2SS1 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF

PARAMAGNETIC LIQUID AND DIAMAGNETIC

LIQUID (QUINCKE METHOD)

by

Akmal Hafizi bin Annuar

(148208)

December 2020

Second Year Laboratory Report

ZCT 293/2
 2SS1 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PARAMAGNETIC
LIQUID AND DIAMAGNETIC LIQUID (QUINCKE METHOD)

ABSTRACT

Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become

magnetized in an applied magnetic field. Magnetic susceptibility, X is a
ratio of magnetization, M to the magnetic field intensity, H. X > 0 is
paramagnetism, and X < 0 is diamagnetism. The objective of the
experiment is to determine the magnetic susceptibilities of FeCl3 solution
and water. The volume and mass susceptibilities of the solution are also
determined. The experiment consists of two parts. The first part is to
measure the magnetic flux as a function of the current. The second part
is to measure the change in the liquid column as a function of current.
The best value for magnetic flux is obtained at I = 0 A. For series
connection, Φ0 = (1.54 ± 0.01) x 10-6 mWb. For parallel connection, Φ0 =
[(1.61 x 10-6) ± (3.18 x 10-4)] mWb. It is obtained that FeCl3 is
paramagnetic and water is diamagnetic. In particular, for FeCl3, X = 0.04
± (6.76 x 10-6). Whereas, for water, X = - (1.9 ± 7.0) x 10-3. The volume
and mass susceptibilities of FeCl3 are only managed to be simplified
algebraically.

2
 THEORY

1. Introduction

The objective of the experiment is to determine the magnetic

susceptibilities of FeCl3 solution and water. [1]

Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how much a material will become

magnetized in an applied magnetic field. Magnetic susceptibility, X is a
ratio of magnetization, M to the magnetic field intensity, H. X > 0 is
paramagnetism, and X < 0 is diamagnetism. Paramagnetic materials are
attracted to regions of greater magnetic field. Diamagnetic materials are
pushed away toward regions of lower magnetic field. [2]

Quincke method is to determine the magnetic susceptibility of a solution

by measuring the forces acting on it in terms of the change in liquid level.
[3]

2. Theory

Magnetic susceptibility measures the strength of interaction on placing

the substance in a magnetic field. When a material is placed in a
magnetic field, the magnetic field inside the material will be the sum of
the external magnetic field, 𝐵�0 and the magnetic field generated by the
material itself, 𝐵�𝑀 . Hence, the effective magnetic field can be expressed
as [1]

𝐵� = 𝐵�0 + 𝐵�𝑀 = 𝜇(𝐻

�+𝑀
�) (1)

Where 𝐻� is the magnetic field strength, µ0 is the permeability of free

� is the magnetization. [1]
space, µ0 = 4π x 10-7 T m / A and 𝑀

For this experiment, we consider 𝑀 � is linearly related to the magnetic

� and 𝐻
field. The relationship between 𝑀 � is given as [1]

� = 𝑋𝐻
𝑀 � (2)

3
X is the magnetic susceptibility. Relating (1) and (2) gives the magnetic
field [1]

𝐵� = (1 + 𝑋)𝜇0 𝐻
� (3)

The quantity (1+X) determines the magnetic nature of the material.

Paramagnetic materials have a positive susceptibility while diamagnetic
materials have a negative susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility of a
solution can be measured by considering the increase in the level of
liquid in a U-tube that is placed between the poles of an electromagnet.
When current is varied, the magnetic flux between the poles will vary
accordingly and this causes a rise or fall in the liquid column. The volume
susceptibility, XS of a solution is given by [1]

1 𝑎
� 2 = 𝑔𝜌𝑆 𝑧 �1 + �
𝜇0 (𝑋𝑆 − 𝑋0 )𝐻 (4)
2 𝐴

Where, X0 is the volume susceptibility of air (~0.37 x 10-6 m-3), H is the

magnetic field intensity, g is the gravitational acceleration, 𝜌𝑆 is the
density of the solution, Z is the changes in liquid level when there is an
increase in the magnetic field from 0 to H, a is the cross sectional area of
U-tube between the electromagnetic poles, and A is the cross-sectional
area of U-tube outside the electromagnetic field. [1]

Equation (4) can be re-written as [1]

2𝑔𝜌
= 𝐻 2 − 𝐻02 (5)
(𝜇0 𝑋)(𝑍 − 𝑍0 )

Where H0 is the residual magnetic field strength when the power supply
is off, and Z0 is the height of the liquid column when the magnetic field is
at H0. If H0 is a constant, Equation (5) can be re-written as [1]

2𝑔𝜌
= 𝐻2 (6)
(𝜇0 𝑋)(𝑍 − 𝑍0 )

The value of X can be calculated from the gradient of the graph of (Z – Z0)
versus H2. [1]

4
Volume susceptibility and mass susceptibility of FeCl3 can be calculated
if density of solution and density of FeCl3 are known. The density of
FeCl3 salt is 2.80 kg/l. The volume susceptibility of FeCl3, XF is given by
[1]

(𝜌𝐹 − 𝜌𝑊 ) (𝜌𝐹 − 𝜌𝑆 )
𝑋𝐹 = 𝑋𝑆 − 𝑋𝑊 (7)
(𝜌𝑆 − 𝜌𝑊 ) (𝜌𝑆 − 𝜌𝑊 )

Volume susceptibility of water is XW and its density is ρW. [1]

Note that the volume susceptibility is defined as for unit volume. Mass
susceptibility for a unit mass is defined as [1]

𝑋𝐹
𝐾𝐹 = (8)
𝜌𝐹

5
 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

Part 1

A series circuit is set as shown in Figure 1. [1]

Figure 1. Series connection.

The power supply is switched on and the current is first set at 0.0 A. The
magnetic flux between the electromagnets’ poles is determined using a
fluxmeter and a search coil. The readings of the magnetic flux is
repeated with increasing current values. Then, the readings of the
magnetic flux is again repeated but with decreasing currents values. The
values of the magnetic flux are recorded and tabulated. [1]

The power supply is switched off. The circuit is reconnected for parallel
connections as shown in Figure 2. [1]

6
 Figure 2. Parallel connection.

The readings of the magnetic flux are repeated with increasing current
values and the results are tabulated. Then, the readings of the magnetic
flux are repeated with decreasing current values and the results are also
tabulated. [1]

The calibration graphs (magnetic flux versus current) are plotted, two for
series connection, the other two for parallel connection. [1]

Part 2

The FeCl3 solution is prepared from the provided materials and the mass
of the solution is determined. [1]

One of the calibration graphs of the first part is selected to be used for
the second part. The circuit layout is determined by the choice of the
calibration graph. [1]

The U-tube is filled with FeCl3 solution and the narrow limb of the U-tube
is placed between the electromagnets. The meniscus of the solution is
made sure to be at the centre of the flat pole pieces of the
electromagnets. [1]

7
The change in the liquid column is measured as a function of current.
The experiment is repeated with water. [1]

The experimental values obtained for FeCl3 and distilled water are
tabulated. [1]

The magnetic field intensity, H is first calculated to calculate the

magnetic susceptibility. The graph of (Z – Z0) versus H2 for both cases is
plotted. Finally, the magnetic susceptibility of FeCl3 and water are
calculated. [1]

8
 EXPERIMENTAL DATA

Part 1

Series Circuit

Table 1. Series circuit (forward current)

Current (A) Magnetic flux (10-6 mWb)

0.0 1.45
0.1 5.95
0.2 11.04
0.3 16.20
0.4 21.08
0.5 25.63
0.6 29.87
0.7 33.75
0.8 36.87

Table 2. Series circuit (reverse current)

Current (A) Magnetic flux (10-6 mWb)

0.8 36.77
0.7 34.09
0.6 30.69
0.5 26.72
0.4 22.33
0.3 17.65
0.2 12.57
0.1 7.09
0.0 1.62

9
Parallel Circuit

Table 3. Parallel circuit (forward current)

Current (A) Magnetic flux (10-6 mWb)

0.0 1.59
0.1 3.74
0.2 6.01
0.3 8.49
0.4 11.11
0.5 13.64
0.6 16.08
0.7 18.52
0.8 20.91

Table 4. Parallel circuit (reverse circuit)

Current (A) Magnetic flux (10-6 mWb)

0.8 20.80
0.7 18.91
0.6 16.80
0.5 14.59
0.4 12.13
0.3 9.61
0.2 6.87
0.1 4.21
0.0 1.62

10
Part 2

FeCl3

Table 5. Series circuit (forward current)

Current (A) FeCl3 level (cm)

0.0 3.050
0.1 3.085
0.2 3.159
0.3 3.249
0.4 3.297
0.5 3.551
0.6 3.704
0.7 3.839
0.8 3.873

Water

Table 6. Series circuit (forward current)

Current (A) Water level (cm)

0.0 3.323
0.1 3.300
0.2 3.299
0.3 3.295
0.4 3.287
0.5 3.282
0.6 3.279
0.7 3.274
0.8 3.269

11
 DATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

Part 1

The calibration graphs are given in Figure 3, 4, 5 and 6 below.

Series Circuit

Graph of magnetic flux (mWb) vs

current (A); for forward-current
series connection
0.00005
y = 5E-05x + 2E-06
0.00004
0.00003
0.00002
0.00001
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.00001

Figure 3. Graph of magnetic flux vs current, for forward-current series

connection.

Graph of magnetic flux (mWb) vs

current (A); for reverse-current series
connection
0.00005
y = 4E-05x + 3E-06
0.00004
0.00003
0.00002
0.00001
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.00001

Figure 4. Graph of magnetic flux vs current, for reverse-current series

connection.

12
For the series circuit, we may find the standard error of the measurement
and thus find the best value for the magnetic flux, conveniently, at
current I = 0 A. It is given that the best value of a quantity is as such [4]

𝑥 = 𝑥̅ ± 𝑆𝑚 (𝑥 ) (9)

Sm(x) is given by [4]

𝑆 (𝑥 )
𝑆𝑚 (𝑥 ) = (10)
√𝑁

Where, S(x) is given by [4]

𝑁
1
𝑆 (𝑥 ) = � �[(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 ] (11)
𝑁−1
𝑖=1

Table 7 shows the corresponding calculation.

Table 7. Calculation of the standard error.

Deviation, di = Φi
Measurement Value, Φi � di2
-Φ
Series – forward 1.45 -0.085 7.225 x 10-3
Series - reverse 1.62 0.085 7.225 x 10-3
� = 1.535
Φ ∑ 𝑑𝑖2 = 0.01445

It follows that,

� 1 (0.01445)
2−1
𝑆𝑚 (Φ0 ) = = 0.01022
√2

Therefore, the best value for the magnetic flux at I = 0 A, Φ0 for the
series circuit is given as

Φ0 = (1.54 ± 0.01) x 10-6 mWb

13
It is observed that the standard error of the magnetic flux in series
connection is substantially minute. One possible reason is it may be due
to the electromagnets receiving equal value of current at any instant of
time for that the current in a series connection is given by I = I1 = I2.

Parallel Circuit

Graph of magnetic flux (mWb) vs

current (A); for forward-current
parallel connection
0.000025
y = 2E-05x + 1E-06
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
0.000005
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.000005

Figure 5. Graph of magnetic flux vs current, for forward-current parallel

connection.

Graph of magnetic field (mWb) vs

current (A); for reverse-current
parallel connection
0.000025
y = 2E-05x + 2E-06
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
0.000005
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.000005

Figure 6. Graph of magnetic flux vs current, for reverse-current parallel

connection.

14
For the parallel circuit, we may find the standard error of the
measurement and thus find the best value for the magnetic flux,
conveniently, at current I = 0 A. Likewise, the calculation uses Equation
(9), (10) and (11). [4]

Table 8 shows the corresponding calculation.

Table 8. Calculation of the standard error.

Deviation, di = Φi
Measurement Value, Φi � di2
-Φ
Parallel –
1.59 -0.015 2.25 x 10-4
forward
Parallel -
1.62 0.015 2.25 x 10-4
reverse
� = 1.605
Φ ∑ 𝑑𝑖2 = 4.5 x 10-4

It follows that,

� 1 (4.5 × 10−4 )
2−1
𝑆𝑚 (Φ0 ) = = 3.182 × 10−4
√2

Therefore, the best value for the magnetic flux at I = 0 A, Φ0 for the
parallel circuit is given as

Φ0 = [(1.61 x 10-6) ± (3.18 x 10-4)] mWb

It is obtained that the standard error of the parallel circuit is relatively

larger than that of the series circuit, by 10-2 difference. This may
potentially be due to the electromagnets receiving different values of
current at any instant of time for that current in a parallel connection is
given by I = V(1/R1 + 1/R2). It is speculated that the heat generated when
the device is turned on, causes the difference in the resistance and thus
affecting the measurement as a whole.

15
Part 2

Figure 7 and Figure 8 shows the graph of (Z – Z0) against H2 for FeCl3
and water, respectively. Both graphs are of forward-current series
connection.

FeCl3

Graph of (Z - Z_0) vs H^(2); for FeCl_3

0.01
y = 0.04x + 0.0002
0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
-0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

-0.002

Figure 7. Graph of (Z – Z0) vs H2 for FeCl3.

From Equation (6), it is stated that the magnetic susceptibility, X is given

by the gradient of (Z – Z0) against H2. The graph in Figure 7 is obtained
computationally via Excel and thus the gradient being the magnetic
susceptibility, X of FeCl3 is given by

X = 0.04

It is then observed that X > 0. Therefore, it is concluded that FeCl3 is

paramagnetic.

Now, we may find the best value for the magnetic susceptibility, X for
FeCl3. Since X is a derived quantity as of Equation (6), then it suggests

16
that the determination of the error involves the method of error
propagation.

As given, X is a function of (Z – Z0) and H2. It follows that, for FeCl3, the
standard error for (Z – Z0) is given by (0.247 ± 0.05) cm. The 0.247 cm is
obtained from Table 5. The assumption made is as such, all quantities
are taken at I = 0.4 A for the particular current being the median of the
measurement. Whereas, as for the ±0.05 cm, the standard error is
assumed to be of random error measured by a measuring instrument.
Consequently, from Reference [4], it is stated that the corresponding
standard error for a random error is 1/2 of the smallest range of scale of
the measuring instrument used. [4]

The standard error for H2 is to be determined first in order to obtain the

best value of X for FeCl3. Since H is also a derived quantity and is given
by [1]

Φ
𝐻= (12)
𝑁𝐴𝜇0

Where it is given that N = 100 turns, A = 6.26 x 10-4 m2, and µ0 = 4π x 10-
7
T m A-1. [1] Then, it suggests that the determination of the standard
error for H involves the method of error propagation.

Assume the denominator of Equation (12) as a constant, then the

standard error for the magnetic flux is given by Φ = (21.08 ± 0.01) x 10-6
mWb. The 21.08 x 10-6 mWb is the magnetic flux at I = 0.4 A (median) for
forward-current in series connection (Table 1). The ±0.01 x 10-6 mWb is
the previously calculated standard error of magnetic flux for series circuit
in Part 1.

From Reference [4], it follows that

2( )
𝜕𝐻 2 2 1 2 2
𝑆𝑚 𝐻 = � � 𝑆𝑚 (Φ) = � � 𝑆𝑚 (Φ)
𝜕Φ 𝑁𝐴𝜇0

Divide with the square of both sides of Equation (12),

17
 2 2
𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 ) 𝑆𝑚 (Φ)
� � =� �
𝐻 Φ

It follows that,

Φ
𝐻= = 267.972 𝑚𝑇
𝑁𝐴𝜇0

Then,

𝑆𝑚 (Φ)
= 4.744 × 10−4
Φ

So,

2
𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 ) 𝑆𝑚 (Φ)
= �� � = �(4.744 × 10−4 )2
𝐻 Φ

𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 ) = (4.744 × 10−4 )(267.972) = 0.1271 𝑚𝑇

Therefore, it is obtained that the best value for the magnetic field
intensity is

H = (267.97 ± 0.13) mT

Finally, the error propagation of X for FeCl3 may be obtained as follows.

[4]

2
2( )
𝜕𝑋 2 [(
𝜕𝑋 2 2
𝑆𝑚 𝑋 =� � 𝑆𝑚 𝑍 − 𝑍0 )] + � � 𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 )
𝜕(𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) 𝜕𝐻

2
2( )
1 2 2 −2(𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) 2( )
𝑆𝑚 𝑋 = � 2 � 𝑆𝑚 [(𝑍 − 𝑍0 )] + � � 𝑆𝑚 𝐻
𝐻 𝐻3

Divide with the square of both sides of the function X,

18
 2 2
𝑆𝑚 (𝑋) 1 2 [(
−2 2 2
� � =� � 𝑆 𝑍 − 𝑍0 )] + � � 𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 )
𝑋 (𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) 𝑚 𝐻

As given, (Z – Z0) = (0.247 ± 0.05) cm, H = (267.97 ± 0.13) mT. From the
function X, [1]

(𝑍 − 𝑍0 )
𝑋= (13)
𝐻2

𝑋 = 0.0344

Then,

𝑆𝑚 (𝑍 − 𝑍0 )
= 0.2024
(𝑍 − 𝑍0 )

𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 )
= 4.8513 × 10−4
𝐻

So,

2 2
𝑆𝑚 (𝑋) 𝑆𝑚 (𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) 𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 )
= �� � + �−2 �
𝑋 𝑍 − 𝑍0 𝐻

𝑆𝑚 (𝑋)
= �(0.2024)2 + [(−2)(4.8513 × 10−4 )]2
𝑋

𝑆𝑚 (𝑋) = 6.7555 × 10−6

Therefore, it is obtained that the best value for the magnetic susceptibility
of FeCl3 is

X = 0.04 ± (6.76 x 10-6)

It is observed that the standard error for the magnetic susceptibility, X of

FeCl3 is very minute. This may suggest that both the way of the

19
experiment being conducted and the calculation is close to ideal and
consistent, respectively.

Water

Graph of (Z - Z_0) vs H^(2); for water

0.0001

0
-0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-0.0001

-0.0002

-0.0003

-0.0004

-0.0005
y = -0.0019x - 0.0002
-0.0006

-0.0007

Figure 8. Graph of (Z – Z0) vs H2 for water.

From Equation (6), it is stated that the magnetic susceptibility, X is given

by the gradient of (Z – Z0) against H2. The graph in Figure 8 is obtained
computationally via Excel and thus the gradient being the magnetic
susceptibility, X of water is given by

X = -0.0019

It is then observed that X < 0. Therefore, it is concluded that water is

diamagnetic.

Now, we may find the best value for the magnetic susceptibility, X for
water. Since X is a derived quantity as of Equation (6), then it suggests
that the determination of the error involves the method of error
propagation.

20
As given, X is a function of (Z – Z0) and H2. It follows that, for water, the
standard error for (Z – Z0) is given by (-0.036 ± 0.05) cm. The -0.036 cm
is obtained from Table 6. The assumption made is as such, all quantities
are taken at I = 0.4 A for the particular current being the median of the
measurement. Whereas, as for the ±0.05 cm, the standard error is
assumed to be of random error measured by a measuring instrument.
Consequently, from Reference [4], it is stated that the corresponding
standard error for a random error is 1/2 of the smallest range of scale of
the measuring instrument used. [4]

The standard error for H2 is given by the previous calculation, H =

(267.97 ± 0.13) mT.

From Reference [4], the error propagation of X for water may be

obtained as follows.

2
2( )
𝜕𝑋 2 [(
𝜕𝑋 2 2
𝑆𝑚 𝑋 =� � 𝑆𝑚 𝑍 − 𝑍0 )] + � � 𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 )
𝜕(𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) 𝜕𝐻

2
2( )
1 2 2 −2(𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) 2( )
𝑆𝑚 𝑋 = � 2 � 𝑆𝑚 [(𝑍 − 𝑍0 )] + � 3
� 𝑆𝑚 𝐻
𝐻 𝐻

Divide with the square of both sides of Equation (13),

2 2
𝑆𝑚 (𝑋) 1 2 [(
−2 2 2
� � =� � 𝑆 𝑍 − 𝑍0 )] + � � 𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 )
𝑋 (𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) 𝑚 𝐻

As given, (Z – Z0) = (-0.036 ± 0.05) cm, H = (267.97 ± 0.13) mT. From

Equation (13),

(𝑍 − 𝑍0 )
𝑋= 2
= −5.0134 × 10−3
𝐻

Then,

𝑆𝑚 (𝑍 − 𝑍0 )
= −1.3889
(𝑍 − 𝑍0 )

21
 𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 )
= 4.8513 × 10−4
𝐻

So,

2 2
𝑆𝑚 (𝑋) 𝑆𝑚 (𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) 𝑆𝑚 (𝐻 )
= �� � + �−2 �
𝑋 𝑍 − 𝑍0 𝐻

𝑆𝑚 (𝑋)
= �(−1.3889)2 + [(−2)(4.8513 × 10−4 )]2
𝑋

𝑆𝑚 (𝑋) = −6.9631 × 10−3

Therefore, it is obtained that the best value for the magnetic susceptibility
of water is

X = - (1.9 ± 7.0) x 10-3

It is observed that the standard error for the magnetic susceptibility, X of

water is substantially large. To say the least, this may be due to the slight
mathematical error arose from the point at H2 = 0 in the graph of Figure 8,
where the corresponding value of (Z – Z0) is too far off from the best-fit
line. If that is the case, then there is nothing much of an error potentially
rooting from the apparatus or from the way of the experiment being
conducted.

22
Volume and Mass Susceptibilities

Given that ρF = 2800 kg m-3, ρW = 1000 kg m-3, and XW = -0.0019.

Whereas, both XS and ρS are unknown. From Equation (7), the volume
susceptibility of FeCl3 is given by

(𝜌𝐹 − 𝜌𝑊 ) (𝜌𝐹 − 𝜌𝑆 )
𝑋𝐹 = 𝑋𝑆 − 𝑋𝑊
(𝜌𝑆 − 𝜌𝑊 ) (𝜌𝑆 − 𝜌𝑊 )

1
𝑋𝐹 = ([𝑋𝑠 (𝜌𝐹 − 𝜌𝑊 )] + 𝑋𝑊 𝜌𝑆 − 𝑋𝑊 𝜌𝐹 )
𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑊

1 133
𝑋𝐹 = �1800𝑋𝑆 − 0.0019𝜌𝑆 + �
𝜌𝑠 − 1000 25

It follows that, from Equation (8), the mass susceptibility of FeCl3 is given
by

𝑋𝐹
𝐾𝐹 =
𝜌𝐹

1 133
𝐾𝐹 = �1800𝑋𝑆 − 0.0019𝜌𝑆 + �
[2800𝜌𝑆 − (2.80 × 106 )] 25

It is for certain that both the volume and mass susceptibilities of FeCl3
can be determined provided XS and ρS are known.

23
 CONCLUSION

For part 1, all the calibration graphs of magnetic flux against current are
plotted and the relationships are sufficed to say linear. The best value for
magnetic flux is obtained at I = 0 A. For series connection, Φ0 = (1.54 ±
0.01) x 10-6 mWb. For parallel connection, Φ0 = [(1.61 x 10-6) ± (3.18 x
10-4)] mWb. The standard error for series connection is minute and is
probably due to the electromagnets receiving equal value of current, for I
= I1 = I2. The standard error for parallel connection is relatively large and
is speculated for the electromagnets receiving different values of current,
for I = V (1/R1 + 1/R2) and also for the heat generated further differ the
resistance.

For part 2, the series connection with forward current is chose. The
graph of (Z – Z0) against H2 is plotted for FeCl3 and water. It is obtained
that FeCl3 is paramagnetic and water is diamagnetic. In particular, for
FeCl3, X = 0.04 ± (6.76 x 10-6). Whereas, for water, X = - (1.9 ± 7.0) x 10-
3
. The standard error for magnetic susceptibility of FeCl3 is minute and it
may suggest that both the experiment conducted and the method of
calculation are consistent. The standard error for magnetic susceptibility
of water is substantially large and it may be due to the suspected
mathematical error arose from the point at H2 = 0 for which the
corresponding (Z – Z0) value is too far off from the best-fit line.

The volume and mass susceptibilities of FeCl3 are only managed to be

simplified algebraically. It is suggested that if both XS and ρS are known,
then only the volume and mass susceptibilities can be determined.

24
 REFERENCES

[1]. Dr Shanmugan Subramani. “2SS1 Magnetic Susceptibility of

Paramagnetic Liquid and Diamagnetic Liquid (Quincke Method)”.
Experiment manual for ZCT 293/2 Physics Practical III. School of
Physics, USM 15th December 2020.

[2]. “Magnetic Properties of Materials”. Accessed on 15th December

2020, <http://info.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/mu/#itns>

[3]. TermWiki. “Quincke’s Method”. Accessed on 15th December 2020,

<https://en.termwiki.com/EN/Quincke's_method>

[4] “Introduction to Error Analysis”. Experiment guide for course ZCT

191/2. School of Physics, USM, 15th December 2020.

25
ATTACHMENT

26
Exported excel sheet for the graph of Figure 3.

Current Flux
(A) (10^-6) Flux
0 1.45 0.00000145
0.1 5.95 0.00000595
0.2 11.04 0.00001104
0.3 16.2 0.0000162
0.4 21.08 0.00002108
0.5 25.63 0.00002563
0.6 29.87 0.00002987
0.7 33.75 0.00003375
0.8 36.87 0.00003687

Exported excel sheet for the graph of Figure 4.

Current Flux
(A) (10^-6) Flux
0.8 36.77 0.00003677
0.7 34.09 0.00003409
0.6 30.69 0.00003069
0.5 26.72 0.00002672
0.4 22.33 0.00002233
0.3 17.65 0.00001765
0.2 12.57 0.00001257
0.1 7.09 0.00000709
0 1.62 0.00000162

Exported excel sheet for the graph of Figure 5.

Current Flux
(A) (10^-6) Flux
0 1.59 0.00000159
0.1 3.74 0.00000374
0.2 6.01 0.00000601
0.3 8.49 0.00000849
0.4 11.11 0.00001111
0.5 13.64 0.00001364
0.6 16.08 0.00001608
0.7 18.52 0.00001852
0.8 20.91 0.00002091

27
Exported excel sheet for the graph of Figure 6.

Current Flux
(A) (10^-6) Flux
0.8 20.8 0.0000208
0.7 18.91 1.891E-05
0.6 16.8 0.0000168
0.5 14.59 1.459E-05
0.4 12.13 1.213E-05
0.3 9.61 9.61E-06
0.2 6.87 6.87E-06
0.1 4.21 4.21E-06
0 1.62 1.62E-06

Exported excel sheet for the graph of Figure 7.

Flux (for
Current Z (cm) Z (m) Z-Z_0 ser) H (mT) H (T) H^2
1.45E-
0 3.05 0.0305 0 06 18.43259 0.018433 0.00034
5.95E-
0.1 3.085 0.03085 0.00035 06 75.6372 0.075637 0.005721
0.2 3.159 0.03159 0.00109 1.1E-05 140.342 0.140342 0.019696
1.62E-
0.3 3.249 0.03249 0.00199 05 205.9366 0.205937 0.04241
2.11E-
0.4 3.297 0.03297 0.00247 05 267.9718 0.267972 0.071809
2.56E-
0.5 3.551 0.03551 0.00501 05 325.812 0.325812 0.106153
2.99E-
0.6 3.704 0.03704 0.00654 05 379.7114 0.379711 0.144181
3.38E-
0.7 3.839 0.03839 0.00789 05 429.0345 0.429035 0.184071
3.69E-
0.8 3.873 0.03873 0.00823 05 468.6964 0.468696 0.219676

28
Exported excel sheet for the graph of Figure 8.

Flux (for
Current Z (cm) Z (m) Z-Z_0 ser) H (mT) H (T) H^2
1.45E-
0 3.323 0.03323 0 06 18.43259 0.018433 0.00034
- 5.95E-
0.1 3.3 0.033 0.00023 06 75.6372 0.075637 0.005721
-
0.2 3.299 0.03299 0.00024 1.1E-05 140.342 0.140342 0.019696
- 1.62E-
0.3 3.295 0.03295 0.00028 05 205.9366 0.205937 0.04241
- 2.11E-
0.4 3.287 0.03287 0.00036 05 267.9718 0.267972 0.071809
- 2.56E-
0.5 3.282 0.03282 0.00041 05 325.812 0.325812 0.106153
- 2.99E-
0.6 3.279 0.03279 0.00044 05 379.7114 0.379711 0.144181
- 3.38E-
0.7 3.274 0.03274 0.00049 05 429.0345 0.429035 0.184071
- 3.69E-
0.8 3.269 0.03269 0.00054 05 468.6964 0.468696 0.219676

29