Introduction to
a significant improvement in
Radiologic Technology
MIDTERM
Radiology Historical Perspective
1st Century A.D.
Archimedes - Explained the
Reaction Solid when they are
placed in liquid.
Democritus – described material
as being composed of ultimate
particle.
Thales – Discovered some effects
of electricity.
Evangelista Torricelli – 1st
recognized vacuum when he made
Barometer in 1643.
Otto Van Guericke – invented air
pump that was capable of removing
air from a vessel or tube in 1646.
Robert Boyle – Repeated the
experiment of Otto Van in 1659.
Herman Sprengel – Repeated the
experiment of Otto Van in 1865.
William Gilbert – 1st to extensively
study electricity and magnetism
(Electroscope).
Sir Isaac Newton – Built and
Improved Static Generator.
Charles Du Fay – Working with
glass, silk, and paper to distinguish
two different type of electricity.
Abbe Jean-Antoine Nollet – Made
electroscope, a vessel for
discharging electricity under
vacuum condition.
Benjamin Franklin – Conducted
many electrical experiments.
William Watson – Demonstrated a
current of electricity by transmitting
electricity from a Leyden Jar
through a wire and vacuum tube.
Michael Faraday – Induced an
electrical current by moving the
magnet in and out of the coil that
leads to a “concept of
electromagnetic induction”.
William Crookes – Invented the
Crookes Tube. Further studied
about cathode rays and
demonstrated that matter was
emitted from the cathode with
enough energy to rotate a wheel
place within the tube.
Phillip Lenard – Further studied
the cathode rays and found out that
the cathode rays can penetrate to a
thin metal and would project few
centimeters into the air.
William Godspeed – Produced
Radiograph in 1890. However, his
experiment was not recognized until
the discovery of X-ray.
Richards Leach Maddox –
Produced a film with Gelatin
Bromide.
George Eastman – Produced and
patented roll paper in 1884.
Thomas Alba Edison –
Discovered Fluoroscopy.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen –
Discovered X-ray Accidentally in
November 8, 1895.
Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen
 Discovered X-ray in
November 8, 1895
 Born in March 27, 1845 at
Lennep, Prusia (known today
as Remscheid Germany)
 Died in February 10, 1923
 Recipient of 1st Nobel Prize
for Physics in 1901.
 Studied at Polytechnic in
Zurich.
 Was a professor of physics
at the Universities of
Strasbourg, Giessen,
Wurzburg, and Munich.
 Used barium platinocyanide
as a material for X-ray.
 X-radiation = Roentgen
Radiation.
 the first X-ray photograph
was his wife’s hand.
General Terms
Radiology – The science that deals
with X-rays and other high energy
radiation for diagnosing and
treatment of disease.
Radiologic Technology – An
auxiliary branch of Radiology which
deals with technical application of x-
rays.
Radiologic Technologist – Is a
bona fide holder of a “Certificate of
Registration” for Radiologic
Technology.
Radiologist – Is a licensed
Physician who specialize in the
diagnosis or treatment of disease
with the use of radiation.
Radiologic Technology
Modalities (Specialty)
1. Diagnostic Radiography –
Deals with the study of
internal organs, bones,
cavities, and foreign objects.
2. Sonography – Uses high
frequency sound and used in
obstetrics, abdominal
pediatric, cardiac and
vascular, and masculo-
skeletal region imaging.
3. Fluoroscopy – Live motion
radiography (constant
radiation) usually visualize
digestive organ system with
administration of Contrast
Media to highlight the
vessels and organs.
4. CT-Scan (Computed
Tomography) – Provide
cross section views of the
body 2D and 3D views.
5. MRI (Magnetic Resonance
Imaging) – Build 2D and 3D
map of different tissue types
within the body.
 6. Nuclear Medicine – Use
radioactive tracer which can
be administered to examine
body part.
7. Radiotherapy – Use
radiation to shrink and
eradicate cancer cell’s
growth in the body.
8. Mammography – Uses low
dose X-ray system to
produce image of the human
breast.
Concept of Radiation
 Matter – Anything which
posses’ mass or weight and
occupies space.
 Mass – The numerical
measure of inertia.
 Atom – Smallest particle of
element which can enter into
chemical change.
Smallest particle of matter
that has properties of an
element and can react
chemically.
 Molecules – Ultimate
component particle of
compound substance.
 Element – Is pure chemical
substance consisting of one
type of atom distinguished by
its atomic number, which is
the number of protons in
nucleus.
 Compound – Composed of
2 or more element
chemically linked in a definite
proportion.
H2O – 2 atoms of Hydrogen
and 1 atom of Oxygen.
 Energy – The ability to do
work.
 Potential Energy – The
ability to do work by virtue of
position.
 Kinetic Energy – The
energy in motion.
 Electrical Energy –
Represents that the work
can be done when an
electron or and electric
charge move to electronic
potential.
 Thermal or Heat Energy –
Energy of motion at the
atomic level and in this
regard may be viewed as
kinetic energy of atom.
 Electromagnetic Energy –
Type of energy in x-ray just
as matter can be
transformed from one size
shapes and form to another
so energy can be
transformed from one type to
another.
Atomic Theory
 Atom – Smallest particle of
an element.
Fundamental building blocks
of matter.
 Greek Atom/Ancient  John Joseph Thomson
Greeks
- Plum pudding
Basic Substances of Atom - Electrons/Negative Charge

- Air
- Water
- Earth
- Fire

Basic Essence of Atom

- Wet
- Dry  Earnest Rutherford
- Hot
-Cold - Nuclear Model
- Disapproved J.J.
 John Dalton’s Atom – Thomson’s Plum Pudding
Model in 1911
- Hook & Eye
- elements can be classified
according to integral values
of atomic mass.

 Niels Bohr

- Niels Henrik David Bohr

 Dmitri Mendeleev – Father
of Periodic Table.
- Improved the work of
Rutherford
- Miniature Solar System
- Best picture to describe
atom
  Quantum Atomic Number (Z) – Number of
Chromodynamics Protons

- A newer model Atomic Mass (A) – Number of

- More accurately described Protons + Neutrons
the details of atomic
structure Amu – Measure in atomic mass

Octet Rule

 Equation: e=2n2

Atomic Structure
Electron (-)
 Mass (m) in amu: 0.000549
 Location: Orbital shell
 Mass in kg: 9.109x10-31
 Symbol: -
 Discovered by: John Joseph
Thomson

Proton (+)
 Mass (m) in amu: 0.00728
 Location: Nucleus
 Mass in kg: 1.673x10-27
 Symbol: + Electron Binding Energy
 Discovered by: Eugene
Goldstein  eV – electron volt
 Law of attraction  keV – kiloelectron volt
+ ⋅ + = Repel
- ⋅ - = Attract Valence electrons/outer shell

Neutron (0)  Controls the maximum count

 Mass (m) in amu: 0.00867 of electrons per atomic shell
 Location: Nucleus
 Mass in kg: 1.675x10-27
 Symbol: 0
 Discovered by: Jama
Chadwick
Molecule Formation
Covalent Bond – Chemical union
between atoms formed by sharing
one or more pairs of electrons.
Ionic Bond – Bonding that occurs
because of an electrostatic force
between ions.
Ionizing Radiation
C = 3x108 m/s
If Miles = 186,000 miles/s
Alpha Particles
 Z proton, Z neutron
 Internally most dangerous
 4 – 7 meV
 Ionizing rate is 400,000
atoms/cm
 Air travelled
 Shield pass through paper
Beta Particles
 Speed of electrons
 1 negative charge (e-)
 Shield pass though
aluminum
 Not hazardous
Radon
 Largest particle
 Terrestrial Radiation
X-ray = Lead (PB)