Civil Engineering Materials Miscellaneous Materials

Mi ll
Miscellaneous M
Materials
t i l
À Miscellaneous Materials
– Lime
Li
– Rubber
– Asbestos
À Paving
g Materials
– Asphalt
– Bitumen Lime
À Insulating
I l ti M Materials
t i l
– Heat insulations
– Acoustics materials
– Water proofing
p g Materials
3

Lime
Li V i ti off Lime
Varieties Li
À CaCO
C CO3 → C
CaO
O + CO2 À Stone
St lilime: Almost
Al t pure lilime
À Lime as cementing
g material,, used obtained
b i d from
f lilimestone.
extensivelyy in p
palaces,, forts,, temples,
p , À Kankar lime: Impure lime obtained
bridges
g etc from kankars dug from underground
À Lime has better workability
workability, plasticity,
plasticity
À Shell lime: very
y pure
p lime obtained
durability and less shrinkage on drying
from sea shells and corals
À Slow setting may be corrected by
adding 5 to 20% cement À Magnesium lime: manufactured from
À Lime is cheaper and locally available
dolomite
d l it and
d contains
t i more th
than 5%
magnesia

5 6

1
 D fi iti
Definitions D fi iti
Definitions
À Quick
Q i k lime
li (CaO):
(C O) lilime obtained
bt i d after
ft À Hydrated
H d t d lime:
li quick
i k lilime sprinkled
i kl d
calcinations
l i i off lilimestone. Also
l caustic
i with
i h water turned
d iinto fi
fine powder
d
lime À Lump lime: quick lime coming out of
À Fat lime: high CaO component
component, sets kilns
and hardens by absorbing CO2 from À Milk lime: thin p
pour able solution of
air
i slaked lime in water
À Hydraulic lime: contains small
quantities of silica
silica, alumina
alumina, iron
oxide with CaO
CaO. Sets and hardens
under
nde water
ate
7 8

Cl ifi ti
Classification Cl ifi ti
Classification
À Pure,
Pure Rich or Fat Lime
– High CaO content (up to 93%)
Lime
– Impurities
p less than 5%
L
Lean, P
Poor H d li
Hydraulic P
Pure, Ri
Rich,
h Fat
F t – Absorbs atmospheric CO2 for setting
– Slaking
Sl ki iis vigorous
i and
d volume
l iincreases
Feebly
Hydraulic
F t Li
Fat Lime 2 to 3 times
– Slow
l in setting and
dhhardening
d
Moderately Magnesium
Hydraulic Lime – Used for pplastering
g and white washing g
Eminently Dolomitic
Hydraulic Lime

9 10

Cl ifi ti
Classification Cl ifi ti
Classification
À Poor or Lean Lime À Hydraulic Lime
– Impurities more than 5% – Sets under water also
– Absorbs atmospheric
p CO2 for setting
g – Feeblyy hydraulic
y lime: <15% alumina
– Slaking requires more time and silica. Slow slakingg with low volume
increase. Setting time is 21 days.
– Makes
M k a paste t with
ith water
t
– Moderately hydraulic lime: 15 to 20%
– Color varies from yellow to grey alumina and silica. Slakes sluggishly
gg y
–UUsedd for
o pplaster
a and
a d lime mortar
o a after 1 to 2 hours. Setting time is 7
days.
– Eminently y hydraulic
y lime: 20 to 30%
alumina and silica. Slakes with difficulty.
y
Setting time is 2 to 48 hours.
11 12

2
Questions
Q ti ???

Rubber

13

R bb
Rubber P p ti off Rubber
Properties R bb
À Essentially
E ti ll an elastic
l ti material
t i l À It is elastic and can be stretched to 9
9-10
10
obtained
b i d both
b h as naturall and
d times its original length
length.
synthetic
y material À it is highly
g y impermeable
p to both water and
À Natural rubber – present as an air.
emulsion in the latex (milky colloidal À It has
h greatt resistance
i t tto abrasion,
b i ttearing
i
fl id) oozing
fluid) i from
f trunks
t k off certain
t i and
d cutting
tti over a wide
id range off
plants t
temperature
t from
f -7
7 tto 115oC.
C

À Synthetic rubber – obtained from À It is bad conductor of heat.

petroleum coal tar and alcohol
petroleum,

15 16

N t l Rubber
Natural R bb N t l Rubber
Natural R bb
À Crude rubber obtained from coagulation of À Compounding – addition of certain
latex using acetic acid, alcohol, alum or compounds to crude rubber
lime – Vulcanizing agents: sulphur reduces plasticity
À Latex
a may
ay b
be mixed d with app
appropriate
op a while maintaining elasticity
compounding agent and precipitated – Plasticizers: oils, rosin, wax to soften crude
di tl from
directly f solution
l ti tto shapes
h rubber
bb
À Crude rubber is hard and brittle in winter – Accelerators: white lead, lime, magnesia to
and d soft
ft and
d sticky
ti k ini summer, so it needs
d hasten process of vulcanization and reduce
sulphur
p requirement
q
treatment to improve and modify
properties – Fillers: modifies p properties
p and reduces cost.
Special fillers are reinforcing agents
– Compounding
– Hardeners: provide hardness to rubber and
– Calendaring increase tensile strength
– vulcanizing – Pigments:
Pi t provides
id colorl to
t rubber
bb
17 18

3
N t l Rubber
Natural R bb Sy th ti Rubber
Synthetic R bb
À Calendaring – operation of passing À Obtained
Obt i d ffrom petroleum,
t l coall ttar
rubber between large steel rollers at and
d alcohol
l h l
controlled temperature and pressure
to make sheets of desired thickness À Wider range of properties than
natural rubber
À Vulcanization – treatment with
sulphur
p to alter p
properties
p À Better resistance to light
g rays,
y
– 1 to 5% to make soft rubber weather,, acids,, oils and g
greases
– 30% to make ha
hard
d rubber
bbe À More popular and wider uses
– 45% makes rigid rubber called ebonite
– Absorbed at 135 to 160°C

19 20

R l i dR
Reclaimed Rubber
bb Sp g Rubber
Sponge R bb
À Rubber waste and worn out rubber À Obtained
Obt i d by
b adding
ddi sodium
di
treated and recycled for reuse
treated, bi b
bicarbonate d
during
i vulcanization
l i i
À Rubber, steel, fabric, and sulphur
À Small pores left on evaporation of
separated by heating in alkali solution
moisture
À Reclaimed rubber mixed with raw rubber to
cut cost À Has better heat and sound insulation
p p
properties
À It is
i off uniform
if composition,
iti more d
durable,
bl
easily
il compounded,
d d vulcanized
l i d and
d molded
ld d
À Has low elasticity,
y low tensile strength
g and
poor resistance to friction
p

21 22

R bb Fl
Rubber Flooring
i gMMaterials
t i l
À Rubber tiles in various sizes
À Used to cover floors of domestic and
p
public buildings,
g , cinemas,, hospitals,
p ,
stores,, ships,
p , transport
p vehicles,, etc
À Topping may be plain plain, marbled
marbled,
ribbed or fluted
À Backing
B ki may b be ffabric,
b i sponge or Asbestos
plain
l i rubber
bb
À Good weather resistant, resilient and
noise reducer
23

4
A b t
Asbestos A b t - Properties
Asbestos P p ti
À White,
White grey
grey, greenish or brown color
À Acid
A id prooff and
d fi
fire prooff natural
t l
À Fibrous and smooth in structure
fibrous mineral
fib i l substance
b off diff
different
À Acid proof and fire proof
colors found in the veins of À Can be cut into pieces and holes may be drilled
metamorphic
p rocks À Excellent insulator of heat and electricity
À A silicate of calcium and magnesium À Melting point from 1200 to 1550°C
(CaSiO
(C SiO3.3MgSiO
3M SiO3) containing
t i i smallll À In-corrodible
In corrodible and vermin proof
À Capable
C bl off b
being
i iinterwoven
t
amount of iron oxide and alumina
À Specific
S ifi gravity
it 3.1
31
À Molecules
M l l are strongly
l bounded
b d d only
l iin one
direction to give high tensile strength fibers
À Can easily mix with binding materials like bitumen
and cement
25 26

A b t - Products
Asbestos P d t A b t - Uses
Asbestos U
À Asbestos cement products
À Asbestos
A b t b boards
d
– Sheets used for roofing material
À Asbestos sheets (flat and corrugated) – Pipes used to convey rain and seepage water
À Asbestos coated in bitumen called asbestos felt
À Asbestos
A b t cementt pipes
i used for damp proofing
À Asbestos paper À Used as insulating material for furnaces, steam
and
d exhaust
h t pipes
i
À Asbestos
A b t paint
i t À Asbestos
A b t d dough
h ((powdered
d d fib
fiber iin water)
t ) used
d
for stopping holes and cracks in hot pipes etc
À Asbestos fibers À Asbestos paper
paper, sheet and fibers used for cable
insulation,, and in switches,, fuse boxes
À Asbestos felt À Used in manufacture of asbestos paint
p
À Asbestos fabric À Used as heat insulator for fire proof
p padding,
p g,
packing sheets, firemen clothes, etc
27 28

Bitumen
Bit
À Non-crystalline
Non crystalline solid or viscous material
material,
having adhesive properties
properties, derived from
crude petroleum either by natural or
refinery process
À Substantially soluble in carbon disulphide
À Brown
B or bl
blackk in
i color
l
À Usually end product from distillation
Bitumen
À May be extracted from petroleum oils
À Extensively used in road construction
construction,
water proofing felts
felts, filling and packing
construction joints, etc

5
Bitumen
Bit Bitumen
Bit
À Bitumen are mainly composed of a mixture À Bitumen
Bit implies
i li a group off
of high-molecular hydrocarbons,
hydrocarbons methane,
methane
nepthane and their oxygen or sulphur
hydrocarbons
h d b often
f mixed
i d with
i h some
derivatives. organic
g matter
À Tar and asphalt are two varieties of À Bitumen is also known as petroleum
bituminous materials in the fluid state
state, mineral tar in the
À Tars and bitumen condensate of semi-fluid
i fl id state
t t andd asphalt
h lt iin th
the
destructive distillation of coal
coal, petroleum
petroleum,
solid state
wood etc
wood,
À Asphalt
A h lt iis naturally
t ll occurring
i bit
bitumen, a
combination of inorganic and organic
matter

Bitumen
Bit Bit
Bitumen - properties
p p ti
À Blown bitumen – air blown into it under À Characteristically solid or semi
semi-solid
solid
high pressure and temperature to alter À Black
Bl k and
d sticky
i k
properties
À Melts or softens when heated
À Cut back bitumen – viscosity reduced by
adding volatile dilutents of petroleum and À Specific gravity is 1.09
coal tar À Completely soluble in carbon disulphide
– Rapid curing (RC) À Acts as binder
bi d iin allll types off asphalts
h l
– Medium
M di curing
i (MC)
À Possesses g
great chemical stability
y
– Slow curing (SC)
À Bitumen emulsion – bitumen finely divided
and suspended in aqueous medium
À Straight
g run bitumen – distilled to a definite
viscosity without further treatment

S pli g off Bit

Sampling Bitumen T ti g off Bit
Testing Bitumen
À Top Sample – Center at 1/6 depth below À Penetration test – measure of hardness or
top surface consistency as vertical distance traveled by
À Middle
Middl SSample
l – att mid
id d
depth
th a standard needle entering the material
under specified conditions of standard
À Lower Sample – at 5/6 depth load,, time and temperature
p
À Average
e age Sample
Sa p e – a
average
e age of
o three
t ee equa
equal À Flash point test – lowest temperature at
p
parts obtained as top,
p, middle,, lower which the vapor of a substance can be
samples ignited
g in air by
y a flame under specified
p
À Composite Sample - mixture of conditions
representative
p samples
p from various À Fire point test – lowest temperature at
containers in p
proportion
p to contents which the material gets ignited and burns
under specified
p condition

6
 A ph lt
Asphalt
À Natural or mechanical mixture in which
bitumen is associated with mineral matter
À Natural
N t l asphalt
h lt
– Lake asphalt – obtained from lakes at Trinidad
and
dBBermudez
d att 60
60m depth.
d th Contains
C t i 70%
pure bitumen
– Rock asphalt – natural asphalt impregnated in
Asphalt limestone rocks found in Europe. Contains 4 to
20% pure bitumen
À Petroleum or residual asphalt
– Artificial asphalt obtained by fractional
distillation of crude petroleum
p oils

A ph lt
Asphalt A ph lt
Asphalt
À Cut back asphalt – liquid asphalt dissolved in
À Constituents
C tit t
volatile solvent, so it could be applied at room
temperature – used for road construction – Asphaltenes
p – chemical compound
p
À Mastic asphalt
p – heating
g natural asphalt
p with sand
and mineral fillers to make voidless impermeable
– Resins – enhances binding properties
mass – used
d for
f damp
d proofing,
fi water
t proofing
fi – Oil – to impart viscosity
À Asphaltic cement – oxidizing asphalt by blowing
air through melted asphalt at high temperature –
used for roofing, flooring, etc
À Asphaltic emulsion – mixing asphalt with 50 to
60% water
ate aand
d 1%%e emulsifying
u s y g age
agentt – water
ate
proofing layers in cold conditions

A ph lt - p
Asphalt properties
p ti A ph lt - Uses
Asphalt U
À Sticky,
Sticky adhesive,
adhesive binds strongly À Damp proof course
À Adheres perfectly to wood
wood, stone
stone, concrete and
metal À Water repellent
p layer
y over flat roofs,
À Solid or semi-solid in state arches,, basements
À Black brownish in color À Lining of walls of tanks
tanks, pools
À Water
ae p proof
oo
À Durable and retains properties for years
À Paint
P i t preparation
ti
À Elastic. Becomes plastic when heated À Asphalt
sp a t mortar
o ta a and
d co
concrete
c ete for
o road
oad
À Binding properties when softened by heat paving
À Not seriously affected by weather À Flooring material
À Good conductor of heat,
heat sound,
sound electricity
À Electrical insulation
À Ductile,
Ductile can be stretched without breaking
À Soluble in varying degrees in carbon disulphide

7
 I
Insulating
l ti g M
Materials
t i l
À The
Th materials
t i l which
hi h control
t l
transmission
i i off hheat andd cold
ld and
d
offer resistance to reflection and
transmission of sound and electricityy
are known as insulating material
À Classification
Cl ifi ti off IInsulating
l ti M Materials
t i l
Heat Insulating Materials – Heat/thermal
a/ a insulation
ua o
– Sound insulation
– Electrical insulation

I
Insulating
l ti g M
Materials
t i l R
Requirement
i off H
Heat IInsulating
l i M Materials
i l
À The function of a thermal or heat insulator À Thermal stability
is to resist the flow of heat through its À Chemical stability
body both ways
body, À Physical
Ph i l stability
t bilit
À The heat may not be allowed to enter or À Low thermal conductivity
escape from a system
À Resistance to moisture
À These
Th materials
t i l are generally
ll porous and
d
À Low specific heat
their properties are governed by the nature
of their pores
pores, their distribution
distribution, size and À Low specific gravity
whether the pores are open or closed À Odorless
À The
Th materials
t i l with
ith a greatt number
b off fi
fine, À Resistance
R i t tto vibration
ib ti andd shock
h k
closed and air filled pores are the best heat À Non-inflammability
fl bl
insulating materials
À Economical in initial cost

Og i H
Organic Heatt IInsulators
l t I g i H
Inorganic Heatt IInsulators
l t
À Wool
W l and
dCCattle
ttl hhair
i À Air
À Slag
Sl wooll
À Grass
À Mineral wool
À Cotton
C tt wooll
À Glass wool
À Cork À Aluminum foil
À Silk À Diatomaceous
i earth
h
À Wood, pulp and saw dust À Charcoal
À Wood ashes
À Sugarcane
S ga cane fibe
fiber
À Gypsum powder
À Paper, cardboard, etc
À Asbestos
b

8
 S
Sound
d Insulating
I l ti g Materials
M t i l
À The
Th materials
t i l which
hi h offer
ff resistance
i t
to reflection
fl i and d transmission
i i off
sound waves are called sound
insulating
g materials
À The sound absorbent materials can
be iincorporated
b t d iin b
building
ildi structures
t t
Acoustic Materials either in compressed state, free state
or in suspended
p state

R
Requirements
i off Sound
S d Insulating
I l i M Materials
i l Cl ifi i off S
Classification Sound
d IInsulating
l i M Materials
i l
À Absorb noise to the desired extent À Soft materials
– Asbestos,
Asbestos rock
rock-wool,
wool glass
glass, silk
silk, felt
À Could be cleaned, washed and painted
– Sufficient porosity
À Resistant to attacks of vermin
vermin, insects
insects, – Good sound absorbers
termite or dry rot À Semi
S ih hardd materials
t i l
À Fire
Fi resistant
i t t – Mineral wool, cane fibers
À Be able to withstand weathering
g effects – Stiff enough to stand rough handling
– Can also serve as building panels
À Lighter so be able to handle and fix easily
À Hard materials
À Economical
E i l in
i iinitial
iti l costt – Porous masonry tiles
À Pleasant appearance
pp in finished form – Hard materials made porous
p during
g
manufacture
– Can also serve as protective surfaces 52

Common Types off Sound

d Insulating
l Materials
l Common Types off Sound
d Insulating
l Materials
l
À Acoustic plaster À Acoustic boards or tiles
– Made from mineral perlite – Made from compressed cane, wood fiber or
minerall wooll
– Also called fibrous p
plaster
– Pre-finished at factory and may be painted
– Absorption coefficient 00.30
30 to 500
cycles/sec – Can be perforated
p or otherwise

À Acoustic pulp À Quilts and mats

– Made from asbestos or cellulose fibers –A
Attached
h d on one or both
b h sides
id off non-metallic
lli
flexible material like paper
paper, muslin cloth
cloth, etc to
– Becomes plastic on addition of water for make glass fiber blanket and mats
application
pp on walls and ceilings
g
–U
Usedd in
i broadcasting,
b d ti ttelevision
l i i andd film
fil
– Can also serve as building panels studios