This can be
seen especially when it reaches around 464°F, it starts to release toxic vapours. These vapours are
able to cause death to birds.

Pans with seasoned cast iron coating

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Other than that, pans with seasoned cast iron coating as the non-stick pan. This material is
considered ideal in terms of safety as it does not contain harmful chemicals such as PFOA, PTFE
and lead. However, its coating’s lifespan is hard to maintain for a long time as it requires regular
care. In addition, this pan can be considered heavy which makes it less suitable for people with
weaker wrists.

For this project, our group will discuss the manufacturing of ceramic coated non-stick fry pan.
Method of producing, manufacturing system, quantity and cost production are the examples of
criteria that will be taken into consideration during this project. We will also provide the technical
and engineering drawing of the product to make it easier for anyone to imagine the looks and
specifications of the finished product.

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1.1 Method of Production

1. Job Shop Production

In this method of production, the product is usually processed by highly skilled individuals
or a small group of people. This production is done exclusively when there are orders of the
product. The highly skilled workers are needed to do numerous jobs, thus it required the equipment
to be flexible and able to be used in multi-usage. Two jobs of this production usually are not the
same.

2. Batch Production

For this production method, the product is usually made in a group or lot form. The lot
quantities could be small, moderate or large. These products are normally produced only once or
the production will be repeated after a considerable period of time. This production required
moderate skilled workers, who are required to do a variety of jobs. The equipment involved is
pretty much for general purpose but it is optimised for the rate of production.

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3. Mass Production

The products produced using this method normally are identical products and made in a
continuous and large quantity. For the production of the product, several special purpose machines
and automated equipment for transferring materials and parts. These special purpose machines are
adapted to carry out the same function continuously. All these machines and the specialised tooling
required high investment but the skill level of the workers required is generally low. Since this
production is made for specific products, it lacks the flexibility.

Production Method Advantages Disadvantages

● Various skill of the

Job Shop Production workers
● The job based on the
order from customers
● Required high skilled
workers
● Orders may not be
completed on time
● Produce small
quantities of products

● High flexibility of the

Batch Production machines and workers ● High work in progress
(WIP)
● Required long period of
time
● Hard to assume the
product cost
● High raw material cost

Mass Production ● High production rates ● Inflexibility

● Does not required high ● High investment costs
skilled workers ● Low operator job
satisfaction

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1.2 Function of The Component/Product

1.2.1 Body Pan

The body pan is used for frying foods around moderate to high heat. With this in mind, it
should have the right thickness to enable it to conduct the heat evenly. The surface also has the
non-stick properties. Thus, the surface roughness should also be considered to achieve the desired
level of non-stickiness. When talking about ceramic pans, there are two types which are available
in the market. The first one is 100% ceramic pan, which is made from natural minerals such as
clay or quartz sand. The other one is ceramic coated pan. For this type of pan, the pan’s core is
usually made from metal such as aluminium which will then be coated with non-stick materials to
give the pan its non-stick properties.

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1.2.2 Handle

The handle of the pan acts as a place where we can touch it with bare hands even while
cooking. It is a very essential component of the fry pan especially during cooking or frying the
food on the pan. The pan will become really hot while cooking which makes it impossible to hold
the pan using bare hands. With the addition of the handle to the pan, we can adjust, hold and even
carry the pan from the gas-stove to the working table or anywhere we want. This eases our burden
of handling the pan.

1.3 Assumption on The Type of Manufacturing System

1. Continuous Manufacturing System

This is a conventional mass distribution method. People will most likely think about this
when discussing things related to manufacturing. The component will travel along an assembly
line in a continuous production environment where multiple workers proceed to assemble the
product. This will result in lower unit costs while maintaining the high performance, but in return
required a significant capital investment due to large volume of manpower and equipment.

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2. Intermittent Manufacturing System

The manufacturer produces several similar products at the same time in an intermittent
distribution scheme. This will result in the product to be uniform but it will limit the flexibility for
any customisation. This could be an alternative for industry which is not ready or could not afford
the big capital investment.

3. Flexible Manufacturing System

A scalable distribution system has been adopted by a lot of new firms. They invest in a
variety of devices for this application, where they will be able to quickly reconfigure in a limited
amount of time. Robots or any autonomous vehicles that take the place of human labour are most
likely to have features of versatile structures. This system required a high initial cost for the
machinery which is comparable to a continuous manufacturing system, except this system will
allow us to manufacture a lot of products with lower labour requirements.

4. Custom Manufacturing System

This system is the perfect choice for a very defined product range. On the other hand, this
system is not ideal when the industry wants to mass-produce any product. The product made using
this system is manufactured by hand or by a single operator using a computer specialised for this
purpose. This method enables us to tailor specific items for the consumer. However, it required a
very long period of time which made it only acceptable in manufacturing finely crafted, low
volume and high priced products.

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When choosing the perfect system for the manufacturing of the products, we have to consider
which of these systems will fit well for the company and the products. Considering how certain
manufacturing systems will affect the product's quality is essential for the company. In the
beginning it may seem like it is going to be expensive and time-consuming, but it could result in
large dividends in the long run.

1.4 Assumption on The Quantity of Production

For the first attempt of the production, we assume to produce a total of 5000 units. For the
next batch to be produced, there are several ways to calculate the total quantity to be produced.
One of them is by taking into consideration the cost to produce a unit compared to the market
price. If the cost to produce a unit is higher than the current market price, the quantity to be
produced will be increased as this will result in higher profit per unit. If the current market price
is higher than the cost to produce a unit, the quantity of the product to be produced will be reduced
significantly to reduce the lost gain. Other than that is the cost to hold the products in inventory.
Having too many products in the inventory could result in more finance being used to store the
product in a well mannered.

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1.5 Product Cost Estimation

Based on the current market price of the Tefal company, we have chosen one of its non-
stick pans to make the cost estimation of our product. The product is Tefal Cook Easy Wokpan
with a diameter of 32cm. It is priced at RM104 which is discounted from the original price at
RM129.

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For this project, we assume the cost of the product to be RM130. The price of this product is pretty
high due to the process of making this product which requires a specialised machine and the
material used is also considered better compared to other non-stick pans.

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2.0 DETAILED SPECIFICATION OF THE PRODUCT

2.1 Pan

The pan is where the food is being cooked.

2.1.1 Material Selection

These are several factors that would be needed when we choose the suitable material for
our product:

i. Strength of the material

ii. Reliability

iii. Corrosion and chemical resistance

iv. Processing effect

v. Durability

vi. Smooth surface

vii. Availability

viii. Cost

ix. Easy to clean

These are the type of materials that would be suitable to made as the base for our product:

i. Cast iron

ii. Stainless steel

iii. Carbon steel

iv. Copper

v. Aluminium

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 vi. Ceramic

2.1.2 Cast Iron

Advantages:

1. Cast iron pans are durable because it can improves with age.

2. Cast iron pans can be inexpensive.

3. Cast iron pans can handle heat well when compared to other materials such as
aluminium.

4. A properly seasoned and cared cast iron pans can deliver non-stick.

5. Easy to clean

6. High strength

Disadvantages:

1. Cast iron pans are poor conductors of heat.

2. Cast iron pans are heavy.

3. The handle on a cast iron pan can get very hot.

4. Cast iron pan require to be seasoning.

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2.1.3 Stainless Steel

Advantages:

1. Stainless steel is a versatile material.

2. If the pan is treated well, it can be very versatile that it can last a lifetime.

3. Stainless steel ca distribute heat fast and evenly due to the conductive aluminium or
copper cores.

4. Stainless steel can adapt to temperature change quickly.

5. Stainless steel is tolerant to high heat that it can handle a very extreme temperature.

6. Stainless steel has an excellent heat retention.

7. Stainless steel pans is compatible with different kind of cooktops such as gas, electric
and induction.

8. Stainless steel pans has no health or safety concerns.

9. Stainless steel pans are easy to maintain because it doesn’t need to be seasoned.

10. Stainless steel is a non-reactive material compared to cast iron or carbon steel.

Disadvantages:

1. Expensive

2. Not completely a non-stick material.

3. Difficult to clean

4. Inconsistent cooking performance

5. Heavy when compared to other material.

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2.1.4 Carbon Steel

Advantages:

1. Carbon steel can retain heat well.

2. Carbon steel can gets hot faster which is about 3 to 5 minutes compare to cast iron.

3. If seasoned properly, the carbon steel will has a non-stick surface.

4. Carbon steel is lighter and thinner compare to stainless steel.

5. The surface of the carbon steel doesn’t scratch

6. Has low price

Disadvantages:

1. Not a chemical resistance material

2. Difficult to clean

3. Need to be seasoned to maintain for a long time

4. Not very thermal conductive

5. Has low heat retention

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2.1.5 Copper

Advantages:

1. Copper pans has good heat retention, so the food can cook evenly.

2. Copper can help with delicate cooking

3. Copper is resistance to microbes.

4. Copper has glamorous looks

Disadvantages:

1. High cost due to high demand and low supply

2. Can react to acidic food

3. High maintenance

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2.1.6 Aluminium

Advantages:

1. Aluminium has lightweight

2. Affordable

3. Aluminium can retain heats well

4. Aluminium can be easily found

5. If it is well maintained, aluminium is a durable material

6. Easy to handle

Disadvantages:

1. Very soft material compared to stainless steel

2. Has higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease

3. Hard to clean when cooked with acidic food

4. Has a much higher deformation rate when placed under cold water while the pan is still
hot.

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2.1.7 Ceramic

Advantages:

1. Ceramic is a non-stick material

2. More environmental friendly compare to other material.

3. Non-toxic material

4. Less expensive compare to stainless steel pan

5. Have many colour options

6. Ceramics can withstand heat without releasing toxic fumes

7. Not reactive to acidic food

8. Lightweight and easy to handle

9. Easy to clean

10. Low maintenance because it doesn’t need to be seasoned

Disadvantages:

1. Ceramic is not a durable material

2. More expansive than traditional non-stick pan

3. Ceramic has inconsistent cooking performance

4. Not resistance to scratch

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2.2 Handle

2.2.1 Material Selection

These are several factors that would be needed when we choose the suitable material for
our product:

i. Strength of the material

ii. Reliability

iii. Corrosion and chemical resistance

iv. Processing effect

v. Durability

vii. Availability

i. Cost

ii. Heat resistance

These are the type of materials that would be suitable to made as the base for our product:

i. Steel

ii. Plastic

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2.2.2 Steel

Advantages:

1. Good heat conductor

2. More durable compare to plastic

3. Has high strength

Disadvantages:

1. The handle can be hot easily

2. Heavy

3. High cost

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2.2.3 Plastic

Advantages:

1. High thermal resistance material

2. High mechanical strength

3. Low cost

Disadvantages:

1. The handle can be melt

2. Less durable than metal handle

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2.3 Cost of Material

Based on “Alibaba” website, we can get the estimation price of each material. From that,
we can know that the price of cast iron is RM 2156.21 which quite low compare to other material.
Price of stainless steel is the highest which is RM8984.20 because of the quality of the material is
the highest. Carbon steel has about the same price as cast iron which is RM2695.26. Copper and
aluminium is also quite expensive which is about RM5800 per ton and RM6962.76 per ton each.
Lastly, the price for ceramic is the lowest which is around RM80 due to it is easily obtain.

Figure 1: price of cast iron per tons Figure 2: price of stainless steel per tons

Figure 3: price of carbon steel per tons Figure 4: price of copper per 10kg

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Figure 5: price of aluminium per tons Figure 6: price of ceramic per 10pieces

2.4 Final selection

As for the final selection of the material, we have chosen ceramic as the material to make
the pan. It is because ceramic is a non-stick material and more environmental friendly compared
to other types of material because it does not produce toxic gas when manufactured. Although
ceramic pan is more expensive than the traditional non-stick pan, it is less expensive than the
stainless steel pan. Thus, it can be said that it is still affordable to the consumer. Ceramic pan can
also withstand high heat without releasing toxic fumes and it is not reactive to acidic food when
cooking. The ceramic pan is also easy to clean due to the non-stick property and is lightweight
material. It is also easy to handle and has low maintenance because it doesn’t need to be
seasoned. Lastly, ceramic pan also came with a variety choice of colour because of the ceramic
property that can be dyed. Thus, the consumer can choose whichever colour that they like rather
than silver, black or bronze.

As for the handle, we have chosen the steel type material as the handle which is due to
steel being a good heat conductor. It is also more durable compared to plastic which can melt
when it is exposed to high temperature for a long time.

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2.5 Component Analysis and Dimensional

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2.6 Technical Drawing

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3.0 STAGES OF THE PROCESSES

3.1 Discuss at least three (3) alternative processes:

a. Gravity die casting:

There are different process for producing frying pans. Gravity die casting is one of the
methods. Gravity die casting is used in the production of aluminium, zinc, and copper base
alloys. This casting is appropriate for medium to large volume production. Gravity die casting
does have the benefit of having good dimensional consistency and a nice cast surface. The
production rate is quicker than that of other procedures. It employs a metal mould made up of
two parts that is designed for simple, accurate opening and closure. Molds for low melting
temperature alloys are often composed of steel or cast iron. In die casting, the mould is heated
& coated before being closed. The molten metal will be poured into the mould. Whenever the
molten metal has set, we used a hydraulic cylinder to open the movable moulds portion and
remove the finished item. This is the process through which a frying pan is made.

When using pressure die casting, the manufacturing quantity need to be more than
10,000 units due to the maximises efficiency. Castings made from alloys of nonferrous metals
as well as steel may be produced with its help. The high pressure die casting process may be
done in either a hot chamber or a cold chamber configuration, depending on the application.
The cold chamber is the one we go with since it has the ability to make products of a high
quality and the casting metals include aluminium and alloy. The chamber is then filled with
molten metal once the die has been closed and the ram has been removed. The metal is then
forced to flow into the die by the ram, which maintains pressure even as the metal is cooling
and solidifying.

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 b. Metal forming:

HOT ROLLING PROCESS:

To begin, high grade aluminium is melted into liquid form at around 660 degrees
Celsiusand then filtered to eliminate pollutants. Liquid aluminium is poured into vertical
rectangular moulds. A water jacket surrounding the moulds cools the metal, converting it from
liquid to solid slabs. A crane removes the cast slabs and transports .them to a heating room to
soften them. This will enable the metals to be formed into shapes. A saw is used to cut the slabs in
half and trim the ends. To eliminate impurities, more blades scraped the top and bottom. A
conveyor transports the shorter slabs to the heated rollers on a continuous basis. Side guides keep
the width constant as the rollers compress the metal, reducing the thickness to around half a
centimetre. The rolling also significantly lengthens the slab. It starts out 2 metres long and has
been extended to almost 100 metres after a few minutes of rolling. The edges of the metal sheet
are trimmed using a pizza cutter like blade. Another roller is used to wound the metal into a large
coil. Then it will be unwound and squeezed flat. The cool aluminium sheet is now being pulled
ahead to the next station by machinery.

STAMPING METAL PROCESS:

The aluminium sheet is pressed using a 120 tonnes strong press machine throughout this
operation. As a beginning form, it cut a circular blank out of the metal sheet. The employees then
pick up any debris from the metal cutting since even the smallest chard entering the press might
harm the metal. The blank is then placed in a 200 tonnes press equipped with a forming tool. The
strong press compresses the metal before punching out the shape of the finished frying pans. The
newly manufactured aluminium frying pans are dropped onto the conveyer below. The remaining
aluminium will be recycled and used to produce new frying pans.

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 c. Coating:

In order to achieve superior adhesion, the pans will first undergo sand blasting in the
chamber before the coating process can begin. The area has been compacted to a tight fit in order
to protect the interior from the massive spray that will follow. We produce anywhere from one to
five unique coating recipes for each different kind of frying pan. Each one has thousands of
extremely minute diamond particles in addition to hundreds of other compounds. Diamonds are
used because of their increased durability in heat conductivity and the fact that they reduce the
likelihood of food sticking to the surface of a pan. In the beginning, the pans are given their ceramic
coating in a process in which each pan spins on the fixtures while a plasma flame melts ceramic
coating onto the outside surface of the pan. As the coatings attach to the heated pan, the spinning
helps ensure that the coating is applied evenly. After that, the frying pans are placed in a furnace
at a temperature of 560 degrees Celsius for the purpose of adhering the coatings to the pans. Next,
a non-stick coating is sprayed to the internal surface of the pans using an unique primer that ensures
a strong bond between the coating and the pans. The non-stick coating is then applied, and the
finished product is sent back into the furnace to be cured at a temperature of around 425 degrees
Celsius.

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3.2 Flow Chart of the Process:

Figure: Steps flow chart for manufacturing a frying pan.

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4.0 ENGINEERING APPLICATION OF GD&T IN TECHNICAL DRAWING

To assure that engineering designs are correctly presented, drawing developers (designers)
develop a professional "communication language" known as GD&T, or Geometric Dimensioning
& Tolerancing (error-free). Until GD&T was invented to record the designers' intent, traditional
engineering drawings comprised multiple handwritten comments. When businesses expanded or
specific notes had to be transcribed to other languages, these handwritten notes became a source
of inaccuracy. The GD&T approach was established to standardise the "language" of engineering
drawings so that no matter who you were or where you were in the globe, you could read a design
and comprehend exactly what was required for that component. Nowadays, the GD&T method
provides a complete way of transmitting all essential element knowledge, such as measurements,
tolerances, design, parts, finishes, and any other drawing information (revision, part number, etc.).
To do all of this, GD&T use a number of fundamental symbols to describe a component's numerous
attributes or standards. Those signs have been capable of replacing traditional handwritten notes,
ensuring that the manufacturing and inspection worlds are pleasant with a consistent approach to
modelling and resistance.

Advantages of GD&T:

GD&T, is an important part of complex machining, and it has several big benefits:

• Saving Money - GD&T improves the accuracy of design by allowing for the right tolerance
levels that make the most of manufacturing. Its process gives extra or bonus tolerance levels for
many projects, which makes them more cost-effective..

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• Ensuring Dimensional and Tolerance Requirements – A good GD&T process ensures correct
fulfilment of all dimensions and tolerance parameters by clearly specifying all design
requirements..

• Assisting Digital Design Methods - GD&T data that is concise and clear is easily convertible to
digital design systems, including almost widely used 2D and 3D CAD files.

• Offering Uniformity and Convenience - GD&T reduces guessing and interpretation while
providing uniform geometry throughout design and manufacture as a single, consistent language.

• Providing Accurate Communication - Technologies and the development of designs need the
most exact and consistent communication. GD&T enables Engineers, producers, and inspectors
effectively to communicate with one another, which saves time and makes the process much easier.

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5.0 TYPES OF MACHINE OR EQUIPMENTS FOR EACH PROCESS:

(a) HOT ROLLING PROCESS: To make desirable thickness of sheet use this hot rolling
mill.

(b) To get square size or round size of the sheet use this machine.

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(c) This is hydraulic press cutting machine for fry pan. To give actual shape use this
machine.

(d) To give ceramic coating of the pan use this spry type machine.

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(e) Bakelite handle making machine: To produce fry pan thermoplastic handle use this
machine.

(f) Riveting machine: To assemble fry pan body with handle use this rivet machine.

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6.0 GREEN MANUFACTURING( SUSTAINABILITY)

These days manufacturers and consumers always look at environmentally benefited

products. Sustainable alternative measures economically reduce the negative environmental
impact while saving productive energy and natural networks. Sustainability is changing our way
of living. Nowadays sustainability trends are engaged with the cookware industry which is a very
good sign for the world as well as people's health concerns. Manufacturers are getting involved
with eco-friendly frying pans day by day.

6.1 Pan Body

Our pan body has ceramic coating which is definitely environmentally friendly. The pan
body is made of ceramic coating, cast iron or steel, aluminium, aluminium alloy, Stainless steel.

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Cast Iron: Cast iron is the most sustainable cookware material. Cast iron is a long lasting materials
for cookware. Cast iron is recyclable material. Cast iron used pan is enough durable, for this reason
it can be lifetime usable.

Aluminum & Aluminum alloy: This metal is versatile, light weight and 100% recyclable
material. It is the most eco-friendly material after steel. To shipping products burn less fuel because
of aluminum material. Aluminum and aluminum alloy as many more sustainable advantages.

6.2 Pan Handle

The pan handle made by using steel and plastic materials. Both materials are ecofriendly.

Plastic: Plastic is a sustainable material by environmentally, as well as economically. Plastics are

durable and save weight of product. Recyclable plastic is more good for pan handle.

Steel: There is no doubt that steel is an environmental friendly material. This materials are widely
used in various industry. So, Steel is a most Eco-friendly material for cookware. To produce frying
pan handle steel is very effective material. This material is not toxic for human. So there is no
health issues on this material. Need less energy to produce this material. The important thing is
that, it has endless recyclability.

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7.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, there are several factors that we have considered during the development of this
product. The factors such as strength of the material, corrosion and chemical resistance, durability
and cost are involved in finalising our product.

There are several parts required to produce the completed products and one of them is the pan
itself. Our group has decided to choose ceramic as the material to develop this non-stick pan. This
material is chosen after comparing several materials that could be used to create non-stick
properties for the pan. Ceramic is proven to be non-toxic material and also more environmentally-
friendly than other materials. Its ability to withstand high temperatures without releasing any toxic
fumes makes it an absolute perfect for the healthy lifestyle of the consumer.

The next part is the handle of the non-stick pan. For the handle, we have decided to choose steel
to be the inner part layered with plastic as the outer part. Steel is more durable compared to plastic
and provides greater strength. Plastic on the other hand will give the handle better at insulating
heat. This means the temperature of the handle will not rise easier, thus enabling the consumer to
touch the handle with bare hands.

After undergoing certain research and analysis, we believe that this product is the best solution
that our group can offer to the company.

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8.0 Appendix

1. ‘Types of Cookware Materials & The Pros and Cons’ (March,2019), retrieved from
https://www.jessicagavin.com/types-of-cookware-materials/

2. ‘Pros and Cons of Cast Iron Pans’ (April,2019), retrieved from

https://evergreenkitchen.ca/cast-iron-pros-cons/

3. ‘19 Pros and Cons of Stainless Steel Cookware (Complete List)’ (June,2022), retrieved from
https://prudentreviews.com/stainless-steel-cookware-pros-and-cons/

4. ‘Pros and Cons of Different Types of Cookware’ (2022), retrieved from

https://stargazercastiron.com/blogs/blog/pros-and-cons-of-different-types-of-cookware

5. ‘The Pros and Cons of Copper Cookware’ (May,2022), retrieved from

https://www.seriouseats.com/buying-copper-cookware

6. ‘Ceramic Cookware Pros and Cons (Complete List)’ (February,2022), retrieved from
https://prudentreviews.com/ceramic-cookware-pros-and-cons/

7. ‘Aluminum cookware guide: the pros & cons’ (August,2021), retrieved from
https://lifeyourway.net/aluminum-cookware-guide-the-pros-cons/

8. ‘What Are Frying Pan Handles Made Out Of?’ (November,2021), retrieved from
https://homecookworld.com/what-are-frying-pan-handles-made-out-of/

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