HALO EFFECT
 based on a single trait that seems more
important than others, such as physical
attractiveness
Ex. Handsome- kind, generous
HORN EFFECT
 we immediately ascribe negative
attitudes or behaviors to someone
based on one aspect of their
appearance or character.
Ex. overweight people, who unfortunately
are often stereotyped as being lazy, slovenly
or irresponsible.
REVERSE HALO EFFECT
 positive Bias towards somebody
generates suspicion
 Phenomenon whereby positive
perceptions of a person can yield
negative consequences.
Ex. A well-dressed person will be perceived
as wealthy… And therefore greedy
PYGMALION EFFECT
 Positive expectations influence
performance positively, and negative
expectations influence performance
negatively.
Ex. Teacher expectations influence student
performance
GALATEA EFFECT
 The belief and trust in oneself and one's
abilities and potential to succeed.
Ex. Employees' beliefs about their ability to
perform at a certain level actually impact
how they perform.
GOLEM EFFECT
 describes the process where superiors
anticipate low performance from a
subordinate, causing the very behavior
they predict
ATTRIBUTION
 Describes how people explain the
causes of their own and other people’s
behavior.
INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
 assuming that personal factors are the
cause of an individual's behavior or the
cause of an event
Ex. a person gets a bad grade on a test.
They question themselves as to why they
got such a bad grade
EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
 explanations that stress environmental
or situational factors and the physical
characteristics of a particular
environment
Ex. A person who blames the weather for
their bike's flat tire
COVARIATION MODEL
CONSENSUS INFORMATION
 information about the extent to which
other people behave the same way
toward the same stimulus as the actor
(the person whose behavior we are
trying to explain) does.
DISTINCTIVE INFORMATION
 information about the extent to which
one particular actor behaves in the
same way to different stimuli.
CONSISTENCY INFORMATION
 information about the extent to which
the behavior between one actor and
one stimulus is the same across time
and circumstances.

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

 When we assume other people’s

actions are due to their personality and
we forget to take the situation or
circumstances into effect

ACTOR-OBSERVER BIAS

 Difference in how we make

assumptions about other people’s
behavior versus our own.

FALSE CONSENSUS EFFECT

 Think that most other people agree

with our personal opinions.

FALSE UNIQUENESS BIAS/EFFECT

 Perception that our good or positive

qualities are fairly rare (and therefore
we are special and above average)

SELF-SERVING ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS

 Tendency to take credit for success and

deny responsibility for failure