What is ATP?

(Adenosine Triphosphate)& (Phosphocreatine)

∙ It is the bodies fuel, and is in the form of ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate), made by 3 energy
systems. ATP is found in almost every cell and
the majority of ATP is made in the mitochondria.
∙ Our body stores energy in the form of
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
∙ We get most of our energy from food
such as carbohydrates, proteins and
fats.
∙ Major energy currency of all cells is a nucleotide
∙ The ability of ATP to store and release energy is due
to its molecular
structure.
∙ Each molecule has three subunits: (a) adenine-a
double ringed nitrogenous base; (b) a ribose – a five-
carbon sugar; and (c) three phosphate groups in a
linear chain.
ATP is stored in limited quantities in the muscle, so
each muscle fiber must be able to create its own
from the food fuels.
ATP is an adenosine molecule with three
phosphate molecules attached.
For release of energy, one phosphate molecule
breaks
off, releasing energy and creating adenosine
diphospate (ADP).
As long as there are sufficient energy substrate
this
process can be reversed with the use of food
fuels and ATP is rebuilt with the addition of
another phosphate molecule.

Other names of this energy system

∙ Short term energy system
∙ Alectic anaerobic energy system
∙ ATP PCr energy system
∙ Startup energy system
∙ ATP PC energy system
∙ PCr energy system
Energy
•Our body requires energy, this energy comes from
the breakdown of ATP in our cells.
Breakdown of ATP=Energy=Movement
• All energy for cellular activity comes from
ATP

How ATP is generated

• Our cells can’t get energy directly from food
• Needs to be stored as a useable form of energy
ATP
• The food we eat contains energy (kilojoules)
• This energy is used to produce ATP molecules
• Energy is stored in ATP like a battery
Carbohydrates
When carbohydrates are digested they are broken
down to glucose for blood transportation and then
stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver.
Glycogen can provide energy for ATP production
under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.

One gram of carbohydrates 38 ATP

Protein
Protein is only minimally contributes to ATP
production. Only in extreme events such as
starvation or a ultra- marathon will protein
contribute to ATP production.
One gram of protein38 ATP

Fat
s
Fats provides major source of energy for long term
physical activity. During a long term or a marathon,
fats as either triglycerides muscle or free fatty acids
usually contribute to ATP production to meet sub
maximal energy demands. During rest conditions,
fats produce the majority the required ATP.

One gram of fats = 131 ATP

Energy Systems
• ATP is generated through 3 different energy
systems
•The energy system the body generates it through
depends on the Intensity and the duration of the
exercise being performed

• ATP-PC system = very quick explosive exercise

•Lactic Acid system= moderately intense exercise
lasting several minutes

• Aerobic system= Long duration exercise

Anaerobic and Aerobic

∙ An anaerobic energy system is one that
does not require oxygen to generate ATP
∙ An aerobic energy system is one that does
require oxygen to generate ATP

ATP-PC system- How it works

• ATP is stored in the muscles and liver for quick
access
• ATP stores run out in 2-3 seconds
•When you move ATP is broken down to ADP
+P to generate energy for the body to use.
•When the Phosphate is split that’s where the
energy comes from
•ATP stores in the muscle run out very quickly
therefore we must generate more
•VERY useful for quick explosive exercises,
generates ATP very quickly but also runs out
quickly.
ENERGY STORAGE
• Energy produced in metabolism is stored
in an energy-rich molecule ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate ATP – the battery
of life
• Biological processes requiring energy use
ATP
• The accessible energy in ATP lies
in the triphosphate link
• Removing one phosphate gives
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plus
energy.
Energy production in the
cell • Energy is produced by oxidation of
molecular fuels - small molecules
derived from carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins
• The oxidation uses oxidised forms of
coenzymes ultimately producing CO2, H2O
and stored energy
• Energy is stored directly as ATP or as
reduced forms of coenzymes that
ultimately reduce oxygen to H2O
• Reduction of oxygen to H O yields more ATP
and
2
oxidised form of coenzymes
Molecules in metabolism
• Organic molecules from metabolised
nutrients often enter metabolic pathway
reactions bound to a coenzyme.
• Coenzyme A is an important coenzyme
• Phosphate is often bound to organic
molecules
• Oxidation/reduction (electron transport)
+
reactions use NADH NAD
GLUCONEOGEN
ESIS
 Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway
occurring in living beings for synthesis of
glucose from non-carbohydrate
precursors. It converts pyruvate and its
related three- and
four-carbon compounds into glucose.
It is an
irreversible process. It
occurs in cytosol.

COENZYME A

Usually written as HS-CoA

HS-CoA activates organic molecules for
metabolic reactions by binding through
HS-group to give reactive “–CoA” species

Acetyl-CoA is an important example

ACETYL CoA – THE CROSSROADS

carbohydrates glucose fats
glycogen glycolysis
proteins
pyruvate fatty acids

amino acids oxidatio

n fatty acid
oxidation
acetyl-CoA
fatty acid
synthesis
citric acid
cycle
CO2 + energy

Glucose in excess of metabolic needs results in fat

deposition
SOURCES OF ACETYL CoA

• Three metabolic reactions of food

components produce are linked
o Glycolysis of glucose
o Oxidation of fatty acids
o Amino acid deamination
• Each can act as a source of Acetyl-CoA
• Acetyl-CoA is oxidised in the citric acid
(Krebs) cycle producing energy.

THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

• All air-breathing organisms use the citric
acid cycle to generate energy
• Several metabolic pathways deliver
acetyl-CoA and other intermediates for
the cycle:
o Glycolysis of glucose via pyuvate
to
acetyl-CoA
o Fatty acid oxidation via
acetyl-CoA
o Amino acid deamination via
α- ketoacids
 THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
CH3
acetyl CoA
C=O
CO - CO -
-
CO SCoA 2 2 C 2
C= CH - H - CH -
2
O
HO-C - - O
C 2 C
HO-C2 CO
2 CO 2
H - 2
H
C 2 CH2- CO
-
C oxaloacet at C
2
O
e CO2 isocitrat
2 O-
O
e
HOC
C 2
Two carbon atoms
citrateenter
as C
H
C
acetyl-CoA and are ejected as to C
2
mala
O CO2 C
-
t - CO α- =-
CO
- C2
O C 2
2 C
CH H 2
2 CH
CH C O
2 2
C=O
CH - H -
CO C 2 SCo
fumarat O C 2
2 succinat A
e e O
succinyl
CoA
ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE OXIDATION
• Three processes are involved
o Glycolysis of glucose to two
pyruvate molecules
o Pyruvate oxidation to acetyl-CoA
o Oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2in the
citric acid cycle
• Energy stored from oxidation of one
molecule of
glucose = 36 ATP after all reduced
coenzymes are reoxidised
AMINO ACID METABOLISM
• Amino acids, from protein hydrolysis, can be
deaminated to form α-ketoacids
• Some α-ketoacids can be converted to
pyruvate or to other intermediates in the citric
acid cycle for glucose synthesis
• Others are converted into acetyl-CoA, used in
fatty acid synthesis.

LIPID (FAT) SYNTHESIS

• Lipids (fats) are fatty acid esters of glycerol
• Fatty acids are synthesised by sequential
addition of two-carbon units to acetyl-CoA
• Acetyl CoA is derived from several sources,
eg glycolysis of glucose, from dietary
carbohydrates
• Acetyl CoA is produced in the mitochondria but
fatty acid synthesis takes place in the cytosol
• Lipids are synthesised from fatty acids in
adipose tissue and in the liver
• Fatty acids for lipid synthesis can also arise from
dietary fats
CHEMICAL CONTROLS
• Hormones are chemicals messengers
released by a cell or a gland in one part of
the body that
transmit messages that affect cells in other
parts of the organism.
• Important hormones in human
metabolism include:
o Ghrelin - the hunger-stimulating
hormone
o Leptin - the satiety
(full-feeling) hormone
 o Glucagon - the stored glucose
releasing hormone
o Insulin - stimulates the
formation of stored fat from
glucose
• Insulin and glucagon are part of a feedback
system to regulate blood glucose levels
o Leptin production is suppressed by
abdominal fat.
 REFERENCES
• http://breakingmuscle.com/health-
medicine/understanding-energy-systems-atp-pc-
glycolytic-and-oxidative-oh-my
• http://hsc.csu.edu.au/index.html
• Nutrition for all = sir zafar Iqbqll Butt
• http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/atp.html
• http://medical-
dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phosphocreatine
• http://weighttraining.about.com/od/glossary/g/pc.ht
m
• http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/berardi29.htm
• http://www.energysuspensionparts.com/?utm_sourc
e=bingads&utm_medium=cpc&utm_content=Energ
ySearch&utm_campaign=EnergySearch
• Energy systems = HOD DR; Zfar iqbqll
•