SOW PM POWER QUALITY

20. KUALITAS DAYA 20. POWER QUALITY

Gangguan kualitas daya termasuk Power quality disturbances include the

berikut: following:

1. Harmonisa dikenakan pada 1. Harmonics imposed on the

gelombang sinus fundamental. fundamental sine wave
2. Tegangan transien 2. Voltage transients
3. Tegangan sag dan swell 3. Voltage sags and swells
4. Undervoltage dengan kejadian lama 4. Long duration undervoltage and
dan interupsi tegangan berkelanjutan sustained voltage interruptions
5. Ketidak seimbangan tegangan dan
kehilangan phasa. 5. Unbalanced voltages and single
6. Grounding yang salah dan tidak phasing (partial interruption)
memadai. 6. Inadvertent and inadequate
7. Noise listrik grounding
8. Interharmonik 7. Electrical noise
8. Interharmonics

Jika ada masalah karena kualitas daya,
KONTRAKTOR hendaknya menyelidiki dan
membuat solusi, minimum mengacu pada
NFPA 70 B, Recommended Practice
for
Electrical Equipment Maintenance.
If there are problem about Power
quality, contractor should investigate
and make solution, minimum refer to
NFPA 70B, Recommended Practice for
Electrical Equipment Maintenance.

Penyelidikan melalui: The investigation through:

1. Survey harmonic dan Pengetesan 1. Harmonic Surveying and Testing

Dimana harmonic dicurigai sebagai Where harmonics are suspected as

penyebab masalah, perlu untuk the cause of problems, it is necessary
menentukan besar frekuensi harmonic to determine the magnitude of the
dan kontribusinya terhadap THD. harmonic frequencies and their
 Informasi ini akan menentukan
besarnya masalah harmonisa,
memberikan petunjuk penyebab
harmonik, dan memberikan data yang
diperlukan untuk solusi insinyur. Itu
akan memberikan perhitungan factor
derating transformer menurut
ANSI/IEEE C57.110, Recommended
Practice for Establishing Transformer
Capability When
Supplying
Nonsinusoidal Load Currents.
2. Monitoring Transien
Monitoring dapat digunakan untuk
menentukan adanya transien.
Storage-type, high-bandwidth
oscilloscopes dengan kemampuan
bandwidth yang tinggi dapat
digunakan, tetapi informasi lebih
dapat diperoleh dari penggunaan
power disturbance analyzers khusus
didesain untuk gangguan kualitas daya
transien.
Monitoring mungkin diperlukan
selama masa itu, karena sifat transien,
yang bervariasi sesuai beban dan
perubahan konfigurasi sistem.
3. Monitoring and Testing for Sags and
Swells.
Tipe peralatan monitoring yang
berbeda sesuai untuk memonitor sags
dan sweels.
Mulai dari sebuah indikator visual
yang menunjukkan bahwa sag atau
swell telah terjadi, monitor grafis yang
menyediakan gambar-gangguan dan
catatan nilai minimum/maksimum,
durasi, dan waktu kejadian.
contribution to THD. This information
will define the extent of the harmonic
problem, provide clues as to causes
of the harmonics, and provide the
data needed to engineer solutions. It
will also permit calculation of
transformer derating factors in
accordance with ANSI/IEEE C57.110,
Recommended Practice
for Establishing
Transformer Capability When
Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load
Currents.
2. Transient Monitoring
Monitoring can be used to determine
the presence of transients. Storage-
type, high-bandwidth oscilloscopes
with high voltage capability can be
used, but more information can be
obtained from the use of power
disturbance analyzers specifically
designed for transient and other
types of power-quality problems.
Monitoring might be required over an
extended period of time, due to the
characteristics of transients, which
vary as loads and system
configurations change.
3. Monitoring dan pengetesan Sags dan
swells.
Different types of monitoring
equipment are available to monitor
sags and swells.
These range from event indicators
that visually indicate that a sag or
swell has occurred, to graphical
monitors that provide a cycle-by-
cycle picture of the disturbance and
record the minimum/maximum
values, duration, and time of
occurrence.
4. Monitor dan pengetesan Under
voltage dalam waktu lama.
5. Monitor danpengetesan tegangan
tidak seimbang dan pekepasan satu
fasa.
6. Monitor dan pengetesan grounding.
Hubungan listrik ke tanah dapat
diukur menggunakan sistem tiga titik
mengacu pada ANSI/IEEE 142,
Recommended Practice for Grounding
of Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems (Green Book). and inadequate
grounding.
7. Monitor dan pengetesan noise listrik
dan sistem elektronik.
Penentuan sumber, frekuensi dan
amplitude noise dapat menjadi sulit
dan memerlukan banyak waktu.
Pencarian masalah menjadi makin
sulit sesuai dengan kelipatan sumber
noise yang ada.
Penentuan amplitude dan frekuensi
sinyal noise adalah penting dalam
menidentifikasi sumber.
Ini termasuk:
(1) Spectrum analyzer- mampu
mengukur rentang frekuensi yang
lebar.
(2) Dilakukan RFI / EMI rekaman -
mampu mengukur tingkat
kebisingan ditumpangkan pada
gelombang tegangan.
(3) Pencatat RFI /EMI –mampu
mengukur level noise listrik yang
ada.
4. Monitoring and Testing of Long
Duration Undervoltages.
5. Monitoring and Testing Unbalanced
Voltages and Single Phasing
6. Monitoring and Testing - Grounding.
The electrical connection to earth can
be measured using the three-point
system referred to in ANSI/IEEE 142,
Recommended Practice for Grounding
of Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems (Green Book). and
inadequate grounding.
7. Monitoring and Testing Noise in
Electrical and Electronic Systems.
Locating the sources, frequency, and
amplitude of noise can be a difficult
and timeconsuming task.
Troubleshooting becomes
increasingly difficult as multiple
sources of noise might be present.
Determining the amplitude and
frequency of the noise signal is
essential in identifying the source.
Typically, several different types of
test equipment can be required to
isolate the nature of the noise.
These include the following:
(1) Spectrum analyzer - capable of
measuring a wide range of
frequencies
(2) Conducted RFI/EMI recorder -
capable of measuring noise
levels superimposed on the
voltage waveform
(3) Radiated RFI/EMI recorder -
capable of measuring electrical
noise levels present in the air
(4) Digital storage oscilloscope (4) Digital storage oscilloscope with
dengan saluran decoupler line decoupler

(5) Monitor kualitas daya (5) Power quality monitor

(6) Monitor kualitas daya (6) Monitoring and Testing

Interharmonics

(7) Harmonik analyzer yang (8) Harmonic analyzers that use

menggunakan fast fourier conventional fast Fourier
transform (FFT) berdasarkan transform (FFT) - based
analisa harmonic yang tidak harmonic analysis might not be
efektif secara penuh dalam fully effective in determining the
menentukan adanya presence of interharmonics. The
interharmonik. energy of the interharmonic will
often be split between two
adjacent harmonic values.
Spectrum analyzers or harmonic
analyzers with interharmonic
capabilities are recommended.