314 13.3 Size of the Nucleus WS mary How is the radius of a nucleus related to its mass number A? (AI 2013C, 2011C) A nucleus undergoes B°-dacay. How does its @) mass number (ii) atomic number change? (Delhi 20110) 3. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1; 2. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities? (Delhi 2009) (2marks) How is the size of a nucleus experimentally determined? Write the relation between the radius and mass number of the nucleus: Show that the density of nucleus is independent of its mass number. (Delhi 2012, 20110) MMM marks) 5. In the study of Geiger-Marsden experiment on scattering of c-particles by a thin foil of gold, draw the trajectory of c-particles in the coulomb field of target nucleus. Explain briefly how one gets the information on the size of the nucleus from this study. From the relation R = Ry A’, where Ro is constant and A is the mass number of the nucleus, show that nuclear matter density is independent of A. (Delhi 2015) 6. In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, calculate the distance of closest approach to the nucleus of Z = 80, when an -particle of 8 MeV energy impinges on it before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its direction. How will the distance of closest approach be affected when the kinetic energy of the a-particle is doubled? (AI2012) 13.4 Mass-Energy and Nuclear. Binding Energy MGM mary) 7. Four nuclei of an element undergo’ fusion to form a heavier nucleus, with release of energy. Which of the two — the parent or | +n! |CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 the daughter nucleus — would have higher binding energy per nucleon? (2018) HEE 22 maris) 8. If both the number of protons and neutrons in a nuclear reaction is conserved, in what ‘way is mass converted into energy (or vice versa)? Explain giving one example. (Delhi 2015C) 9. Drawa plotof the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number for a large number of nuclei, 2 < A < 240. How do you explain the constancy of binding energy per nucleon in the range 30 < A < 170 using the Property that nuclear force is short-ranged? (AI 2010) HEME 3 mars) 10. (a) Explain the processes of nuclear fission. and nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) versus the mass number A. (2018) 11. Draw a plot of B.E/A versus mass number A for 2 < A < 170, Use this graph to explain the release of energy in the process of nuclear fusion of two light nuclei. (Delhi 2014C) 12, Distinguish between the phenomena of nuclear fission and fusion, Explain, using the graph for the B.E/A versus ‘mass number (4), how the release in energy can be accounted for in the two processes. (AI2014C, 2012C) 13. Answer the following points : (i) Why is the binding energy per nucleon found to be constant for nuclei in the range of ‘mass number (A) lying between 30 and 170? i) When a heavy nucleus with mass number A = 240 breaks into two nuclei, A = 120 energy is released in the process. (AI 2012C) HEM s marks) 14. (a) Draw the plot of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) as a function of mass number A. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of nuclear force: HTT TT 77) SSHO9KSTFSCRBHOSCHHHOSCHOKRSSER8EOSEENuclei (b) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fusion and fission, (AI2013) 13.5 Nuclear force WANG man 15. Write any two characteristic properties of nuclear force. (AI2011) HEN 02 marks) _ 16. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. ‘Write two important conclusions which you can draw regaiding the nature-of nuclear forces. (AI2015, 2010) 17. Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy between a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Indicate the regions in which the nuclear force is (i) attractive, (ii) repulsive. (A2012) HEME 3 marks) ae 18, Write three characteristic properties of nuclear force. (AI2015) 13.6 Radioactivity WML mark) __ 19. Why is it found experimentally difficult to detect neutrinos in nuclear B-decay? (Foreign 2015, AI 2014) 20. In both B° and B* decay processes, the mass number of a nucleus remains same whereas the atomic number Z increases by one in fr decay and decreases by one in B decay. Explain giving reason. (Foreign 2014) 21. Define the activity of a given radioactive substance. Write its S.I. unit (AI-2013) 22. What is the relationship between the half-life and mean life of a radioactive nucleus? (AI 2012C, Foreign 2011) BEINN (2 marks) 23. Derive the expression for the law of radioactive decay of a given sample having 315 initially No decaying to the number N present at any subsequent time t. Plot a graph showing the variation of the number of nuclei versus the time lapsed. Marka point on the plot in terms of Ty, value the number present N = No/16. (Foreign 2013) 24, In a given sample two radioisotopes A and Bare initially present in the ratio of 1:4. The halflives of A and Bare respectively 100 years and 50 years. Find the time after which the amounts of A and B become equal. (Foreign 2012) 25. A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes a series of decays according to the following scheme. AB 9A, BoA, 9A toy ‘The mass number and atomic number of A are 180 and 72 respectively. What are these numbers for Aq? (Delhi 2009) WEMIM 3 marks) 26. A radioactive isotope. has a half-life of 10 years. How long will it take for the activity. to reduce to 3.125%? (2018) 27. (i) A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes a series of decays'as given below: A—*> A, Bo A, Ay A, ‘The mass number and atomic number of “Agare 176 and 71 respectively. Determine the mass and atomic numbers of Ay and A. (i) Write the basic nuclear underlying B* and B decays (Delhi 2017) Write the basic nuclear process involved in the emission of B* in a symbolic form, bya radioactive nucleus. (i) In the reactions given below processes 28. (i) (a) YC; Baty (by 2C+PC 9? NetfHe Find the values of x, yand zanda, band c. (AI 2016)316 29. (a) Complete the following nuclear reactions: @) HPF" Pos... @ BPazse. (b) Write the basic process involved in nuclei responsible for (i) B° and (ii) B° decay. (©) Why is it found experimentally difficutt to detect neutrinos? (AI 2015¢) 30. (a) Deduce the expression, N = Ny e™, for the law of radioactive decay. (b) G@_ Write symbolically the process expressing the B* decay of ??Na. Alsowritethe basic nuclear process underlying this decay. (@) Is the nucleus formed in the decay of the nucleus 7/Na,an isotope or isobar? (Delhi 2014) 31. (a) Define the term ‘activity’ of a sample of a radioactive nucleus. Write its $.I. unit. (b) Thealf-lifeof 33° U undergoinga-decayis 45 x 10° years. Determine the activity of 10 g sample of 33° U . Given that 1 g of 33°U (al2014 C) 32. (a) The number of nuclei of a given radioactive sample at timet=Oand t= Tare Np and No/n respectively. Obtain an expression for the half life (Ty) of the nucleus in terms ofnand T. (b) Write the basic. nuclear process underlying B” decay of a given radioactive nucleus. (Delhi 20130) 33. In B-decay, the experimental detection of neutrinos (or antinetrinos) is found to be extremely difficult. (1/3, AI2012C) 34, State the law of radioactive decay. Plot a graph showing the number (N) of undecayed nuclei as a function of time (1) for a given radioactive sample having half life Ty Depict in the plot the number of undecayed puclei at (i) ¢= 372 and (ii) f= $Typ (Delhi 2011) n contains 25.3 x 10° atoms. 3. (i) Define ‘activity’ of a radioactive mater and write its S.I. unit. (i) Plota graph showing variation of activity ofa given radioactive sample with time. |CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 (iii) The sequence of stepwise decay of a radioactive nucleus is p—4,F 5p, IC the atomic number and mass number of Dy are 71 and 176 respectively, what are their yg values for D?— (Delhi 2010) 36. Write symbolically the B” decay process of uP. (1/3, A12010) 37. Whatis the basic mechanism for the emission of B” or B* particles in a nucleid? Give an example by writing explicitly a decay process for B- emission. Is (a) the energy of the emitted B-particles continuous or discrete; (b) the daughter nucleus obtained through B-decay, an isotope or an isobar of the parent nucleus. (Delhi 2010C) MEE (5 marks) 38. (a) Define the terms (i) half-life (Tj) and i) average life (t). Find out their relationship with the decay constant (A). (b) A radioactive nucleus has a decay constant A= 0.3465 (day)"'. How long would it take the nucleus to decay to 75% of its initial amount? (Foreign 2014) 39. Write the basic nuclear process of neutron undergoing B-decay. Why is the detection of neutrinos found very difficult? (2/5, Al 2013) 40. (a) Define the term ‘activity’ of a given sample of radionuclide. Write the expression for the law of radioactive decay in terms of the activity ofa given sample. (b) A radioactive isotope has a half life of TT years, How long will it take the activity to reduce to 3.125% of its original value? (©) When a nucleus (X) undergoes B-decay, the transforms to the nucleus (¥), does the pair (X,Y) form isotopes, isobars or isotones? Justify your answer, (Dethi 20120) (a) Derive the law of radioactive decay, viz N=Nge™. (b) Explain, giving necessary reactions, how energy is released during (i) fission and (ii) fusion, correspon 41, (AI2011 6)" SSR S ERE RE RE RRR RR SOSSCHHHOHHHHHOCHEO HOS SOSSSELe‘Nuclei 13.7 Nuclear Energy WN 0 marks) a, ucler A nucleus with mass number A = 240 and cau 7 7.6 MeV breaks into two fragments C of A = 120 with BE/A = 85 MeV. alculate the released energy. (Delhi 2016) Calculate the energy in fusion reaction : THATH — }He +n whereBE.of?H =223MeV and of }He = 7.73 MeV. (Delhi 2016) 44. Complete the following nuclear reactions. (3) B+ int Hee. (b) {Mo +?H% Tet... (Delhi 2015C) 45. Using the curve for the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A, state clearly how the release in energy in the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion can be explained. (AI 2011) When four hydrogen nuclei combine to form a helium nucleus estimate the amount of energy in MeV released in this process of 3i7 fusion (Neglect the masses of electrons and neutrons), Given: (i) Mass of 1H = 1.007825 u (ii) mass of helium nucleus = 4.002603 u, lu =931 MeV/c? (Foreign 2011) 47. A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV into two fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding energy of two nucleons, is 8.5. Calculate the energy Q released per fission in MeV. (Delhi 2010) 48. Ifboth the number of protons and the number of neutrons are conserved in a nuclear reaction like ?C + 2¢ —+ jNe+ 3He In what way is mass converted into energy? Explain. (Foreign 2010) (Bmarks)__ esas 49. Ina typical nuclear reaction,eg. — 2u1+ 2H 93He + }n+3.27 MeV, although number of nucleons is conserved, yet energy is released. How? Explain. (1/3, Delhi 2016, 2013) DET TiS 1. The volume of the nucleus is directly proportional to the number of nucleons (mass number) constituting the nucleus. ARR? A Where R—> radius 3 Real? A Mass number 2. When B-decay takes place, (i) mass number remains unchanged and (ji) atomic number increases by one unit. 3, Nuclear density is independent of mass number. 4, Nucleus was first discovered in 1911 by Lord Rutherford and his associates by experiments on scattering of c-particle by atoms. He found that the scattering fesult could be explained, if Stoms consists of a small, central, massive ded by orbiting electron. The dicated that the size of the positive core surroun experiment results in nucleus is of the order of 10° metres and it thus 10,000 times smaller than the size of atom. Relation between the radius and mass number of the nucleus R= Ry A‘? If mis the average mass of a nucleon and Ris the nuclear radius, then mass of nucleus = mA, where ‘Ais the mass number of the element. Volume of the nucleus, y = 4 ng? 3 afta”) TRA Density of nuclear matter, p = a mA 3m. po Pre Saka 4nRy ‘This shows that the nuclear density is independent of A. = v= = p=318 5. Trajectory of a-particles in coulo: target nucleus shows that only a sm: of the number of incident c-particles rebound back. mb field of all fraction (1 in 8000) Nucleus This shows that the number of a-particles undergoing head-on collision is small. ‘This implies that the entire positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a small volume. So, this experiment is an important way to determine an upper limit on the size of nucleus. mass of nucleus Density of nucleus volume Jamu ees BRA 5 ARS (Ze\(2e) 4ne,(7,) 2Ze* h (Z=80, K.E.= 8 MeV) 4ne, (KE) 9x10" x2x80x(1.6%10-")* Aare ner prorat J 8x10" x(1.6x10"") fy = 181-6210 480 9 68 x 10°" m : 8x10" ee ie IfK.E. becomes twice then ry 2 je. distance of closest approach becomes half ———— (EXD CASE Champion Physics Class 12 7. In nuclear fusion, daughter nucleus would have higher binding energy per nuclear, 8. A certain number of neutrons and protons are brought together to form a nucleus of a certain charge and mass, an energy AE, will be released in this process. ‘The energy AE; is called the binding energy of the nucleus. If we separate a nucleus into its nucleons we would have to transfer a total energy equal to AE,, to the nucleons. Example: 9)U™? +4! —» {f'Ba+ {ZKr+35n+Q “The energy (Q) released was estimated to be 200 MeV per fission (or about 0.9 MeV per nucleon and is equivalent to the difference in masses of the nuclei before and after the fission. Pa be opt 6 4 2 0 301001302000 The constancy of binding energy in the range 30 a ~EL,» aS >) ei » “, ‘Nuclei 10. (@) “The binding energy curve can be used {o explain the phenomena of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion as follows [aor inding energy per nucleon 4s smaller for heavier nuclei than the middle ‘ones, i.e., heavier nuclei are less stable. When a heavier nucleus splits into the lighter nuclei, the BEJ/nucleon changes from about 7.6 MeV to 84 MeV. Greater binding energy of the product nuclei results in the liberation of energy. This is what happens in nuclear fission which is the basis ofthe atom bomb. (i) Nuclear fusion : The binding energy per nucleon is small for light nuclei, ie., they are less stable. So when two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, the higher binding energy er nucleon of the latter results in the release of ‘energy. This is what happens in a nuclear fusion. ‘which is the basis of the hydrogen bomb. 11. (a) Binding energy per nucleon versus mass number (A) curve Conclusions: (i). Nuclear forces are strong and attractive in nature. (ii) Nuclear force isa short ranged force, Explanation of fusion : When two very light nuclei (A < 10) fuse to form a heavy nucleus, the BE/A of fused heavier nucleus is more than the binding energy per nucleon of lighter nuclei. ‘This implies release of energy. Energy released in nuclear fission : A very heavy nucleus, say A = 240, has lower binding energy per nucleon as compared to a nucleus with A = 120, Thus, if somehow a nucleus having A = 240 breaks into two nuclei, each having mass number A = 120. Then energy would be released in the process. 319 12. Nuclear Fission ‘Nuclear Fusion ‘ifthe process of/I-|When two or more| splitting of a heavy) |than two light nuclei nucleus into two] |fuse together to| nuclei of nearly} form heavy nucleus lcomparable masses] _|with the liberation of with liberation off Jenergy, ‘the process lenergy is called] lis called nuclear nuclear fission, fusion, Example: Example: RUsbn ol! pa | [2447 H of He +2Kr+34n+Q +24 MeV 2A suitable ‘bullet or/2.|The lighter nuclei projectile like neutron] have to be brought lis needed lvery close to each lother against lelectrostatic repulsion. [3.|Theproductofnuclear|3,|The products fission reaction are| nuclear fusion are radioactive, Inot radioactive. Refer to answer TI 13. (i) Refer to answer 9. (i) A very heavy nucleus with A = 240, has lower binding energy per nucleon compared to that of nucleus with A = 120. When a heavy nucleus with mass number A = 240 breaks into two nuclei, A= 120, energy is released in this process, 14. Refer to answer 11 15. Nuclear forces are strongest forces in nature: Magnitude of nuclear forces is 100 times that of clectrostatic force and 10° times the gravitational forces, Nuclear forces are charge independent; Nuclear forces between a pair of protons, a pair of neutrons or 8 pair of neutron and proton act with same strength, 16. Plot of potential energy ofa pair of nucleons asa function oftheir separation is given in the figure. 1 tt 3 fim Auracive SS320 ‘Conclusions: (i) The nuclear forceis much stronger than the coulomb force acting between charges or the gravitational forces between masses, (ii) ‘The nuclear force between two nucleons falls Tapidly to zero as their distance is more than a few fermies. 17. Refer to answer 16. 18. Properties of nuclear force are : (@)_Nuclear forces are short range forces and are strongly attractive within a range of 1 fermi to 4.2 fermi., (ii) Nuclear forces above 4.2 fermi are negligible, whereas below 1 fermi, they become repulsive in nature, It is this repulsive nature below 1 fermi, which prevents the nucleus from collapsing under strong attractive force. 19. Neutrinos are neutral (chargeless), almost massless particles that hardly interact with matter. 20. In B° decay, a B particle of zero mass and -1 charge is emitted. ‘The,decay process is shown below. Since the mass of Brparticle is negligibly small, the mass number of the nucleus remains the same and the atomic number increases by 1 due to the loss of 1 negative charge. Similarly for a B* decay, a B particle of negligibly ‘small and +1 charge is emitted, The decay process ‘The mass number remains the same, but here, the atomic number decreases by 1 due to the loss of 1 positive charge. 21. The rate of decay of a radioactive substance is called the activity of that substance. aN dt $.1, unit : becquerel (Bq) or disintegrations/s R= (HERE CBSE Champion Physics Ciass 12 Where Tis half life and t is mean life. 23. Let N be the number of undecayed nuclei in the sample at time t and AN nuclei undergo decay in time At. Then, = - & No, of undecayed nuclei pe o| tat Time Where dis disintegration constant. ‘The rate of change in Nin time At—0, can be expressed as, a at ooo On integrating both sides { “= fade ‘Where No is in initial undecayed nuclei. NX =u No N=Nge™ ‘Mark of NV No in terms of Tis shown in the 7 ay a 24, We have N= Nye ‘ For radio isotopes A and B, we can write Ny =NgeMte Ng=4lige Let tbe the time after which Ny = NgNuclei Nye! = Age mp deta hat > log.d = (Apt ~Agt) logge = 2g 2-| M2682), [: a = a(t) =2-(22); 50” 100 100 = t2200yeas 25, wo,_enttle 64 Bale vey, a=4ne EA A 2 The mass number of Ay = 172 : and the atomic number of Ay = 69 26. Since activity is proportional of the number of radioactive atoms, therefore Required time, t= nT =5 x 10 years = 50 years 27. (i) For 6° decay, Moy 2p m4 Bg, Os iy 1, BA, For B* decay, RAS > ia, Potts, > Bay ‘The mass number and atomic number of Ay is 172 and 69 and the mass number and atomic number of A is 180 and 72 in B° decay and 180 and 74 is B° decay, : (i) The emission of electron in B° decay is * accompanied by the emission of an antineutrino (D) in B* decay a neutrino is generated. 28. (i) Basic nuclear reaction (ii) (a) SC B+ P+, 321 (b) "C+ C— The + tHe 2, a=10, 29. (a) (i) Po 924 Pb+} He 208 = 204+A (i) BPazs+ 32=32+A A=32-320[A=0 | 15=16+Z [Z=-1 + z (b) In both processes the conversion of neutron to proton and proton to neutron inside the nucleus. 4x 3B + AY +B" decay) EX B+ “AY +v@" decay) (©) 51 1 30. (a) activity is a spontaneous phenomenon and one cannot predict, when a articular nucleus in a given radioactive sample will undergo disintegration. When a radioactive nucleus disintegrates, either an c-particle or @ B-particle is emitted, generally followed by emission of y-ray photon, where Nis number of active nuclei in a radioactive sample at time ¢ and 2 is called “disintegration constant” or “decay constant” of radioactive substance, The -ve sign indicates that the rate of : an disintegration “> decreases with time. From equation (i) bil Ade322 Integrating above equation on both sides, using the limits that initially at time t = 0, number of active nuclei are No, and al time f, number of active nuclei are Ny I? =- ae or [log,N]}y, =— Alt for logeN - logeNo =~ Alt 0} N | to (b) (i) The B" decay of 22Na is given by #2Na— jpNete* +v If the unstable nucleus has excess protons than needed for stability, a proton converts into a neutron. p—onte’ sy where e* is a positron and v is a neutrino created during the process. (ii) A nucleus 22Na is formed in the decay of the nucleus 22Na. Both the nuclei are isobar because they have same mass number. 31. (a) Refer to answer 21. () Typ = 45 x 10° years = 4.5 x 10° x 3.15 x 10” seconds Number of atoms in 10 g sample of 33°U is 10 N= 6023 x10 x 23 53x10" atoms ‘Activity of Sample A= AN = 22 «Nv Tr pes 10" 0.6931 45x10" X3.15% 10” = 1.237 x 10° becquerel 32. Inonehalflife, N=" N=NJ/2 In another halflife (i.e. 2 half lives) J Another half life (i.e. 3 half lives) Y 1(No)_No~ ( and soon pase tent) 4 CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 Hence, after 1 half lives, vane) Where (= n x T= total time of m half lives. (b) Refer to answer 20. 33, In Pedecay, the experimental detect of neutrinos (or antineutrinos) is found to be extremely diffcull. Neutrinos do not carry electric charge, which means that they are not affected by the electromagnetic forces. 434, ‘The rate of decay of atoms is proportional to the number of undecayed radioactive atoms present at any instant. If N is the number of sundecayed atoms in a radioactive substance at any time f, dN the number of atoms disintegrating in dN time dt, the rate of decay is “7 so that a at , where Ais a constant of proportionality called the decay (or disintegration) constant, equation (i) results N=Nge™ i) where No = Initial number of undecayed radioactive atoms. If No is the initial number of radioactive atoms present then ina halflife time Ty the number of uundecayed radioactive atoms will be No/2 and in next half No/4 and so on, ‘ Using, -N -(t) e No \2. ‘According to problem form for t= 3Ty2 ; x N ewene(3) =P and for t= 5Tyai N= NO. 32 ‘The graph shown for the number of undecayed nuclei at (= 3Ty2 and t= STy2- COHOKBHGSHHRGOHKI VES SKHesodseuesd @S6O0CG@G5Lz Number of undecayed nuclei a Tyr ia Ti2 Ava STa Time 35. (i) Refer to answer 21 (Gi) Refer to answer 34. (iy BOG BOE IHD, 4. Atomic number of D=72, Mass number of D = 180 36. In beta minus (f°) decay, an electron is ‘emitted by the nucleus and in beta plus (B*) decay, positron is emitted by the nucleus. For example, in the decay of 32P Pie S+B +7 37. Refer to answer 29 (b). (@) The energy emitted by B-particles is continuous. (&) The daughter nucleus obtained through B-decay is an isobar of the parent nucleus. 38. (a) (i) Half life (Ty): tis the time in which halfthe number of nuclei ofthe given radionuclide (i) Average life (1) : The Average life of a radioactive substance is defined as the average time for which the nuclei of the atoms of the radioactive substance exist AN, JeeMar Ny Average life or mean-life (t) ta Afte Mat a Tye? 323 (b) According to the decay law, we have: R= Re™ X75 _ p 00s canoe y ele 0.823 day 39, Int p+ SB +7 Refer to answer 19. 40. (a) Refer to answer 21. oY R_ 3.12: 2-() oni) R 100 32 \2 From (i) a 1) -(1) ,n=shalflives, 2) "2 or £a5.5=57 = (©) Refer to answer 37(b). 41. (a) Refer to answer 30(a). (b) (i) The fission reaction of ,,U”*may be represented as given below : 2U2+ gt! 9 9," > sgBal! +55 Kr? +3pn! +Q ‘The energy (Q) released was estimated to’ be 200 MeV per fission (or about 0.9 MeV per nucleon) and is equivalent to the difference in masses of the nuclei before and after the fission. (ii) When two or more than two light nuclei fuse together to form heavy nucleus with the liberation of energy, the process is called nuclear fusion. For example, two deutrons can fuse together to form a helium nucleus releasing 24 MeV of energy. The fasion reaction may be expressed as follow: 1H? +H? > ,He* +24 Mev This above nuclear fusion reaction is energetically possible, only if the mass of the , He* nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of the two deutron nuclei, 42. Fora big nucleus, A = 240, BE/A = 7.6 MeV Initial binding energy = 240 x 7.6 = 1824 MeV aa324 For two small nuclei, A ~ 120, BIVA = 8,5 Mev Final binding energy = 2 x 120 x 8, 5 = 2040 Energy released during fission - (final B.E.) ~ (Initial B'E,) = 2040 ~ 1824 = 216 Mev 43. Fusion Teaction, H+ }H—> Se tn Energy released = final B.E. - initial BE, = 7.73 - (2.234 2.23) = 3.27 MeV. 44. (2) SB+ not Hea? Li 10+ = 444 ll-4=7 ) BMo+ 7H Ste+, x 9442=95+A A=96-95=1 4241 = 434Z Z = 43-43=0 45. Binding energy curve: The variation of average B.E. per nucleon with mass number A is shown in the figure. ning nN) ‘The binding energy curve can be used to explain the phenomena of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion as follows Nuclear fission : Binding energy per nucleon is smaller for heavier nuclei than the middle ones, i.e., heavier nuclei are less stable. When an heavier nucleus splits into the lighter nuclei, the B.E./ nucleon changes from about 7.6 MeV to 8.4 MeV, (EEZED CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 Greater binding energy of the product nuclei results in the liberation of energy. This is what happens in nuclear fission which is the basis of the atom bomb. Nuclear fusion : ‘the binding energy per nucleon is small for light nuclei, ie., they are less stable. So When two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, the higher binding energy per nucleon Of the latter results in the release of energy. This is what happens in a nuclear fussion which is the basis of the hydrogen bomb. 46. Energy released = Am x 931 MeV ‘4m = 4m (jH)~ m(4He) Energy released Q=[4m (}H) - m (He)] x 931 MeV = [4 x 1.007825 - 4.002603] x 931 MeV = 26.72 MeV. 47. We have *°X = "0y 4 307, Binding energy for X = 7.6 MeV Binding energy of two fragments Y and Z=8.5 MeV. Energy released, Q = 240 (85 - 7.6) MeV =216 MeV 48. In fact the number of protons and number of neutrons are same before and after a nuclear reaction but the binding energies of nuclei present before and after nuclear reaction are different. This difference is called the mass defect. This mass defect appears as energy of reaction. In this sense a nuclear reaction is an example of mass-energy interconversion. 49, In a nuclear reaction, the sum of the masses of the target nucleus GH) and the bombarding particle ({H) may be greater than the product nucleus (34e) and the outgoing neutron jn So from the law of conservation of mass-energ) some energy (3.27 MeV) is evolved due to mass defect in the nuclear reaction, This energy is called Q-value of the nuclear reaction. AM @) > ii ai am ai a a a a ee eee aa a alc i ae ee i ee