KPDS ve YDS – 22 HAFTALIK PROGRAM – PAKET 5

29 Aralık 2003– 4 Ocak 2004

hakangur sitesinin KPDS ve YDS üyeleri için

oluşturulmuştur.
Ticari amaçlı olarak kullanılamaz.

İçerik:

Diğer Yapılar
Alıştırma 1 - 40 soru
Alıştırma 2 - 40 soru
Sözcük Bilgisi – Konu 9
Sözcük Bilgisi – Konu 10

Yanıtlar
DİĞER YAPILAR

ALIŞTIRMA 1

1. --- that the war would never end, both sides suggested --- prisoners of wars.

A) Have seen / having exchanged B) Having seen / being exchanged

C) Seeing / exchanging D) To have seen / to have exchanged
E) To see / to exchange

2. Actually, it is of vital importance ---.

A) me to have my credit card before I go on holiday.

B) not to work that much as you may collapse.
C) staying in the sun and sunbathing.
D) that we should reserve our room in advance.
E) that you had brought the briefcase with you.

3. Apparently, the students were dismissed --- the lessons --- disturbing
others.

A) from / about B) from / at

C) from / for D) off / with
E) outside / in

4. As soon as he sits behind the wheel, he turns --- a real monster.

A) for B) from
C) into D) over
E) with

5. Because I’d forgotten to pay --- the computer magazine, I got --- trouble
when I was about to leave the shop.

A) for / into B) for / with

C) in / off D) to / into
E) to / with

6. Being an attentive buyer during the auction will enable you to pick up a good
item.

A) Careful buyers usually find it easy to pick up a good item at auctions.

B) If you are careful during an auction, you won’t have any difficulty picking up a
good item.
C) In order to pick up a good item, buyers should attend the auctions regularly.
D) It would be possible for you to pick up a good item if you attended the auctions
more regularly.
E) You aren’t careful enough to have little difficulty in picking up a good item at an
auction.

7. Boss: Are they bringing my new computer today?

Secretary: --- . They said it would have to be tomorrow.

A) I expect so B) I'm afraid not

C) It certainly is D) I've no idea
E) Yes, that's right

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8. Bu önemli konuda iyice bilgilendirilmeden bir yorum yapmak doğru değil.

A) It’s not correct at all to make a comment on this important subject without being
informed about it thoroughly.
B) It’s wrong not to be perfectly informed about such an important subject if you are
to make a comment about it.
C) It’s wrong of you to make a comment on such an important as this without
having much information about it.
D) It’s wrong to comment on this important subject even if you have thorough
information about it.
E) Try not to comment on this important subject if you aren’t perfectly informed
about it.

9. Considering his recent speeches to the employees, the Director seems to be

trying to regain the confidence of his workers.

A) Employees appear to have lost their confidence in the Director, so he is planning

to make speeches to the workers to regain it.
B) His last speeches to the employees showed that the Director had managed to
regain his workers’ confidence in him.
C) It will be really difficult for the Director to acquire his workers’ confidence in him
again.
D) The Director can be understood by the speeches he has made to his workers
recently to be attempting to acquire their confidence again.
E) The Director made several speeches to the workers, trying to prove his innocence
of the recent allegations.

10.Did they admit --- the computer files?

A) having been stolen B) stealing

C) stolen D) to be stolen
E) to have stolen

11.Don’t forget --- him about the his wife’s birthday, will you?

A) having reminded B) remind

C) reminding D) to have reminded
E) to remind

12.En az bir yabancı dil bilmiyorsan, turizm alanında iş bulman gerçekten çok
olanaksız olur.

A) It is utterly impossible for one to work in a tourist area if he doesn’t speak one
foreign language at the least.
B) It will be really impossible for you to find a job in the tourism industry if you don’t
know at least one foreign language.
C) People who can speak more than one foreign language should be employed in the
tourism industry.
D) To learn at least one foreign language is a must for you if you are to work in the
tourism industry.
E) You will have great difficulty working in the tourism industry if you don’t know at
least one foreign language.

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13.Every stable democracy’s desire is to live in peace with all the neighbours.

A) Her istikrarlı demokrasinin arzusu bütün komşularıyla barış içinde yaşamaktır.

B) İstikrarlı bir demokrasi, bütün komşularıyla barış içinde yaşamayı arzular.
C) İstikrarlı demokrasiler komşularının tümüyle barış içinde yaşamak istiyorlar.
D) Komşularıyla hepsiyle barışı arzulamak, her istikrarlı demokrasinin yaptığı bir
şeydir.
E) Tüm komşularla barış içinde yaşama arzusu, istikrarlı demokrasilere özgüdür.

14.George: Do you think the test will be an easy one?

Tom: --- . The teacher sort of said she would ask not-so-difficult questions.

A) I don't either B) I don't suppose so

C) I hope so D) I'm afraid not
E) So do I

15.Half of the voters are in favour of --- the European Union, while the others
object --- it strongly.

A) being joined / to be joined B) having joined / to join

C) joining / to join D) joining / to joining
E) to be joining / joining

16.He claims --- the won the race but the others think differently.

A) being able to win B) having been won

C) to be able to win D) to have won
E) winning

17.He forgets quite often to reply the notes from his friends.

A) As usual, he forgot to reply the message you had left for him.
B) He never remembers to reply the messages in order not to forget.
C) He rarely remembers to reply the messages his friends leave for him.
D) He seldom considers the messages from his friends to be worth replying.
E) I always remind him to send a reply if someone leaves a message for him.

18.Husband: I wonder why our son broke up with his girlfriend.

Wife: --- .

A) I did, too B) I didn't, either

C) Neither do I D) Nor did I
E) So do I

19.Husband: I would never visit your parents so often if I didn't have to!
Wife: --- .

A) Actually, I didn't, either B) But, dear, nor did I

C) Naturally, so would I D) To tell you the truth, neither would I
E) You know that I would, too

20.I don’t approve --- your driving at such an early age!

A) about B) at
C) at D) of
E) with

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21.I had to wait for the last bus and so --- many people at the bus-stop.

A) could B) did
C) had D) was
E) were

22.I suggest --- a short break.

A) have B) having
C) him to have D) that have
E) to be had

23.I think the reason --- the mutiny is that the prisoners couldn’t bear --- in
these hard conditions.

A) about / having to live B) for / live

C) for / living D) of / to live
E) to / to live

24.I think this spare part is completely different --- my car's original air pomp.

A) at B) for
C) from D) than
E) to

25.I told my son --- with the dogs in the street, for I was afraid that they might
be rabid.

A) not having played B) not playing

C) not to have played D) not to play
E) to play

26.I was so bored --- the lecture that I decided to leave.

A) from B) in
C) on D) over
E) with

27.I would like to have my fur insured in case it ---. .

A) might have stolen B) should be stolen

C) were stolen D) will be stolen
E) will have stolen

28.I’m sorry but we can't do any more to help you and your teacher can't --- .

A) although B) either
C) so D) though
E) too

29.I’ll have to get used --- very long hours in addition --- work early,

A) to be working / starting B) to have worked / having started

C) to work / to be starting D) to work / to start
E) to working / to starting

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30.I’m not very good at maths, so I can’t help you --- your homework.

A) being done B) do
C) doing D) having done
E) to have done

31.I’m sorry, Sir; I mistook you --- a friend.

A) at B) for
C) from D) in
E) with

32.I’m very angry --- the job because I know that I’m not --- doing it.

A) about not having / unable to B) at not being given / incapable of

C) for being given / bad at D) for not taking / capable of
E) with you about / able to

33.I’ve had to live --- cheap food for some time when I was made redundant.

A) for B) in
C) on D) over
E) with

34.I'll have to resign --- my job to find a less stressful one.

A) from B) in
C) off D) out
E) over

35.I'll never forgive him --- calling me an idiot.

A) at B) for
C) from D) over
E) with

36.In general, I don’t have enough time to be away from home for more than an
hour.

A) Genel olarak, evde bir saatten fazla hiç kalmamışımdır.

B) Genellikle, bir saatten fazla bir zamanı evden uzakta geçiririm.
C) Genellikle, evden bir saat için bile ayrılacak kadar vaktim olmuyor.
D) Genellikle, evden bir saatliğine uzaklaşabilecek kadar vakit bulabiliyorum.
E) Genellikle, evden bir saatten fazla uzaklaşacak kadar vaktim olmuyor.

37.Interviewer: Do you think your team will be the champion this season?
Trainer: --- .
Interviewer: So you are sure about that?
Trainer: That’s natural, isn’t it. We are eleven points ahead of our nearest
opponent.

A) I suppose so B) I'm afraid so

C) Perhaps I do D) So will we
E) We certainly will

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38.Isn't that the man --- ?

A) that he started taking his clothes off in the middle of the street
B) whether he argued the benefits of inflation
C) which is responsible for accident
D) who have caused so much havoc at the airport
E) who used to be a hunter but has recently become a animal rights supporter

39.It definitely was not my intention --- your wedding with my laughing, but I
was made --- by your father!

A) having spoilt / laughing B) spoil / laugh

C) spoiling / to be laughing D) to have spoilt / to have laughed
E) to spoil / to laugh

40.It is too dark outside --- clearly what is happening.

A) be able to see B) being able to see

C) seeing D) to have seen
E) to see

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ALIŞTIRMA 2

1. It is vital that you --- ready when the time for the test is on.

A) are to B) are
C) can be D) must be
E) will be

2. It seems that he has taken no notice of --- him against smoking so heavily.

A) having been warned B) him to warn

C) his being warned D) my warning
E) to warn

3. It was absurd that we --- at such a luxurious hotel without paying a penny.

A) can stay B) had stayed

C) has to stay D) must stay
E) will stay

4. Janet: I don’t believe. Isn’t that Tom Cruise over there!

Sue: --- Let's go and talk to him.

A) Does he, really? B) He is, too!

C) I am, too! D) So does he!
E) So I see!

5. Karım için, insanlara yardım etmek her zaman bir zevk olmuştur.

A) It has always been a pleasure for my wife to help people.

B) My wife always helps people around with great pleasure.
C) My wife finds it very pleasing to help people.
D) People have always been pleased with my wife’s helpful attitude.
E) To help people all the time has been a pleasure for my wife.

6. Ken: They’ll demolish the old building, won’t they?

Gerald: --- . There are a few bulldozers outside the building already.

A) I don't know, either B) I hope not.

C) It seems so. D) Really? Will they?
E) Why do you think so?

7. Kendimi iyi hissetmediğimi fark edince, beni arabayla eve bırakmayı teklif
etmen büyük incelikti.

A) Because I wasn’t feeling well enough, you offered to take me home your his car.
B) It was very kind of you to offer to give me a lift home when you realised that I
wasn’t feeling well.
C) You are so kind enough to offer to give me a lift home whenever you notice that I
don’t feel well.
D) When you offered to take me home in your car, I couldn’t help thinking how kind
you really were.
E) When you offered to give me a lift home your his car, because I wasn’t feeling
well, I thought you were really kind.

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8. My daughter was able to get a good mark again by merely glancing at her
lesson notes just before the exam.

A) Although she didn’t have time to study thoroughly before the exam, my daughter
managed to get a good mark again.
B) Because she had done a thorough study before the exam, my daughter got a
good mark again.
C) My daughter never studies well in advance for the exams, still she can get high
scores.
D) My daughter usually just glances at her notes before the exam, yet she can get a
high mark.
E) My daughter was able to get another good mark though she only had a quick look
at her notes just before the exam.

9. My lawyer demanded that the witness --- be questioned again.

A) can B) is able to
C) is to D) may
E) should

10.Nobody warned you about my father, --- ?

A) did they B) didn’t it

C) didn’t they D) was it
E) weren’t they

11.Peter’s children were smoking in their room secretly when suddenly Peter
appeared --- nowhere.

A) at B) from
C) in D) to
E) with

12.She couldn’t help --- although she tried hard --- it.

A) having laughed / being stopped B) laugh / stopping

C) laughing / to stop D) not to laugh / having stopped
E) to laugh / to have stopped

13.She leant .... the railing to see who was climbing up the stairs.

A) against B) for
C) over D) to
E) with

14.She seems --- at least ten pounds thanks to her diet!

A) having lost B) losing

C) to be losing D) to have lost
E) to lose

15.She was asked by her lawyer--- her claims.

A) prove B) proving
C) to be proved D) to have proved
E) to prove

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16.She’s had her hair --- but she regrets that now.

A) dye B) dyed
C) dyeing D) to dye
E) to have dyed

17.Susan: How is your sister Sarah? She had an accident last month, I
remember, ---?
Tom: Yes but she is okay now.

A) did she B) didn’t she

C) doesn’t she D) has she
E) was she

18.Teachers need to be very impatient --- their students.

A) about B) at
C) by D) to
E) with

19.The car salesman offered them --- paying a few months later, but they said
they couldn’t afford --- the car.

A) having paid/ to be buying B) paying / buying

C) to have paid / buying D) to pay / to buy
E) to pay / to have bought

20.The interviewer apologised --- me --- long.

A) from / on keeping me waiting B) of / about keeping me

C) on / to keep waiting D) to / for making me wait
E) with / of being waited

21.The military authorities declared the uprising to be now under control.

A) Askeri yetkililer ayaklanmanın yakında kontrol altına alınabileceğini söylüyorlar.

B) Askeri yetkililer, ayaklanmayı kontrol altına almanın şimdi daha zor olduğunu ileri
sürdüler.
C) Askeri yetkililer ayaklanmanın henüz kontrol altına alınamadığını açıkladılar.
D) Askeri yetkililer ayaklanmanın artık kontrol altında olduğunu bildirdiler.
E) Ayaklanmanın, askeri yetkililerce kontrol altına alındığı söylendi.

22.The necklace that I bought for my wife turned --- to be a priceless one!

A) down B) off
C) out D) over
E) with

23.The public is quite indifferent --- the radical changes in the political system.

A) at B) for
C) from D) than
E) to

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24.There are hardly any more chairs for all my students --- .

A) having sat B) sitting

C) to have been sitting D) to have sat
E) to sit

25.There is nothing to justify his --- team --- to a weaker one.

A) being left / going B) having left / go

C) leave / for going D) leaving / to go
E) to leave / went

26.There is nothing wrong --- the television; it is the aerial that is the problem.

A) at B) for
C) from D) in
E) with

27.There were always too many mosquitos on the lake to travel without
difficulty.

A) Because there were so many mosquitos, we had great difficulty travelling on the
lake.
B) I believe it is quite difficult to travel in this thick mosquito clouds on the lake.
C) I find travelling on the lake rather difficult because of the mosquitos there.
D) On account of the great number of mosquitos, it’s impossible to travel easily on
the lake.
E) When there wasn’t too many mosquitos, it was always easy to travel on the lake.

28.These players are famous --- winning all their games within the same
season.

A) at B) for
C) in D) on
E) with

29.They decided --- out when it stopped --- .

A) going / to snow B) having gone / to be snowing

C) to be going / snow D) to go / snowing
E) to have gone / having snowed

30.They didn’t look very pleased when we offered them to spend their holiday
in our house by the sea, and --- their children.

A) neither did B) neither has

C) nor should D) so did
E) so was

31.They robbed him --- all the money he had saved.

A) from B) of
C) over D) through
E) with

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32.Tim: I've never been to an ice-skating rink.
Frank: --- .

A) Oh, aren't you? Neither am I. B) Oh, do you? Me, too.

C) Oh, don't you? Nor do I. D) Oh, have you? So have I.
E) Oh, haven't you? I haven't either.

33.We always warn our students in our school --- any fruit without first --- it.

A) against eating / washing B) from eating / to wash

C) not to be eaten / washing D) shouldn’t eat / having washed
E) to eat / having me wash

34.We are all liable --- pay a number of taxes.

A) at B) in
C) into D) to
E) with

35.We found him --- on his latest project, so we decided to leave silently.

A) being worked B) having worked

C) to have worked D) to work
E) working

36.We insisted that he --- the guide.

A) has been B) must be

C) ought to be D) shall be
E) should be

37.We strongly recommended that they --- their decision.

A) are reconsidering B) have reconsidered

C) reconsider D) reconsidered
E) will reconsider

38.We travel to work --- foot as it is so close.

A) by B) in
C) on D) over
E) with

39.We were surprised to find the door open, because we clearly remembered
having locked it before going out.

A) Dışarı çıkmadan önce kapıyı kesinlikle kilitlediğimizi hatırlamamız, açık kapı

karşısındaki hayretimizi daha da arttırdı.
B) Her zaman dışarı çıkmadan önce kapıyı kilitlemeyi kesinlikle hatırladığımız için, o
gün kapıyı açık bulmak bizi çok şaşırttı.
C) Kapının açık olması bizi çok şaşırttı çünkü dışarı çıkmadan önce kilitlemiş
olduğumuzdan kesinlikle emindik.
D) Kapıyı açık bulunca çok şaşırmadık çünkü dışarı çıkmadan önce onu kilitleyip
kilitlemediğimizi net olarak hatırlamıyorduk.
E) Kapıyı açık bulunca şaşırdık çünkü dışarı çıkmadan önce kilitlediğimizi çok net
hatırlıyorduk.

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40.Yeni kuralların hiçbir işe yaramadığını kısa bir süre sonra herkes anladı.

A) After a short time, everybody understood that they couldn’t make good use of the
new rules.
B) Everybody understood soon afterwards that the new rules were of no use at all.
C) Everybody understood the new rules in a very short time in order to make use of
them.
D) It’ll soon be understood by everybody whether the new rules are of any use.
E) The new rules were soon understood by everybody as not being useful at all.

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SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ

KONU 9

ATTIRE, BARE, BELT, BUTTON, CLOTHING, FOLD, GARMENT, JEWELLERY, MARK,

NEAT, ORDERLY, OUTFIT, SCARF, SLEEVE, TAILOR, TROUSERS, VEIL, WEAR,
WIG

Clothing is garments or dress worn by people of all cultures since prehistoric times.
Fashion, until recent centuries, was the concern of the aristocracy; the clothing of
ordinary people changed far less radically. In addition, the history of clothing has been
reconstructed largely from portraits, generally of important people interested in recording
their own importance. Thus, they were painted wearing their finest and most impressive
attire.
The basic dress of the ancient Egyptians was a woven loincloth wrapped
around the hips and held at the waist by a girdle or belt. For men it took the form of a
skirt worn at the waist; for women it was worn over the breast and held with a strap, or
took the form of a full-length garment that sometimes had sleeves.
The first recorded cold-climate garments in the Mediterranean world appeared
with the invasions of the Medes in 612 BC, and the Persians in 539 BC. The Persians
wore hose or trousers with an open tunic fastened by a belt. These garments were fitted
and quite tight, possibly because of the small size of the hides available.
The early Romans wore a shirtlike tunica and the characteristic garment of
Rome, the toga, which persisted as formal and ceremonial dress throughout the
Republic and until the end of the Western Roman Empire. It was folded once along its
length and worn draped in complicated folds. In the Roman Empire, purple became the
distinguishing colour of the Senate and the emperors and subsequently became
associated with European royalty. The Middle Eastern custom of veiling the faces of
women originated in an Assyrian law of about 1200 BC. The traditional dress of the
Ottoman Empire was a direct descendant of the styles of the ancient world, as are the
classic garments of Arabs.
Indian styles of clothing were linked with caste from the earliest times. Both
sexes apparently wore cloths wound around their waist, leaving their upper bodies bare.
Turbans were also worn, with women favouring long headscarves and extensive
jewellery. These forms of dress remained unchanged until the Muslim conquests of India
in the 12th century AD.
In Europe, the catalyst for the change in clothing that marks the division
between the early Middle Ages and the Romanesque period was the first of the Crusades,
which began in 1095. In the 1300s the tunic was narrowed and shortened to a more
tailored look and evolved into what came to be called the doublet. Men's clothes, on the
other hand, went through the most radical change in their modern history during this
period. At the beginning of the century men still wore the garments of the later Middle
Ages—doublet, breeches and hose, and a cape; but during the first half of the century
the casaque was developed for travel or military use. The fronts and backs buttoned to
form a coat, and the shoulder pieces buttoned to form sleeves. An eccentricity of dress
that reached its height in the following century was the wig. Powdered white or grey,
large and elaborate or small and neat, the wig replaced men's natural hair at any social
occasion until the French Revolution, at court functions for another 30 years after that,
and in the law courts of Great Britain to this day.
In France, heading towards revolution, fashion became stiffer and more
elaborate and formal. In England, on the other hand, heading towards more orderly
social change and explosive industrial development, fashion reversed its normal trend.

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 1) woven a) attach, connect, fix
2) wrap b) belt, cord
3) strap c) continue, endure, last
4) fasten d) enfold, envelop
5) hide e) event, opportunity
6) persist f) inflexible, hard, rigid
7) descendant g) knit, textured
8) eccentricity h) offspring, derivative
9) occasion i) originality, peculiarity
10) stiff j) skin, fur

SÖZCÜK BİLGİSİ

KONU 10

1. ADDICT, ALCOHOL, BEVERAGE, CONSUME, CROPS, DIGEST, DRINK, DRUG,

FOOD, NUTRITION, STUFF

Alcoholism is chronic and usually progressive illness involving the excessive inappropriate
ingestion of ethyl alcohol, whether in the form of familiar alcoholic beverages or as a
constituent of other substances. More males than females are affected by alcoholism,
but drinking among the young and among women is increasing. Consumption of alcohol
is apparently on the rise in the United States, as is the total alcohol consumption and
prevalence of alcohol-related problems in the former communist countries of Eastern
Europe and the former Soviet Union.
Alcoholism, as opposed to merely excessive or irresponsible drinking, has been
thought of as a symptom of psychological or social stress or as a learned, maladaptive
coping behaviour. More recently, and probably more accurately, it has come to be viewed
as a complex disease in its own right. Alcoholism usually develops over a period of years.
Alcohol comes to be used more as a mood-changing drug than as a foodstuff or beverage
served as a part of social custom or religious ritual. Physical addiction to the drug may
occur, sometimes eventually leading to drinking around the clock to avoid withdrawal
symptoms.
Alcohol has direct toxic as well as sedative effects on the body, and failure to
take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolonged periods of excessive
drinking may further complicate matters. Advanced cases often require hospitalization.
The effects on major organ systems are cumulative and include a wide range of
digestive-system disorders such as ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas, and cirrhosis of
the liver. The central and peripheral nervous systems can be permanently damaged.

1) ingestion a) calming
2) constituent b) component, element
3) prevalence c) consumption
4) excessive d) continued
5) withdrawal e) departure, removal
6) sedative f) extreme
7) prolonged g) forever
8) permanently h) predominance, commonness

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 2. AGRICULTURE, CONSUME, DAIRY, FAMINE, FEED, FOOD, OIL, PRESERVE

Food Consumption is types of food eaten by different people in different parts of the
world. For most of human history, people have depended on locally grown foods. Food
storage methods were primitive, and famines were common. But in the past 100 years or
so, developments in transport and in food preservation methods, such as canning and
refrigeration, have made a much wider range of foods available to most people at all
times of the year. In northern Europe and North America, where grass and grains (good
for animal feeds) grow well, dairy products, beef, lamb, bread, and beer are still among
the most popular foods, although processed and pre-packaged forms may now be
preferred by those with limited time or preparation skills. In contrast, local wine, fruit,
olive oil, and pasta continue to be widely consumed in southern Europe.
Early information on the human diet is mainly derived from archaeological
evidence and from literature, but in the past 40 years quantitative information on each
nation's total food supplies has been collected by the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization. In addition, dietary differences within countries, with, for example, age,
gender, region, and income in mind, are measured by many governments using surveys
such as the United Kingdom's continuous National Food Survey. Differences in diet partly
account for the wide differences in stature, health, and longevity that occur both
within and between countries.

1) processed a) explain
2) derive b) maximum age
3) quantitative c) obtain, acquire
4) account for d) plentifulness
5) stature e) pre-cooked
6) longevity f) size, growth

3. FOOD, GROW, MALNUTRITION, NUTRITION, STARVE

Malnutrition is dietary condition caused by an insufficiency or excess of one or more

nutrients in the diet. A person is at risk of malnutrition if the amount of energy and/or
nutrients in the diet does not meet his or her nutritional needs.
Children, especially those under the age of five, suffer from the effects of
starvation more quickly than adults. They develop a condition called protein-energy
malnutrition (PEM). The two most common forms of PEM, marasmus and kwashiorkor,
are seen in all developing countries and are life-threatening conditions. Marasmus
occurs when a child is weaned early on to foods low in energy and nutrients.
Some people find it difficult to meet their nutritional requirements—some
women, for example, have a very high requirement for iron which may cause them to
develop anaemia if they cannot satisfy it—or have a genetic disorder which causes
deficiency. Another reason for deficiency can be geographical, as in some remote areas
where the soil (and therefore the plants grown) contains little iodine. As few other foods
contain significant amounts of iodine, people living in these areas may suffer prolonged
iodine deficiency (resulting in goitre and cretinism).

1) threatening a) ailment, disease

2) wean b) lack, loss
3) disorder c) menacing, dangerous
4) deficiency d) remove from nursing

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4. ABSORB, BAKE, CHEW, CONSUME, DRAUGHT, EDIBLE, FERMENT, FOOD,
FREEZE, FRUITFUL, GRAIN, GROW, INGREDIENT, JUICE, MEAL, MEAT,
NUTRITION, PORK, PRESERVE, PRODUCTIVE, PROPOSE, RAW, SPREAD,
STUFF, YIELD

Food Processing and Preservation are processes involved in protecting food against
microbes and other spoilage agents to permit its future consumption. The preserved
food should retain a palatable appearance, flavour, and texture, as well as its original
nutritional value.
Micro-organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, rapidly spoil food. Enzymes, which
are present in all raw foods, are catalytic substances that promote degradation and
chemical changes affecting especially texture and flavour. Atmospheric oxygen may react
with food constituents, causing rancidity or colour changes.
There is no single method of food preservation that provides protection against
all hazards for an unlimited period of time. Canned food stored in Antarctica near the
South Pole, for example, remained edible after 50 years. Besides canning and freezing,
other traditional methods of preservation include drying, salting, and smoking. Freeze-
drying is a more recent method. Among recent experimental techniques are the use of
antibiotics and exposure of foods to nuclear radiation.
Although prehistoric humans stored meat in ice caves, the food-freezing industry is more
recent in origin than the canning industry. Freezing preserves food by preventing micro-
organisms from multiplying. Because the process does not kill all types of bacteria,
however, those that survive reanimate in thawing food and often grow more rapidly
than before freezing. Enzymes in the frozen state remain active, although at a reduced
rate. Vegetables are blanched or heated in preparation for freezing to ensure enzyme
inactivity and thus to avoid degradation of flavour. Blanching has also been proposed for
fish, in order to kill cold-adapted bacteria on their outer surface. In the freezing of meats,
various methods are used depending on the type of meat and the cut. Pork is frozen soon
after butchering, but beef is hung in a cooler for several days first to tenderize the
meat. Frozen foods have the advantage of resembling the fresh product more closely
than the same food preserved by other techniques.
In one type of freezer used for packaged foods, the packages are transported
mechanically on a conveyor belt through an air blast, which produces temperatures as
low as -40° C (-40° F). Another type of freezer, used in the freezing of concentrated
orange juice, contains a secondary refrigerant, such as calcium-chloride brine, as a
spray or a bath for the cans at temperatures of -29° C (-20° F). In a widely used freezer
called the plate freezer, the packages are in contact with hollow metal plates containing a
refrigerant and are subjected to pressure in order to increase the rate of freezing. This
method of preservation is the one most widely used for a great variety of foods, including
bakery goods (both ready to eat, and to be cooked when desired), soups, and pre-
cooked complete meals.
In food technology drying refers to natural desiccation, such as spreading fruit
on racks in the sun, and dehydration designates drying by artificial means, such as a
blast of hot air. Dehydration is preferable to canning if the product is to be stored at a
high temperature. In order to achieve such protection, practically all the water must be
removed. The food must then be packaged in a moisture-proof container to prevent it
from absorbing water from the air.
Vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, and some other foods, the moisture content of
which averages as high as 80 per cent, may be dried to one-fifth of the original weight
and about one-half of the original volume. Yet, reconstituting the dried product may be
difficult, because it absorbs only about two-thirds of its original water content; this
phenomenon tends to make the texture tough and chewy. Drying was used by
prehistoric humans to preserve many foods. In the case of meat and fish, other
preservation methods, such as smoking or salting, which yielded a palatable product,
were generally preferred.
Other methods or a combination of methods may be used to preserve foods.
Salting of fish and pork has long been practised, using either dry salt or brine. Another

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widely used method is smoking, which is frequently applied to preserve fish, ham, and
sausage. The smoke is obtained by burning hickory or a similar wood under a low
draught.
Sugar, a major ingredient of jams and jellies, is another preservative agent. For
effective preservation, the total sugar content should make up at least 65 per cent of the
weight of the final product. Fermentation caused by certain bacteria, which produce lactic
acid, is the basis of preservation in sauerkraut and fermented sausage. Calcium
propionate may be added to baked goods to inhibit mould.
Another method being studied by technologists involves the preservation of fruits
and vegetables through the immediate anaerobic treatment of foodstuffs with gases such
as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. Also under study is the treatment of
sterilized packaged products such as milk.
Because of growing concern over the use of potentially toxic chemicals as
fumigants, ionizing radiation may be used as a substitute. Irradiation delays ripening of
fruits and vegetables; inhibits sprouting in bulbs and tubers; disinfests grain, cereal
products, fresh and dried fruits, and vegetables of insects; and destroys bacteria in fresh
meats.

1) spoilage a) contamination
2) retain b) corruption
3) degradation c) damage
4) rancidity d) danger
5) hazard e) de-icing
6) exposure f) display
7) thawing g) hard
8) blanch h) instrument, vehicle
9) tenderize i) keep
10) brine j) lack of moisture
11) desiccation k) limit
12) reconstituting l) mature
13) tough m) reconstructing
14) palatable n) salt water
15) agent o) soften
16) inhibit p) tasty
17) ripen q) whiten, bleach

5. ADDICT, CHEW, CIGARETTE, TOBACCO

Smoking is the act of inhaling the fumes from a burning substance, usually tobacco.
Smoking can be divided into two categories: active (actively smoking oneself) and
passive (inhaling smoke because of proximity to a smoker). Cigarette smoking is the
prime, but not the only, culprit; pipe and cigar smoking, while less hazardous than
cigarette smoking, are not without risk. Smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, tobacco
pouches, and snuff dipping) has now emerged as a major cause of oral disease and death
from oral cancer.
The major component in tobacco is nicotine, which has a variety of effects on
the sympathetic nervous system in humans. It is highly addictive—comparable to heroin
and cocaine—and produces an increased heart rate; raised blood pressure; and increased
discharge of sympathetic nerves in the autonomic nervous system.

1) proximity a) element
2) culprit b) evildoer
3) component c) nearness
4) discharge d) performance

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6. ADDICT, BARN, CHEW, CIGARETTE, CONSUME, CROPS, CULTIVATE, DRUG,
FIELD, GROW, HARVEST, SHRED, SPREAD, SWEET, TOBACCO

Tobacco is common name applied to plants of the nightshade family that are cultivated
for their leaves, which, when cured, are used for smoking, chewing, and as snuff. The
most widely cultivated species grows from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall and produces broad
leaves that branch alternately from a central stalk.
Tobacco is native to the western hemisphere and was in cultivation before the
European conquest of the New World. Native Americans believed it had medicinal
properties and used it in ceremonies. The Arawak people of the Caribbean smoked
tobacco through a tube they called a tobago, from which the name originated. Brought to
Spain from Santo Domingo in 1556, tobacco was introduced to France the same year by
the French diplomat Jean Nicot, from whom the plant derived its generic name. Tobacco
use quickly spread throughout Europe and Russia, and by the 17th century it had reached
China, Japan, and the west coast of Africa. In colonial America the use of tobacco began
in the settlement of Jamestown as early as 1615. Tobacco is a very important crop to the
economies of many countries.
Seedlings of special strains—such as those producing Maryland or burley for
cigarettes, or filler, binder, and wrapper for cigars—are transplanted from cold frames to
fields, each calling for special fertilizer and moisture requirements. Leaves are
frequently hand-harvested in stages as they mature on the plant stem. They are hung in
barns and cured by air, fire, or heat so that each tobacco type wilts, colours, and dries to
impart a desired flavour.
Most tobacco is stored, for two or three years, and allowed to age before being
used in tobacco products. The storage stage allows the tobacco to ferment and to take on
a milder, sweeter flavour. For the manufacture of cigarettes, various sweeteners and
flavourings, and glycerine are added to the tobacco before it is shredded and placed in a
cigarette-making machine.
Numerous medical reports have linked tobacco smoking to lung cancer, heart
and vascular disease, emphysema, and other diseases, and in consequence intense
campaigns have been waged in many countries to restrict the use and marketing of
tobacco. In general, tobacco consumption has been declining in the West, though in
certain groups in some countries—for example, women in some parts of southern
Europe—consumption has continued to rise. Tobacco also contains certain alkaloids,
including nicotine, which is a mild stimulant and is considered an addictive drug. The
amount of nicotine in tobacco depends on the species, the crop, and the growing
conditions.

1) stalk a) captivation
2) conquest b) give
3) derive c) humidity
4) moisture d) many
5) stem e) receive
6) impart f) result
7) numerous g) stalk, axis
8) consequence h) stem, axis

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