Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reservoir Characteristics
By G. E. ARCHIE*
THE usefulness of the electrical resistivity log the resistivity of the mud in the borehole,
in determining reservoir characteristics is the effect of invasion of the mud filtrate
governed largely by: (I) the accuracy with into the formation, the relation of the
which the true resistivity of the formation can
recorded thickness of beds to electrode
be determined; (2) the scope of detailed data
spacing, the heterogeneity of geologic
concerning the relation of resistivity measure-
ments to formation characteristics; (3) the formations, the salinity or conductivity
available information concerning the conduc- of connate water, and, perhaps of greatest
tivity of connate or formation waters; (4) the importance, the lack of data indicating the
extent of geologic knowledge regarding proba- relationship of the resistivity of a formation
ble changes in facies within given horizons, both in situ to its character and fluid content.
vertically and laterally, particularly in relation On the Gulf Coast it is found that the
to the resultant effect on the electrical proper- effects of the size of the borehole and the
I.. 50 ,
.g
u
....
IS
'"
-+-
.:;;
t; 10
.;;;
-
"
~
x
x
x ~
x'
~
x x~
\ 'K
~
5 5
~
E
L-
o
LL.
500
'\0
.
o •
0
0
0
0
0
0
. ..
.
0
0
0
-
oJ' ... 0
0
~
\ I
f\,
I
0.1 0.5 1.0 5 10 50 100 0.10 0.30 1.00
Permeability. millidClrcys Porosity
FIG. 2.-RELATION OF POROSlTY AND PERMEABILITY TO FORMATION RESISTIVITY FACTOR, NACATOCH
SAND, BELLEVUE, LA.
Permeabilities below o. I millidarcynot recorded.
~ O.301--------"oo.;~~-----_l
value of m anywhere between 1.3 and 2. L
S= ~F;w [61
laboratory experiments, the relationship
expressed by Eq. 4 should apply equally
well underground.
Since in the laboratory extremely short
BASIC RESISTIVITY VALUES TO BE OBTAINEE
intervals of time were allowed for the
IN ESTIMATING FLUID CONTENT OF A SANE
establishment of the equilibrium conditions
compared with underground reservoirs, The foregoing discussion indicates that
there is a possibility that the manner in the basic values to be obtained are: (I) tht
I References are at the end of the paper. resistivity of the sand in question under·
58 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY LOG AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
ground (R), and (2) the resistivity of the Consider a borehole penetrating a
same sand when its pores are entirely large homogeneous layer, in which case
filled with connate water (R.). the electrode spacing is small in comparison
The first value can be obtained from the with the thickness of the layer. If the
electrical log when all factors can be resistivity of the mud in the hole is the
properly weighed. The latter may also be same as the resistivity of the layer, there
obtained from the log when a log is avail- will be, of course, no correction for the
able on the same horizon where it is entirely effect of the borehole. If the resistivity
water-bearing. Of course, this is true only of the mud differs from the resistivity of
when the sand conditions, particularly por- the layer, there will be a correction.
osity, are the same as at the point in ques- Table 1 shows approximately how the
tion and when the salinity of the connate presence of the borehole changes the
or formation water throughout the horizon observed resistivity for various conditions.
is the same. The third curve, or long normal, of the
In a water-drive reservoir, or any Gulf Coast is considered because this
reservoir where the connate water is in arrangement of electrodes gives very
CALCULATION OF CONNATE WATER, POROS- The values in Table I have been cal-
lTY AND SALINITY OF FORMATION WATER culated assuming a point potential "pick-
FROM THE ELECTRICAL LOG up" electrode 3 ft. away from a point
The resistivity scale used by the electrical source of current, other electrodes assumed
logging companies is calculated assuming to be at infinity, and it has been found
the electrodes to be points in a homo- that the table checks reasonably well
geneous bed. 5 Therefore, the values re- with field observations. Checks were
corded must be corrected for the presence made by: (I) measuring the resistivity of
of the borehole, thickness of the layers shale and other cores whose fluid content
in relation to the electrode spacing, and does not change during the coring operation
any other condition different from the and extraction from the well; (2) measuring
ideal assumptions used in calculating the the resistivity of porous cores from water-
scale. bearing formations after these cores were
G. E. ARCHIE 59
resaturated with the original formation tivities. I(is assumed that large shale bodies
water. Adjustment due to temperature are present above and below the beds, at
difference, of course, is necessary before the same time neglecting the presence of
the laboratory measurement is compared the borehole and again assuming point
with the field measurement. electrodes.
The interval is thick enough so that there volume. The accepted value assigned for
should be no appreciable effect due to the connate-water content of the East
electrode spacing. The formation is more or Texas reservoir is 17 per cent.
less a clean friable sandstone, so Eq. 5 can An electrical log of a sand in the East
White Point field, Texas, is shown in Fig. 5.
Resistivity. The observed resistivity at 4075 ft. is
meter-ohms
Self-pofenf/al 0 5 10 approximately 5 meter-ohms. The value of
--':""--:;}---.+--r---,4040 F for this sand by laboratory determination
---I 25 J+-t
mv. is 6. The sand is loosely consolidated, hav-
ing 32 per cent porosity average. The
- - - j - - - - j r - - - 4 l i : - t " - - 4060 resistivity of the formation water by direct
measurement is 0.063 meter-ohms at the
bottom-hole temperature of 138°F. There-
fore, R. = 6 X 0.063 or 0.38 meter-ohms.
-*=------+-"Zlrt---14080 This checks well with the value obtained
Normal curve- --> I