要背的 process

2 5 6 8 9 10

CHAPTER 2

1. Carbon cycle
2. Nitrogen cycle
3. Phosphorus cycle

CHAPTER 3

1. 要记得那个 graph 的样子

CHAPTER 4

1. Mechanism of enzyme action (induced fit model)

CHAPTER 6

1. Calvin cycle
2. C4
3. CAM pathway

CHAPTER 7

1. Transport of CO2
2. Chemoreceptor
3. Starch-sugar hypothesis

CHAPTER 8

1. Initiation of heart beat

2. Cardiac cycle
3. Factors affecting heart beat
a. pH
b. temperature
4. lymphatic pathway
5. transport of lipid
6. the transpiration – cohesion – tension mechanism
7. pressure flow hypothesis

1. lipid is digested by lipase into fatty acids and monoglyceride in the small intestine
2. fatty acids and monoglyceride enter the epithelial cell of the villi of small intestine by
diffusion
3. fatty acids and monoglyceride reform to form triglyceride
4. triglyceride then combine with phospholipid, protein and cholesterol to from chylomicrons.
5. Chylomicron leave epithelial cell by exocytosis and enter the lymphatic system through
lacteal
6. Lacteal are lymphatic vessel in the villi of the small intestine
7. Lymph containing chylomicrons is known as chyle
8. Chyle is then transported into lymphatic vessel through lymphatic duct and lymphatic nodes
 9. 跟书本的一样
10. 跟书本的一样

CHAPTER 9

1. Negative feedback mechanism for glucose level

a. Blood glucose level increase
b. Blood glucose level decrease
2. Urine formation
3. Counter current multiplier mechanism
4. Regulation of blood water content.
a. Low water intake
b. High water intake

CHAPTER 10

1. Generation of action potential /

2. Mechanism of synaptic transmission across synapses /
3. Mechanism of action of drugs
a. In a normal synapse, the neurotransmitter binds to a receptor molecule and rapidly
reabsorbed after it has acted.
b. Cocaine binds tightly to the transporter protein in synaptic cleft, reabsorption of the
neurotransmitter is blocked, there are no unoccupied carrier protein available to
dopamine molecule
c. Dopamine stay at the synaptic cleft, stimulate the receptors again and again.
d. The postsynaptic membrane is over-stimulated by the increasing amount of
neurotransmitter left in the synaptic cleft
e. As new signal arrives, more and more dopamine are added.
f. When receptor proteins are exposed to high level of dopamine molecule for
prolonged period of time, the nerve cells lowering the number of receptor proteins
on their surfaces.
g. When the drug is removed, normal absorption of the neurotransmitter resumes and
the decrease number of the receptors creates a less-sensitives pathway
h. The only way a person can maintain normal functioning is to continue to take the
drug. The cocaine user now is addicted.
i. Only if the drug is removed permanently, nervous system will eventually adjust
again and restore the original amount of receptors.
j. The drugs effect become less and the addicts begin to suffer deep depression
k. When the drugs is again introduced into the body, the mood of depression changes
into euphoria
l. The addicts will lose weight, cannot sleep well and the immune system is weakened
m. Overdose kill a user.

4. Impulse transmission at the neuromuscular junction

5. Mechanism of muscle contraction based on Sliding Filament Theory

CHAPTER 11
1. Humoral Immune Response
2. Cell-mediated immune response