Garemos Datsva PDF

SoTa adamia
garemos dacva
Tbilisi
2000
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S. adamia
garemos dacva
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2000

saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebi ar aris uzrunvelyofili Tanamedrove
qarTulenovani saxelmZRvaneloebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki garemos dacvis sferoSi.
warmodgenili naSromi, Sesrulebuli fondis _ `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos~
_ finansuri daxmarebiT, miznad isaxavs aRniSnuli xarvezis Sevsebas.
saxelmZRvanelo gamiznulia saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis
msmenelTaTvis, karg daxmarebas gauwevs igi rogorc saSualo skolebisa da
specializebuli kolejebis moswavleebs, aseve garemos dacvis sferoSi dasaqmebul
specialistebsac.
redaqtori profesori givi TumaniSvili
recenzentebi: profesori irakli xomeriki

profesori rezo CageliSvili
© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2000
a 1502000000
608(06)-00
ISBN 99928-77-95-2

Sesavali
garemo. planeta dedamiwa daaxloebiT 4.5-5 miliardi wlis win Seiqmna, pirveli
savaraudo mikroorganizmebi ukve 3.5-3.0 miliardi wlis win gaCenilan, adamianis –
homo habilisis warmoSobidan TiTqmis 2 milioni welia gasuli, xolo adreuli homo
sapiensis _ Tanamedrove adamianis gaCenidan _ 0.5 milioni weli. kacobriobis civili-
zaciaTagan uZvelesni aTasobiT wlebs iTvlian. fiqroben, rom amJamad dedamiwa erTaderTi
planetaa mTel samyaroSi, sadac aris sicocxle, yovel SemTxvevaSi _ CvenTvis Cveuli
maRalorganizebuli saxiT. dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobis yvela piroba arsebobs.
adamiansac, Tu is daicavs zomierebas, gaufrTxildeba da dazogavs garemos, SeuZlia
iarsebos da daikmayofilos aucilebeli moTxovnebi. asec iyo, adreuli adamianebi,
maTi arsebobis ramdenime milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi, bunebasTan harmoniulad Tanaar-
sebobdnen, iRebdnen misgan yvelafers, arsebobisaTvis aucilebels da ar ayenebdnen
garemos gamousworebel zians. magram, bolo xans, gansakuTrebiT ki am saukunis meore
naxevridan moyolebuli, viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala, imdenad, rom saWiro gaxda
sagangebo garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba.
dRevandeli dedamiwa SeiZleba SevadaroT nayofs, romelsac matli gasCenia da
dasaRupavad aris ganwiruli. matli RrRnis da anadgurebs mis marCenals _ nayofs,
ris gamoc masac daRupva moelis. aseTi Sedarebis samarTlianobaze mravali ram
metyvelebs. bunebrivi resursebis, maT Soris araganaxlebadi resursebis, gansakuTrebiT
ki ganamarxebuli sawvavi nivTierebebis _ navTobis, qvanaxSiris, torfis, bunebrivi
airis, amas garda, liTonebis da qimiuri nedleulis gamalebuli, TiTqmis SeuzRudavi
mopoveba da moxmareba, nedleulisa, romelTa Seqmnas bunebrivma procesebma milionobiT
wlebi moandoma. mecnierebis, specialistebis monacemebis Tanaxmad, navTobis da bunebrivi
airis maragebi ukve momavali saukunis Sua wlebSi SeiZleba amoiwuros maTi moxmarebis
dRevandeli tempis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi. mosaxleobis iseTi siCqariT zrda, rasac
dRes aqvs adgili saerTod msoflioSi, umTavresad ki ganviTarebad qveynebSi, kidev
ufro gazrdis resursebis mopoveba-moxmarebas, kidev ufro daaCqarebs mineraluri
nedleulis maragebis amowurvas. amasTanave, gaizrdeba adamianis sxva mavne zemoqmedeba
garemoze: gaudabnoeba tyeebis gaCexvis Sedegad, biomravalferovnebis da ekosistemebis
Semcireba-gaRaribeba xarisxobrivad da raodenobrivad, atmosferuli haeris, niadagis
dabinZureba. ufro swrafad wava klimatis globaluri Secvla, ozonis faris daSla,
landSaftebis dazianeba, saxifaTo narCenebis dagroveba, niadagis erozia, misi nayofi-
erebis daqveiTeba. yovelive amas Sedegad SeiZleba mohyves mosaxleobis mzardi gaRatakeba,
rac SeiZleba gaxdes saomari moqmedebis mizezi, aqedan gamomdinare mZime SedegebiT
garemosaTvis da kacobriobisaTvis. adamianma SesaZloa TviTonve mospos sakuTari
garemo, maSasadame, Tavisi Tavic. aseTi saSiSroebis realoba karga xania dainaxa
civilizebulma msofliom. bunebis qomagebma _ environmentalistebma, mecnierebma,
sazogado da politikurma moRvaweebma saTanado yuradReba miaqcies garemos gauaresebis
mzard tendenciebs, atexes gangaSi, gaaCaRes aqtiuri moqmedeba unariani da jansaRi
garemos SenarCunebisaTvis.
garemos mdgradi ganviTarebis principebi. ukve aT welze meti gavida qalbaton
gro harlem brundtlandis komisiis moxsenebis gaero-Si wardgenidan. am moxsenebaSi
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msoflios mdgradi ganviTarebis principebia aRiarebuli, magram environmentalebis
aqtiuri saqmianobis miuxedavad, ar Cans, rom garemos dacvis TvalsazrisiT, gardatexa
momxdariyo, Tumca warmatebebic STambeWdavia. albaT, saWiroa periodulad gaanalizeba
imisa, Tu rogor viTardeba garemos dacviTi saqmianoba saerTod msoflioSi, mis
calkeul regionebsa da saxelmwifoebSi. saWiroa garemos dacvis zogadi principebis
kritikuli Sefaseba da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi aqcentebis gadajgufeba, principebis,
politikis da strategiis koreqtireba.
politikuri cvlilebebi dRevandel msoflioSi. bolo wlebSi msoflioSi
udidesi mniSvnelobis politikuri cvlilebebi ganxorcielda, pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris, agreTve socialisturi qveynebis banakis, varSavis samxedro
blokis daSla, e.w. `civi omis~ xanis damTavreba, samxedro blokebad dayofil saxel-
mwifoTa miswrafeba TanamSromloba-Tanamegobrobisaken, maT Soris garemos dacvis
sferoSic. yofili socialisturi banakis nacvlad evropaSi Seiqmna axali damoukide-
beli saxelmwifoebi (ads). politikurma cvlilebebma didi imedebi Casaxa msoflios
momavali ganviTarebis Taobaze, magram es imedebi mxolod nawilobrivad gamarTlda,
sinamdvile ufro mkacri aRmoCnda, vidre movelodiT. Zveli politikuri sistemebis
rRveva da maT nacvlad axlis Seqmna Zalze Znelad da mtkivneulad mimdinareobs
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis umetes qveynebSi, aseve centralur evropaSi;
gaCnda axali problemebi. sakmarisia gavixsenoT saomari moqmedebebi yofil iugosla-
viaSi, albaneTSi, moldaveTSi, kavkasiaSi, tajikeTSi. saomarma moqmedebebma xorvatiaSi,
bosnia-hercogovinaSi, mTian yarabaRSi (azerbaijani), afxazeTSi (saqarTvelo), moldovaSi
(dnestrispireTi), ruseTis federaciaSi (CeCneTi) aTeuli aTasoboT adamianis, maT
Soris mSvidobiani mosaxleobis _ bavSvebis, moxucebis, qalebis, sneulTa msxverpli
_ udidesi materialuri zarali moitanes, saSineli dartyma miayenes am qveynebis
ekonomikas, gaanadgures garemo. omis saSiSroeba ar aris moxsnili amierkavkasiaSi,
rTuli viTareba rCeba mTian yarabaRsa da afxazeTSi. am ukanasknelSi kvlav grZeldeba
separatistuli damnaSave mTavrobis mier Sekrebili SeiaraRebuli bandebis TavaSvebuli
TareSi. omma, Zvelis ngrevam, axlisaken svlis Zalze nelma tempma moSales ekonomika,
gamoiwvies mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis sruli gaRatakeba. mosaxleobis aseTi
gaRatakebis pirobebSi garemos dacvis moTxovnebi sul ukana planzea gadaweuli,
arapopularulia am qveynebis xelisuflebaSi da mosaxleobaSic.
dsT qveynebs iafi bunebrivi nedleulis mimwodebel saxelmwifoebad gadaqceva
emuqrebaT. msoflios bevrma mZlavrma kompaniam da firmam moaSura aqeTken nedleulis
iafad mopovebis mizniT. magaliTebis moyvana Sors wagviyvanda, sakmarisia aRvniSnoT
kaspiis zRvis regionis navTobi da bunebrivi airi, tyeebi, Tevzi, liTonuri sabadoebi
da sxvebi.
industriuli qveynebis araerTi kompania cdilobs gansaTavseblad an gadasamu-
Saveblad axal damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi Seitanos mrewvelobis narCenebi, maT
Soris maRaltoqsikuri da radioaqtiuri narCenebi. dsT zogi qveyana iqca importuli,
dabali xarisxis, xSirad uvargisi sakvebi produqtebis da moZvelebuli medikamentebis
gasaRebis bazrad. gaRatakebuli mosaxleoba iZulebulia naklebad ifiqros jansaR
garemoze. umZimesi ekonomikuri krizisis da aseTive socialuri viTarebis gamo,
xelisufleba kidev ufro naklebad environmentaluri gaxda, vidre iyo yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris dros. Semrigebluri gaxda `mwvaneTa~ moZraoba, modunda bunebis
damcvelTa aqtiuroba. SezRudulia garemos dacvis saxelmwifo-samTavrobo da
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis SesaZleblobebi moaxdinon zegavlena qveynis ekonomikuri
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ganviTarebis politikis da strategiis SemuSavebaze, konkretuli ekonomikuri
programebis ganxorcielebaze. xelisuflebaSi gamefebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom garemos
dacvis problemebi ar aris umTavresi da maTi gadawyveta moicdis.
politikuri Tu ekonomikuri viTareba arc danarCen msoflioSia uRrublo. jer
kidev Zlieria saxelmwifoTa ideologiuri dapirispireba, maT Soris maRali sam-
xedro potencialis zesaxelmwifoebisa. aris teritoriuli gadanawilebis, wiaRiseu-
liT mdidari qveynebis dapyrobis mcdelobebi. amis magaliTebad gamodgeba erayis mier
kuveitis okupirebis cda, samxedro Zalis demonstrireba taivanis sruteSi, da-
pirispireba or koreas Soris, mwvave reagireba ruseTis federaciis mxridan natos
aRmosavleTisaken gafarToebaze. did saSiSroebas uqmnis garemos, kacobriobis sasi-
cocxlo interesebs da momavals sxvadasxva juris fundamentalizmi (irani, libia,
alJiri da sxv.), agresiuli separatizmi, eTnokonfliqtebi, terorizmis arnaxuli
gavrceleba. iaraRis axali saxeobebis, maT Soris masobrivi ganadgurebis saxeobaTa
Seqmnis gamo, terorizmi sul ufro metad saSiSi gaxdeba. aseTi problemebis mogvarebis
gareSe ki garemos mdgradi ganviTarebis principi Zalze Znelad gansaxorcielebelia.
magram, imavdroulad, ar SeiZleba yuradRebisa da aRniSvnis gareSe dagvrCes msoflioSi
mimdinare dadebiTi Zvrebic, rogorc erovnuli, aseve zogadsakacobrio, maT Soris
garemos dacvis sferoSi. amis dasadastureblad mravali faqtis moyvana SeiZleba.
mdgradi ganviTarebis, jansaRi garemos SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT, bolo wlebis
movlenebidan aRsaniSnavia is erTsulovneba, rac gamoixata lucernis (1993) da
sofiis (1995) panevropuli konferenciebis dokumentebSi evropis garemos dacvis
ministrebis mier, agreTve mravali qveynis mier iseTi konvenciebis ratificirebaSi,
rogoric aris rio de Janeiros deklaracia (1992), monrealis protokoli ozonis
Sris dacvis Sesaxeb (1987, 1990), klimatis globaluri cvlis, biomravalferovnebis
SenarCunebis, transsasazRvro gadatanebis Taobaze da sxva mravali. aseTi viTareba
optimisturad ganawyobs bunebis qomagebs.
garemos dacvis panevropuli konferencia, sofia, 1995 w. 23-25 oqtomberi.

saqarTvelos delegacia garemos dacvis panevropul konferenciaze q.sofiaSi:
garemos dacvis ministri SoTa adamia (marcxniv) da finansTa ministris moadgile
roman kurataSvili.
garemoze mavne zemoqmedebis ZiriTadi mizezebi. garemos mdgomareobis mzardi

gauaresebis Sesaxeb araerTxel Tqmula da gamoqveynebula mravali mecnieris, politikuri
Tu sazogado moRvawis mier. TiTqos sadavo ar unda iyos is, rom dedamiwis SesaZ-
leblobebi adamianis mzardi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis TvalsazrisiT, ar aris
usazRvro. misi bunebrivi resursebis mniSvnelovani nawili, adamianuri drois masStabiT,
ganaxlebas ar ganicdis da garkveuli drois Semdeg maragebi amoiwureba. dedamiwa ver
SeZlebs gamokvebos da daakmayofilos kacobriobis moTxovnilebebi mosaxleobis rao-
denobis SeuzRudavi zrdis SemTxvevaSi.
Tu detalebs ar gamovudgebiT, unda vaRiaroT, rom garemos aramdgradobis
mTavari mizezi TviT adamianis bunebaSi, mis egocentrizmSi mdgomareobs, miswrafebaSi
_ sul metad da metad ukeTesi cxovrebisaken, qonebis dagrovebisaken, Zalauflebisaken,
pirvelobisaken.
dedamiwis mosaxleobis didi nawilis zogadi ganaTleba, gansakuTrebiT ki eko-
logiuri ganaTleba, jer kidev dabalia. saxezea adamianis instinqturi moqmedebebis
primati Cveuli sayofacxovrebo aqtebis ganxorcielebisas. adamianebi xSirad ar
iTvaliswineben im Sedegebs, rac ama Tu im moqmedebas SeiZleba mohyves piradad
maTTvis, maTi ojaxebisaTvis, momavali TaobebisaTvis. dRevandeli problemebis fonze
xSirad aviwydebaT momaval Taobebze zrunvis aucilebloba.
koniunqturulia politikur liderTa, xelisufalTa nawilis politika lokaluri
Tu erovnuli ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis mogvarebisas. magaliTad, maT
SeiZleba awuxebdeT qveynis energetikuli Tu sxva krizisi da zrunavdnen misi swrafi
mowesrigebisaTvis, magram ar gaiTvaliswinon, Tu ra Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves amas:
mJave wvimebi, garemos dabinZureba, eroziuli movlenebis ganviTareba, maTive, an mezobeli
qveynebis teritoriaze saziano movlenebis ganviTareba, mavne zegavlena globaluri
garemos masStabiT. aseT liderebs ar esmiT, an ar surT icodnen, rom garemos, misi
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resursebis degradirebam SeiZleba gaaqarwylos maTi Zalisxmeva _ miaRwion warmatebebs
erovnuli masStabiT.
ra viRonoT . garemos dacvis, misi amtanunarianobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolaSi
ZiriTadi sirTule gamowveulia imiT, rom adamianma garemo unda daicvas Tavisive
Tavisagan, piraduli, ojaxur-klanuri, saxelmwifoebrivi Tu sxva individualuri
interesebis daTmobis xarjze, zogadsakacobrio, samomavlo interesebis primatis
aRiarebiT piradulTan SedarebiT. adamianma Tavisi saqmianobis uzenaes wesad unda
aRiaros momavali Taobebis keTildReobisaTvis zrunva, garemos mdgradobis SenarCunebis
principebis uzenaesoba. man unda ixelmZRvanelos dedamiwis unarianobis SezRudulobis
principiT, rogorc bunebrivi resursebis odenobis, aseve dazianebisagan garemos
amtanobis mxriv. unda moawesrigos mosaxleobis (ojaxis) odenobis zrdis problema.
kacobriobis istoria naTlad gviCvenebs, rom aRniSnuli principebis ganxorcieleba
Zalze Znelia. amis magaliTebia: mosaxleobis odenobis zrdis dRevandeli maRali
tempi im qveynebSi, sadac mZvinvarebs siRatake, Cveulebrivi movlenaa SimSili, maRalia
bavSvTa sikvdilianoba, xSiria epidemiebi. ar wydeba saxelmwifoTa dapirispireba,
omebi, magram, amis miuxedavad, garemos mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis ganxorcieleba
savsebiT SesaZlebelia. saWiroa rwmena, aqtiuri mizanmimarTuli, organizebuli saqmianoba,
rasac sakmao warmatebiT axorcieleben kidec adgilobrivi, erovnuli, regionuli da
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo garemosdacviTi organizaciebi, maT Soris
organizaciebi moqmedni gaeros egidiT.
mtkiceba ar sWirdeba imas, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania warmatebisaTvis mosaxleobis
zogadi, aseve specialuri ekologiuri ganaTleba, rac xorcieldeba kidec mraval
qveyanaSi uwyveti swavlebiT: ojaxebSi bavSvTa aRzrdiT, dawyebiT skolebSi, kole-
jebSi, umaRles saswavleblebSi; ekologiuri xasiaTis seminarebis, konferenciebisa
da sxva Sekrebebis meSveobiT, masobrivi informaciis farTo qselis gamoyenebiT,
specialuri da popularuli saxelmZRvaneloebisa da sxva publikaciebis meSveobiT.
garemos damcvelebma unda miaRwion imas, rom mosaxleoba droulad, srulad da
obieqturad iyos informirebuli lokaluri, regionuli, Tu globaluri masStabiT
garemos, bunebrivi resursebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebrioba uzrunvelyo-
fil unda iqnes uflebiT, miiRos monawileoba nebismier stadiaze iseTi gadawyveti-
lebebis miRebisa da ganxorcielebisas, romelTac SesaZlebelia mavne gavlena iqonion
garemoze, adamianisa da misi STamomavlobis janmrTelobasa da keTildReobaze.
mecnierebi, specialistebi dRes floben sakmaod did informacias calkeuli
qveynebis, regionebisa da mTlianad msoflios potencialze bunebrivi resursebis
odenobis mxriv, calkeul saxeobaTa mixedviT, iqneba es ganaxlebadi (wyali, mcenareuli,
cxoveluri da sxv.), Tu araganaxlebadi (navTobi, airi, qvanaxSiri da sxv.) resursi.
sakmaod kargi miaxloebiT aris gamoTvlili, maTi moxmarebis garkveuli tempis Sem-
TxvevaSi ra odenobis mosaxleobis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba SeuZlia aseT
resursebs da ras niSnavs `moTxovnileba~ raodenobrivad. gamoTvlilia agreTve mTeli
rigi nivTierebebisaTvis atmosferoSi, wyalSi, niadagSi ganTavsebis zRvrulad dasaSvebi
odenobebi, anu garemos amtanunarianoba dabinZurebisadmi. magram, aucilebelia ufro
srulad, mecnierulad damajereblad iyos gansazRvruli resursuli potenciali da
amtanunarianoba calkeuli ubnebisaTvis, qveynebisaTvis, regionebisaTvis da mTlianad
msofliosaTvis. unda SemuSavdes resursebiT sargeblobis da dabinZurebis zRvrulad
dasaSvebi normativebi calkeuli olqebisaTvis, saxelmwifoebisaTvis da regione-
bisaTvis, agreTve, saerTod, msofliosaTvis. unda mivaRwioT normativebis dacvas

sakanonmdeblo aqtebis meSveobiT. am monacemebze dayrdnobiT unda gadaidgas nabijebi
moTxovna-moxmarebis absoluturi SezRudvebis misaRwevad, araganaxlebadi nedleulis
Sesacvlelad _ ganaxlebadiT, energetikaSi alternatiuli wyaroebis gamoyenebisaTvis
(mzis, qaris, wylis, miwis siTbos, biomasis), energomzogavi da resursTdamzogavi,
unarCeno teqnologiebis danergvisaTvis, bunebidan amoRebuli cocxali organizmebis
aRdgena-kvlavwarmoebisaTvis.
garemos dacvis ZiriTadi moTxovnebis savaldebuloba aRsasruleblad yvela
saxelmwifosaTvis unda iqnes aucilebeli, uzrunvelyofili Sesabamisi ZiriTadi kano-
nebiT, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis harmonizirebiT zogad CarCo kanonebTan; saerTaSo-
riso konvenciebiT, SeTanxmebebiT, maTi uzenaesobis aRiarebiT erovnuli kanonmdeblobis
mimarT. unda Seiqmnas saTanado struqturebi da meqanizmebi saxelmwifoTa mier garemos
dacvis kanonebis da moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze kontrolisaTvis. amisaTvis egeb saWiroa
saerTaSoriso organizaciebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli regionuli struqturebis farTo
qselis Seqmna, romlebic erovnuli garemosdacviTi samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo
organizaciebTan TanamSromlobiT ganaxorcieleben saWiro zedamxedvelobas.
garemos dacvis erovnul samTavrobo organizaciebs kanoniT unda mieniWoT farTo
uflebebi da maTi ganxorcielebis realuri saSualebebi CaerTon saxelmwifo politikis,
strategiisa da konkretuli programebis SemuSaveba-ganxorcielebis yvela doneze,
maTTvis miniWebuli kompetenciebis farglebSi. nebismieri saqmianoba, romelsac SesaZloa
hqondes mavne gavlena garemoze, Semowmebul unda iqnes garemos dacvis eqspertTa mier
da RonisZiebaTa gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia maTi Sesabamisi daskvna. bunebrivi
resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis aseve aucilebeli unda iyos garemosdacviTi organizaciebis
mier gacemuli licenziebi. garemos dacvis samTavrobo organizaciebs miniWebuli
unda hqondeT sameurneo saqmianobaze vetos ufleba.
cxadia, rom am wignis SesavalSi Camoyalibebuli debulebebis ganxorcieleba ar
iqneba advili, mas mravali winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba, magram maT misaRwevad arsebobs
civilizebuli samyarosaTvis misaRebi politikuri, moraluri Tu ekonomikuri saSuale-
bebi da maTi ganxorcielebis xerxebi.
imavdroulad aris agreTve eTika _ adamianis qcevis normebi da Rirebulebebi,
religia, sociologia da politika, kanonebi da biznesi, motivacia da pasuxismgebloba.
garemos dacvis mecniereba, upirveles yovlisa, mowodebulia Seiswavlos da gvaswav-
los Tu rogor unda vicxovroT da rogor unda mivaRwioT garemos mdgradobas.
orgvari midgoma garemosadmi. dRevandel msoflioSi garemosadmi orgvari,
urTierTsapirispiro midgoma aRiniSneba, romelTac laTinuri warmoSobis terminebiT
gamoxataven. esenia kornukopializmi da environmentalizmi (korn _ rqa, kopia _ siuxve,
baraqa, environ _ aremare, garemo). kornukopializmi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jer kidev
gabatonebuli Sexedulebaa. igi gulisxmobs, rom garemo: haeri, wyali, miwa, wiaRi,
cxovelebi da mcenareebi, anu yvelaferi, rac Cvens irgvliv arsebobs, bunebrivi
nedleulia, maTi daniSnulebaa iqnen moxmarebuli, rom maTi maragebi praqtikulad
amouwuravia, magram, Tu romelime maTgani amoiwura, yovelTvis moiZebneba misi Semcvleli
sxva nedleuli. amitom, SeiZleba didad ar SeviwuxoT Tavi maTi dazogviT, ar aris
aucilebeli viyoT momWirneni. rac Seexeba meore Sexedulebas _ environmentalizms,
romelmac bolo ramdenime aTwleulSi moikida fexi da sul ufro metad angariSgasawevi
xdeba, gulisxmobs, rom is rasac Cven bunebriv nedleulad miviCnevT, sinamdvileSi,
Tavad aris bunebrivi garemo, rom isini ar aris uzomo da amouwuravi, rom mTel rig
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SemTxvevebSi maTi sanacvlo dedamiwaze araferi ar moipoveba da maTi ganaxleba
aRarasodes moxdeba.
environmentalistebis _ bunebis qomagebis azriT, garemoze zemoqmedebis dRevandeli
masStabebi da tendenciebi safrTxes uqmnis garemos mdgradobas _ sicocxles dedamiwaze.
gardauvals xdis resursebis amowurvas, sicocxlis mospobas. kornukopializmi SeiZleba
SevadaroT mflangvel memkvidres, romelic veRarafers dautovebs STamomavlobas,
maSin, roca kacobriobis mdgradi ganviTarebis principi moiTxovs, dRevandelma sazo-
gadoebam icxovros ise, rom ar gauuaresos sacxovrebeli garemo momaval Taobebs, ar
amowuros bunebis mier nawyalobevi simdidreebi, ar daabinZuros garemo ise, rom
ziani Seuqcevadi gaxdes, xifaTi Seuqmnas momavali Taobebis janmrTelobasa da keTil-
dReobas.
environmentalistebis SeSfoTeba usafuZvlo rom ar aris, amis dasadastureblad
araerTi faqtis moyvana SeiZleba, romelTa umravlesoba dRevandeli sazogadoebisaTvis
kargad aris cnobili, aseTebia:
1. naxSirorJangis gatyorcna atmosferoSi, ganamarxebuli sawvavis dawvis Sedegad,
sxva dambinZureblebTan erTad, SeiZleba gaxdes globaluri daTbobis mizezi;
2. qlorftornaxSirwyalbadebis gafrqveva atmosferoSi iwvevs ozonis faris
daSlas;
3. tyeebis gaCexva yovelwliurad iwvevs mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaros mravali
saxeobis gadaSenebas;
4. momwamlavi qimiuri nivTierebebis kvali napovnia sasmel wylebSi da okeaneebSic;
5. naxSirze momuSave fabrika-qarxnebidan atmosferoSi didi odenobiT gatyor-
cnili gogirdis orJangis gamo, Zalze did farTobebze aRiniSneba mJave
wvimebi;
6. msoflios bevr regionSi, wylis Warbi moxmarebis gamo, SeimCneva misi resursebis
Semcireba;
7. mdinareTa da miwisqveSa wylebi dasvrilia niadagis dabinZurebis gamo;
8. sayovelTao problemad iqca myari narCenebis, maT Soris momwamlavi da
radiaqtiuri narCenebis ganTavseba da gauvnebloba;
9. swrafi tempiT xdeba ganuaxlebadi bunebrivi resursebis, pirvel rigSi,
navTobisa da airis maragebis Semcireba;
10. mTian mxareebSi tyeebis gaCexvis gamo katastroful masStabebs iZens niadagis,
misi nayofieri fenis erozia-mospoba;
11. sasuqebis, sxvadasxva qimikatebis Warbi moxmarebiT SeimCneva niadagis
nayofierebis klebis tendenciebi da sxv.
garemoze zemoqmedebis uaryofiTi Sedegebis CamoTvla SeiZleba kidev gavagrZeloT,
magram zemoT naxsenebic sakmarisia imis sailustraciod, Tu ra Sedegebi moitana
bunebisadmi momxmareblurma midgomam sul ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi da ra
Sedegebis motana SeuZlia momavalSi, Tu kacobriobis midgoma ar Seicvleba kor-
nukopialisturidan environmentulisaken, xelgaSlilobidan _ momWirneoba-dazogvisaken.
garemos mdgradobis misaRwevad ar aris sakmarisi mxolod survili, am problemis
mniSvnelobis mxolod gacnobiereba, aramed saWiroa codna imisa, Tu ra aris garemo,
ra bunebrivi Tu sazogadoebrivi kanonzomierebebi ganageben arsebul mdgomareobas,
ganviTarebas; ras niSnavs garemos mdgomareoba _ `ra aris kargi da ra aris cudi~,
rogor gamovikvlioT garemos mdgomareoba konkretul adgilze, calkeul saxel-
mwifoSi, regionSi, mTel msoflioSi; rogor gaverkveT garemos cvlis tendenciebSi

da ra meqanizmebia saWiro garemos dacvis RonisZiebaTa gansaxorcieleblad. am mokle
CamonaTvalidanac mkafiod Cans, rom garemos dacvis samsaxurSi unda Cadges sabunebis-
metyvelo (biologia, fizika, qimia, maTematika, geologia, geografia, geofizika),
teqnikuri da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis mravali dargi, imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelvyoT
uwyveti dakvirvebebi (monitoringi) garemos mdgomareobaze, gazomvebi, masalebis Sekreba-
ganzogadeba, analizi, miRebuli Sedegebis eqsperimentuli Tu Teoriuli Semowmeba,
maTematikuri modelireba, samoqmedo gzebis da saSualebebis dasaxva, maTi eqspertiza
da dagegmili RonisZiebebis aRsruleba.
garemos mdgomareobis, misi cvlis tendenciebis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli
codna gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens im undoblobis, an gularxeini ganwyobilebebis
fonze, rasac kornukopialistebi (Cveneburad `teqnokratebi~) gamoxataven garemos
Zalze arasaxarbielo mdgomareobis da misi swrafi tempiT gauaresebis tendenciebis
Sesaxeb.
garemos dacvis saTanadod ganxorcielebisaTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
amocanaa am saqmeSi farTo sazogadoebriobis Cabma formuliT: `garemos unda icavdes
yvela~.
garemos dacva ZviradRirebuli saqmianobaa. mis dasafinanseblad didi saxsrebis
da saSualebebis gamoZebnaa saWiro. civilizebuli qveynebi garemos dacvis sferoSi
mimarTaven principebs: `dambinZurebeli (damzianebeli) ixdis~, `mosargeble ixdis~,
rac gulisxmobs garemos dazianebis _ daWuWyianebis, bunebrivi resursebiT komerciuli
- samewarmeo miznebiT sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi da adeqvaturi gadasaxadebis
saxelmwifo sistemis da kanonebis Seqmnas da amoqmedebas.
ekonomikuri-sagadasaxado meqanizmebi dRevandel msoflioSi garemos dacvis
gamocdili, Zalzed efeqturi saSualebaa. maT Soris Zalze mniSvnelovania sagadasaxado
da sxva SeRavaTebi maT mimarT, vinc Tavisi samewarmeo-sameurneo saqmianobisas ar
azianebs garemos. magram, sagadasaxado meqanizmebis garda, gamoiyeneba agreTve jarimebis,
sisxlis samarTlisa da administraciuli zemoqmedebis formebic.
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nawili I. dedamiwa
Tavi 1. dedamiwis warmoSoba da asaki
mzidan daSorebis mixedviT dedamiwa mesame planetaa mzis sistemaSi da moTavsebulia

venerasa da marss Soris. igi daSorebulia mzidan 147,117 mln km-iT (periheliumSi) an
152,083 mln km-iT (afeliumSi). dedamiwis figura, pirveli miaxloebiT, SeiZleba
CaiTvalos sferod, magram mis figuras ukeTesad asaxavs geoidi, romlis zedapiri
yovel wertilSi simZimis Zalis aCqarebis mimarTulebis marTobulia da emTxveva
msoflio okeanis saSualo dones da mis warmosaxviT gagrZelebas xmeleTis zedapiris
qveS. dedamiwis saSualo radiusia 6371,032 km, xolo polaruli – 6356,777 km,
moculoba – 1,083⋅1012 km3, masa - 5976⋅1021kg, saSualo simkvrive – 5518 kg/m3; ekvatoris
wrewiris sigrZea – 40075,696 km; zedapiris farTobi – 510,2⋅106 km2 (sur 1.1).
sur. 1.1. èrTaderTi~ dedamiwa.
sur 1.2. asaxavs dedamiwis formirebis oTx adreul stadias. pirveli (marcxnidan)
suraTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo dedamiwa mzis sistemis nislovanebis
kondensirebidan ramdenime milioni wlis Semdeg. axalgazrda planeta `dakenkilia~
milionobiT planetezimaliis masze dacvenis Sedegad. misi akreciuli atmosfero
Sedgeba wyalbadis da keTilSobili airebisagan. ramdenime aTeuli milioni wlis
gasvlis Semdeg, gravitaciuli SemWidrovebis, radioaqtiuri daSlis da meteoritebis
dartymebis Sedegad, moxda misi gaxureba da galRoba, ramac gamoiwvia nivTierebis
diferenciacia. mZime masala CaiZira da Seqmna birTvi da mantia, xolo msubuqi masala

amotivtivda da Seqmna qerqi (meore suraTi). mzis qarma gaabnia akreciuli atmosfero
da igi Secvala pirveladma atmosferom, romelic mdidari iyo meTaniT, amoniumiT da
wyliT. arqeuli drois monakveTi (3,7-2,2 miliardi wlis winaT) aRiniSna planetis
gacivebiT. imis gamo, rom moxda atmosferuli wylisa da airebis kondensireba –
gaCnda okeaneebi. warmoiqmna pirveli kontinentebi, daiwyo vulkanuri aqtivoba.
mimdinareobs qimiuri reaqciebi wyalsa, airebsa da qerqul nivTierebebs Soris, iwyeba
gamoleqva da gaxsna. arqeuls mohyva proterozouli era. am dros SeimCneva Raribi
mcenareuli da cxoveluri organizmebis kvali. ase gagrZelda paleozouramde (600
mln wlis wina dro). Semdgom Cans mdidari ganmarxebuli organizmebis kvali. bolo
1,5 miliardi wlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda qerqis gaciveba da gasqeleba. mas mere,
rac amuSavda zRvis fskeris gafarToebis (spredingis) da subduqciis meqanizmi,
daiwyo liTosferuli filaqnebis gadaadgileba. savaraudoa, rom planetam SigneTis
da zedapiris agebulebis TvalsazrisiT, jer kidev proterozoulis dasasrulamde
miiRo Tanamedrove saxe.
zRvis fskeris
kontinenti spredingi
vulkanebi
kontinenti
mantia birTvi birTvi
subduqcia
mantia
sur. 1.2. dedamiwis warmoSobis da ganviTarebis stadiebi [19].
dedamiwis asakis Sesaxeb informaciis sxvadasxva wyaro arsebobs, maT Soris

ZiriTadia miwis qerqis amgebi qanebis, agreTve meteoritebis absoluturi asakis
gansazRvra radiogeoqronologiuri meTodebiT (K-Ar, Rb/Sr, U-Pb, Sm-Nd da sxv.). am
monacemebis mixedviT uZvelesi mineralebi, aRmoCenili avstraliaSi, 4,2 miliardi
wlis win arian warmoSobili. aRmosavleT antarqtidaSi cnobilia Carnokitis gaSiSvleba
(humboldtis klde), romlis asaki 4,0 miliardi welia. grenlandiaSi aRmoCenilia
3,8 miliardi wlis win warmoSobili granito-gneisebi. gazomilia mTvaris uZvelesi
qanebisa da mTeli rigi qvameteoritebis asakic. am monacemebze dayrdnobiT fiqroben,
rom dedamiwis asaki 4,5-5,0 miliardi weli mainc aris.
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1.1. dedamiwis agebuleba, geosferoebi
dedamiwa sakmaod araerTgvarovania SedgenilobiT da struqturulad. uSualo
dakvirvebisaTvis xelmisawvdomia misi zedapiri da e.w. qerqis an liTosferos sul
zeda nawili, daaxloebiT 10-15 km siRrmemde. informacias ufro Rrma fenebis Sesaxeb
mecnierebi iReben dedamiwis fizikur velebze dakvirvebis meSveobiT. aseTebia
gravitaciuli, magnituri da siTburi velebi; seismuri talRebis gavrcelebis xasiaTi
da siCqareebi. geofizikuri da geologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, miwis SigneTSi
gamoiyofa ramdenime geosfero, rac aris asaxuli sur. 1.3.
fiqroben, rom geosferoebi dedamiwis pirveladi nivTierebis diferenciaciis
Sedegad aris gaCenili. diferenciaciis pirvel stadiaze pirveladi nivTierebisagan
gamoiyo mZime liTonebi: rkina da nikeli, romlebic qveviT CaiZirnen da Seqmnes
birTvi, xolo narCenma nivTierebam Seadgina mantia – piroliTi. mantiaSi, dedamiwis
pirveladi nivTierebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar aris metaluri rkina, igi birTvSi gadavida.
qondritebs Semadgenlobis mixedviT ukaviaT gardamavali mdgomareoba dedamiwis pirvelad
nivTierebas da piroliTs Soris. Semadgenlobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, dedamiwis birTvs
xSirad uwodeben nife-s (nikeli+ferumi), xolo mantias sima-s (siliciumi+magniumi).
qerqi
mantia
Sida birTvi
gare birTvi
sur. 1.3. geosferoebi.
1.2. ekosfero, biosfero, noosfero

sicocxlis gaCena dedamiwaze uSualo kavSirSia hidrosferos da atmosferos
SeqmnasTan, Jangbadis raodenobasTan atmosferoSi. dedamiwis atmosferoSi Jangbadis
mniSvnelovani raodenobiT gaCena da Semdgomi evoluciis sakiTxebi dResac diskusiis
sagania. aq grafikulad aris gamosaxuli erT-erTi hipoTeturi warmodgena. abscisTa
RerZze naCvenebia dro dRevandlidan warsulis 5,0 miliard wlamde. ordinatTa
RerZze mocemulia Jangbadis raodenoba (romelic Tanamedrove atmosferos TiTqmis
20% Seadgens). Jangbadis gaCenis procesi SesaZloa TandaTanobiTi iyo da damokide-
bulebas iCenda fotosinTezis mqone mcenareTa raodenobasTan. 1,0 miliardi wlis win
Jangbadi SesaZloa dRevandeli odenobis 10%-mde gaizarda, magram cxoveluri orga-
nizmebis simravlis mkafiod gamosaxuli damokidebuleba Jangbadis Semcvelobaze atmos-
feroSi SeimCneva mxolod proterozoulis dasasrulidan (sur. 1.4.).

1
kambriuli uxerxemloebi
0.1 trilobitebi
eokariatuli ujredebi
glenoboTridioni
0.01 Cveulebrivi sunTqva
eoastrion
mcenareTa fotosinTezi
0.001
stromatolitebi
0.0001
5 4 3 2 1 0
sur. 1.4. sicocxlis evoluciis damokidebuleba Jangbadis odenobaze atmosferoSi [19].
triasi
iura
permi karboni
qveda karboni
208 m.w. 245 m.w. 290 m.w.

146 m.w. 323 m.w.
ci
363 m.w. devoni

car
409m.w.
i
me zozou r
siluri
439 m.w.
iul i
65 m.w. prekambr
1 b.w.
ki i
vi our
57 m.w. eo
z
510 m.w. l o
p a rd
o
370 m.w. birTvuli ujredebis
35 m.w. evolucia
i
kamb r iu l
paleo
23 m.w.
c
2 b.w.
eni
ka
5 m.w.
in
uZvelesi
eo
oz
en 1.6 m.w. ganmarxebuli

i
c
ou
3 b.w. ujredebi
mes
r i
am
l
eu
i
ol
ig
ce
4 b.w.
o
ni 4.6 miliardi
mi wlis win
oc dedamiwis uZvelesi
en i
Tx daTariRebuli qanebi
meo
eu era
li
plioceni
periodi
epoqa
holoceni
sur. 1.5. dedamiwis istoriis zogi umTavresi movlena

gamosaxuli spiraluri `saaTis~ formiT [22].
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dedamiwis istoriis zogi umTavresi movlena aris asaxuli spiraluri `saaTis~
formiT sur. 1.5. yoveli xveuli daaxloebiT 1 mlrd wlis tolia. Tu vimoZravebT
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT 4,6-dan 0,0 miliard wlamde (dRevandlamde),
pirveli mniSvnelovani TariRi iqneba 4,5 mlrd weli. es TariRia mTvaris uZvelesi
qanebis asaki. meore mniSvnelovani TariRia 3,7 mlrd weli – pirveli danaleqi qanebis
asaki, aRmoCenili grenlandiaSi, mikuTvnebuli arqeulisadmi. aqedan 350 mln wlis
Semdeg dros miekuTvneba svazilendSi (afrika) aRmoCenili ganamarxebuli organiz-
mebis msgavsi struqturebi. es SeiZleba iyos Cveni planetis pirveli flora. 2
miliardi wlis win unda iyos kanadaSi, kaJebSi aRmoCenili Rrublebis msgavsi pi-
rveli mcenareulis gaCena dro, xveulis Semdegi monakveTebi mcenareTa da cxovelTa
samyaros evoluciis sailustracio masalas gvawvdis umartivesi organizmebidan _
adamianamde [22].
miwis qerqis (liTosferos), wylis garsis (hidrosferos) da haeris (atmosferos)
im nawils, sadac cocxali organizmebi binadroben, biosfero an ekosfero uwodes
(sur 1.6). gamoCenilma rusma geoqimikosma vernadskim kidev erTi sferos _ noosferos
anu gonieri sferos arsebobaze gaamaxvila yuradReba, rac gulisxmobs am sferos
SemadgenlobaSi iseTi fenomenis gaCenas, rogoric aris adamiani. samwuxarod, adamianis
gaCenis dRevandel etapze, samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciuri ganviTarebis dros,
gansakuTrebiT sagangaSo gaxda swored biosfero-noosferos mdgradoba, eWvis qveS
dadga misi sicocxlisunarianoba. aqedan gamomdinare, garemosdacviTi saqmianobis war-
matebiT ganxorcielebis saqmeSi, sxvebTan erTad, mecnierebis erT-erT umniSvnelova-
nes dargs warmoadgens saerTod cocxali organizmebis, gansakuTrebiT ki adamianebis
urTierToba erTmaneTTan da bunebriv Tu anTropogenul garemosTan, anu biologiuri
mecnierebis is dargi, romelsac ekologia ewodeba.
atmosfero
(haeri)
ekosfero
h idrosfero liTosfero
(miwa)
(wyal i)
sur. 1.6. ekosfero (biosfero), warmoadgens liTosferos (liTos-qva), hidrosferos

(hidros-wyali) da atmosferos (atmos-haeri) im nawilebs, sadac arseboben da urTierT-
moqmedeben cocxali organizmebi.

nawili II. ra aris da rogor muSaoben ekosistemebi
sityva èkologia~, romelic mecnierul terminologiaSi Semoitana germanelma

mkvlevarma e. hekelma (1886), berZnuli fuZidan aris nawarmoebi: oikos niSnavs sacxov-
rebel adgils, logos _ sityvas, cnebas, azrs. sakuTriv ekologia biologiuri dar-
gis mecnierebas miekuTvneba da Seiswavlis cocxali organizmebis da maTi sacxovrebeli
garemos urTierTdamokidebulebas. nebismieri cocxali organizmi, Tu cocxali
organizmebis Tanasazogadoeba, mWidro kavSirSia mis irgvliv myof cocxal Tu aracocxal
garemosTan, romelTanac qmnis erTmaneTze damokidebul mTlianobas _ ekosistemas .
Tavi 2. ekosistemebi
ekosistemebis arsis gageba SedarebiT iolad SeiZleba magaliTebis gacnobis

Sedegad. maT Soris upirveles magaliTad TviT Cveni planeta SeiZleba davasaxeloT.
dedamiwa erT mTlian, rTul, gigantur ekosistemas warmoadgens, romlis farglebSi
sxvadasxva sididis da sirTulis ekosistemebis mTeli rigi aris warmodgenili.
dedamiwa Tavisi myari taniT, wylis da haeris garsebiT, xmeleTis, wiaRis, wylisa da
haeris binadari cocxali organizmebiT, mzis kidev ufro grandiozuli ekosistemis
mxolod nawilia, romelic Tavis mxriv SeiZleba Cveni galaqtikis ekosistemis
Semadgenlad miviCnioT.
dedamiwis ekosistema, rogorc fiqroben, SesaZloa unikaluri da erTaderTia
mTels samyaroSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sruliad ueWvelia, rom igi erTaderTia mzis
sistemis planetebs Soris, romlebsac biosfero da ekosfero gaaCnia. advilad warmosad-
genia, rom biosferos `dedamiwiseuli~ saxiT arseboba sruliad warmoudgenelia am
giganturi ekosistemis mTlianobis SenarCunebis gareSe. warmoidgineT dedamiwa mzis
energiis, gravitaciis an sakuTari magnituri velis, an ionosferos, atmosferos da
hidrosferos gareSe da a.S. nebismieri maTganis mocileba, an arsebiTi Secvla, gamoiw-
vevs arsebuli ekosistemis rRvevas da sul sxvagvari, dRevandeli maRalorganizebuli
sicocxlisaTvis sruliad uvargisi pirobebis Seqmnas.
mTlianad biosfero dedamiwis ekosistemas SeiZleba gavutoloT, igiveobis niSani
davsvaT agreTve massa da mzis ekosistemas Soris, boisferos unikalurobis _ erTader-
Tobis gamo.
biosferos arc erTi cocxali organizmi ar arsebobs TavisTavad, saarsebo
garemos gareSe. nebismieri cocxali organizmi romelime saxeobis mxolod erT-erTi
wevria, saxeoba ki garkveuli specifikuri jgufis organizmebis erTobliobas warmoadgens,
iqneba es cxoveli, mcenare Tu mikrobi. erTi saxeobis wevrebs mxolod erTmaneTTan
SeuZliaT Sejvareba da Tavisi msgavsi arsebis gaCena, xolo sxvadasxva saxeobebis
warmomadgenelT, rogorc wesi, ara aqvT erTmaneTTan Sejvarebis da amgvarad gamravlebis
unari. magram arc saxeobas SeuZlia iarsebos TavisTavad, sxvaTa gareSe. Tundac imis
gamo, rom hqondes sakvebi. mravali cxoveli ikvebeba sxva cxoveliT an mcenariT.
maTgan umravlesobas ar SeuZlia iarsebos haeris, wylis, niadagis, mzis energiis da
sxvaTa gareSe. imavdroulad, mravali organizmi monawileobs atmosferos Tu niadagis
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Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi, mTeli rigi nivTierebebis aRdgenasa da kvlavwarmoebaSi.
amrigad, biosfero Sedgeba erTmaneTze damokidebuli, erTmaneTs dakavSirebuli da
erTmaneTisTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli cocxali organizmebis, sagnebis da
movlenebisgan. adamianic erT-erTi maTgania da misi arsebobac aranaklebad aris ganpirobe-
buli sxvaTa arsebobiT, Tumca adamiani xSirad iviwyebs amas. biosfero araerTgvarovania.
misi sxvadasxva nawili sxvadasxva organizmebisaTvis metnaklebad aris arsebobisaTvis
xelsayreli.
dedamawa biosfero
mTlianad (erTi uzarmazari
ekosistema)
foTliani biomi
tyeebi (didi ekosistema masTan
dakavSirebuli ekosis-
temebiT)
muxnari da masTan ekosistema

asocirebuli mce-
nareebi, cxovelebi
da mikrobebi
muxnari qvetyiT, mcenareTa

gvimriT da xavsiT erToba
mcenareTa, cxo- saxeobebi

velTa da mikro-
bebis specifikuri
saxeebi
sur. 2.1. biosferos Semadgeneli biomebi, ekosistemebi, mcenareTa erToba, saxeobebi [1].

sxva magaliTebi. SeiZleba davasaxeloT da davaxasiaToT araerTi ekosistema
Semdgari sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareebis, cxovelebisa da mikrobebis urTierTdakav-
Sirebuli da urTierTze moqmedi jgufebis da maTi saarsebo aracocxali (abioturi)
garemos erTobliobiT. saarsebo pirobebi gulisxmobs klimatis (temperatura, nale-
qianoba, qarianoba da sxv.), haeris, wylis da niadagis erTobliobas da sxva mravals,
romelTa sruli CamoTvla SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod yoveli konkretuli
ekosistemis daxasiaTebis SemTxvevaSi.
didi ekosistemebi, iseTebi, rogoric aris mag., tye an veli, ar aris mTlad
eTgvarovani da maT SemadgenlobaSi gamoyofen mkafiod gansxvavebul, magram erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebul ekosistemebs, e.w. biomebs.
sur. 2.2. sicocxlis sivrcobrivi ganawileba

biosferoSi b. Stugrenis mixedviT [6].
sazRvrebi ekosistemebs, biomebs Soris SeiZleba mkveTri iyos, magram ufro

xSirad gadasvlebi TandaTanobiT (Sereuli) da aseT sazRvrebs ekotons uwodeben.
ekotonis erT-erTi magaliTia tbasa (zRvasa) da xmeleTs Soris gardamavali are.
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xmeleTis gardamavali
wylis
saxeobebi saxeobebi
saxeobebi
sur. 2.3. ekotonis magaliTi [1].
iseTi didi ekosistema, rogoric aris okeane, mraval ufro mcire ekosistemas
da biomas moicavs, romelTa Soris gadasvlebi xSirad mkveTria, xSirad ki TandaTanobiT.
okeanur ekosistemaSi ufro mcire ekosistemebisa da biomebis arsebobas ganapirobebs
wylis siRrme, misi temperatura, wylis dinebebi, klimaturi zonaloba, xmeleTisagan
dacileba, geologiuri agebuleba da procesebi (mag. wyalqveSa vulkanebi), wylis
siwmindis xarisxi da aqedan _ sinaTlis gamtarunarianoba, marjnis rifebis arseboba-
ararseboba da sxva mravali faqtori. igive SeiZleba iTqvas xmeleTis ekosistemaze da
mis Semadgenel ekosistemebsa da biomebze (sur. 2.4 - 2.8).
mze
nerituli gaSlili
zona zRva
moqceva
miqceva zRvis done
0
estuarebis zona
estuarebis kontinenturi 200
zona Selfi
baTialuri zona
kontinenturi
ferdobi
2000
abisuri zona
4000 da
ufro Rrma
sur. 2.4. zRvis (okeanis) ekosistemebis zonaloba hedgraftis mixedviT [2].

mze
mwarmoeblebi (mimagrebuli mcenareebi)
mwarmoeblebi (fitoplanqtoni)
pirveli momxmarebeli (zooplanqtoni)
meore momxmarebeli
gaxsnili mesame momxmarebeli

qimikatebi
gamxrwnelebi (baqteriebi da sokoebi)
sur. 2.5. mtknari wylis auzis ekosistemis Zalze gamartivebuli suraTi [2].
sur 2.6. xmeleTis (mdelo) da wylis (tbori) ekosistemebis Sedareba

odumis mixedviT. 1 - avtotrofebi: _ balaxebi, fitoplanqtoni; II - fitofagebi:
- mdelos Tanasazogadoebis mwerebi da ZuZumwovrebi; zooplanqtoni; III -
detritiT mkvebavebi: - niadagis uxerxemloebi xmeleTze; wylis fskeris
uxerxemloebi; IV - mtaceblebi: frinvelebi da sxva cxovelebi xmeleTze;
Tevzebi wyalSi; V - saprofitebi (gamxrwneli baqteriebi da sokoebi) [6].
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sur. 2.7. xmeleTis erT-erTi ekosistema.

sur. 2.8. Sua evropis foTliani tyis (ekosistemis) sarTulebi Stugrenis mixedviT. I
_ niadagis fena; II _ niadagis zeda fena: 1 _ mwerebis larvebi, 2 _ sokoebi, 3 _
baqteriofagi virusebi, 4 _ baqteriebi, 5 _ nematodebi, 6 _ amebebi, 7 _ Wiayelebi, 8 _
xilopodebi. III _ niadagispira fena: xavsis baliSebi kudfexianebiT, Camocvenili foTlebi
(izopodebiT); IV _ balaxovani Sre, Sveli; V _ buCqnari fena, xoWo: VI _ xemcenareebis
Sre: a _ muxluxo, b _ qerqiWamiebis savalebi, d _ oboba; VII_ xis zeda varji: e _ bu, f
_ ciyvi, g _ Sevardeni [6].
2.1. ekosistemebis struqtura

biosferos mdgradobis, misi urRveobis SenarCunebisaTvis unda gaverkveT, Tu ra
ganapirobebs mis sococxlisunarianobas, rogor muSaobs ekosistemebi. amisaTvis ki
aucilebelia ekosistemis struqturis codna. struqtura _ es aris ekosistemis
Semadgeneli nawilebi da maTi urTierTkavSiri, rac Tavis mxriv ekosistemis erTianobas
qmnis. yovel ekosistemas ori mxare aqvs: 1 _ cocxali organizmebi, 2 - saarsebo
garemo. pirvels, romelSic erTiandeba cxovelebi, mcenareebi da mikrobebi biota
(bio _ sicocxle) ewodeba, im kavSirebs, romlebic cocxali organizmebis
urTierTqmedebiT myardeba, bioturi struqtura ewodeba. garemos fizikur da qimiur
faqtorebs, rogoric aris klimati, wylis, haeris da niadagis maxasiaTeblebi da a.S.,
abioturi (aracocxali) ewodeba.
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2.1.1. bioturi struqtura
didi nairgvarobis miuxedavad, yvela ekosistemas gaaCnia urTierTmsgavsi bioturi
struqtura, yvelani Sedgeba organizmebis 3 kategoriisagan, romlebic urTierTkavSirs
axorcieleben erTnairi gzebiT. organizmebis es sami umTavresi kategoriaa: 1 _
mwarmoeblebi, 2 _ momxmareblebi da 3 _ detritusis (naSTebi) mWamelebi da gamxrwnelebi.
mwarmoeblebi _ es ZiriTadad mwvane mcenareebia, romlebic mzisagan miRebuli
sinaTlis energiis meSveobiT naxSirorJangs da wyals gardaqmnian glukozad. am
reaqciis drosve xdeba Jangbadis, rogorc meoradi produqtis, gamonTavisufleba.
aseT qimiur reaqcias fotosinTezi ewodeba. aseT mcenareebs unari aqvT, agreTve,
sakuTari sxeulis zrdisaTvis Seqmnan sxva ufro rTuli molekulebic, risTvisac
wylidan da niadagidan moipoveben damatebiT mineralur nivTierebebs, iseTebs, rogoric
aris azoti, fosfori, kaliumi, gogirdi da sxva.
mcenareulis im molekulas, romelic sinaTlis energias fotosinTezisaTvis
gardaqmnis, qlorofili ewodeba da, rogorc wesi, mwvaned aris Seferili, Tumca
arian sxvagvarad Seferili, fotosinTezis unaris mqone mcenareebi. amgvarad, is
mcenareebi, romlebic fotosinTezs axorcieleben, warmoadgenen sakvebis mwarmoeblebs.
arseboben iseTi mcenareebic, romlebic ar qmnian sakvebs. umaRlesi mcenareebidan
aseTebs miekuTvneba mag. ìnduri salamura~, agreTve mcenarismagvari yvela is organizmi,
romlebic fungiebis saxeliTaa cnobili (sokoebi, obi da sxva msgavsi organizmebi). es
mcenareebi da organizmebi ar axdenen fotosinTezs da zogierTi cxovelis msgavsad
sxvis mier nawarmoebi organuli nivTierebebiT ikvebebian.
moxmarebuli sakvebis saxeobaTa mixedviT, rogorc viciT, yvela cocxali organizmi
2 jgufad aris dayofili: 1 _ autotrofulad da 2 _ heterotrofulad (autos _
TviT, trof _ kveba, heteros _ sxva). autotrofebi TviTon qmnian TavisTvis aucilebel
organul nivTierebebs _ sakvebs. heterotrofuli organizmebi moklebuli arian organuli
nivTierebis sinTezis unars da mza organuli nivTierebebisagan iReben maTTvis saWiro
sakvebs. sakvebis xasiaTis mixedviT arsebobs agreTve Sereuli tipis jgufebic, mag.,
zogierTi baqteria, lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebi da sxva.
sakvebis momxmarebelia yvela cocxali organizmi. kvebis moxmarebis wesis mixedviT
cocxali organizmebi ramdenime qvejgufad iyofa. aseTebia mag., pirveladi momxmareblebi,
meoradi momxmareblebi, balaxismWamelebi (herbivora), mtaceblebi _ xorcismWamelebi
(karnivora), mcenareulis da cxoveluris mWamelebi (omnivora). am terminebis fuZeebia:
herbi _ balaxi, karni _ xorci, omni _ yvelaferi, vora _ mWameli.
cocxali organizmebis mniSvnelovan jgufs qmnian parazitebi. maT Soris aris
sxvadasxva Wiebi, matlebi, baqteriebi, sxvadasxva mcenareebi, sokoebi da sxva.
cocxali organizmebis mesame kategoria _ detritusis (naSTebis) mWamelebi _
gamxrwnelebi _ ikvebebian mkvdari mcenareebiT, cxovelebiT da maTi nawilebiT (dacvenili
foTlebi, Stoebi da sxva) da cxovelTa gamonayofebiT. aqve Sedis uaRresad mniSvnelovani
jgufi, warmodgenili ZiriTadad fungiebiT da baqteriebiT, romlebic xels uwyoben
mkvdari organizmebis daSlas, lpobas, gaxrwnas.
zemoT CamoTvlili kategoriebi da sakvebis gziT maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba
SeiZleba gamovsaxoT cxrilis da suraTebis meSveobiT (sur. 2.9 da 2.10, cxrili 2.1).

mwarmoeblebi momxmareblebi
pirveli meore mesame rigis

momxmareblebi momxmarebeli momxmarebeli
balaxis xorcis
mWamelebi mWameli
msxverpli
msxverpli
mtacebeli
mtacebeli-
msxverpli
patroni
paraziti
patroni-parazitis urTierToba
omnivora
sur. 2.9. Cveulebrivi kvebiTi urTierTdamokidebulebani sakvebis mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs

Soris [1].
niadagi,
soko
Wupri maiti
springtaili
miwis matli baqteria psevdomoriela
mozrdili
detritusi detritusis momxmareblebi
detritusis pirveli
mWameli meore mWameli
1. miwis matlebi 1. milipodebi
2. umartivesni
2. baqteriebi da sokoebi (gamxrwnelebi) 3. mwerebis Wupri
sur. 2.10. kvebiTi urTierTobani narCenebis pirveladi mWamelTa, narCenebis meoradi mWamelTa da
gamxrwnelTa Soris [1].
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cxrili 2.1.
autotrofebi heterotrofebi
sakuTari sxeulisaTvis orga- energiis misaRebad unda ikvebon
nul nivTierebas qmnian araor- organuli nivTierebebiT
ganuli nivTierebis da garemo-
dan miRebuli energiis meSveo-
biT
mwarmoeblebi momxmareblebi detritusis mWa-

melebi da gamxr-
fotosinTezuri pirveladi momxmareb-
wnelebi:
mwvane mcenareebi: lebi /herbivora:
iyeneben qloro- cxovelebi, romlebic organizmebi, romlebic
mxolod mcenareuliT ikvebebian mkvdari or-
fils sinaTlis
ikvebebian.
energiis STanTqmi- ganuli nivTierebebiT
saTvis .
omnivora: cxovelebi, gamxrwnelebi:
romlebic ikvebebian lpobis gamomwvevi
fotosinTezuri rogorc mcenareebiT,
sokovnebi da baqte-
baqteria: aseve cxovelebiT.
riebi.
iyenebs mewamuli
feris pigmentebs pirveladi narCenebis
meoradi momxmareblebi
sinaTlis energiis mWamelebi: organiz-
/karnivora: cxovelebi,
STanTqmisaTvis. romlebic pirveladi mebi, romlebic uSu-
momxmareblebiT ikve- alod detritusiT
qemosinTezuri bebian.
ikvebebian.
baqteria:
iyenebs maRali meoradi da ufro
energiis araor- momxmareblebis ufro maRali rigebis det-
ganul qimiur maRali rigebi
ritusis mWamelebi:
naerTebs, iseTebs, /karnivora: cxovelebi,
ikvebebian pirveladi
rogoric aris romelTa sakvebia sxva
karnivora. detritusis mWame-
hidrosulfidi. lebiT.
parazitebi, mcenareebi
da cxovelebi, romle-
bic Tanaarseboben sxva
mcenareebsa da cxove-
lebTan da xangrZli-
vad ikvebebian maTi
sxeuliT.
sokovnebi da baqteriebi, romlebic ikvebebian detritusiT, Tavis mxriv kvebaven

niadagSi binadar bevr sxva organizms, es ukanasknelebi ki SeiZleba iqcnen ufro didi
momxmareblis sakvebad.

meore da ufro maRali
rigis makrovarnivorebi.
karnivorebi
omnivorebi
damsufTaveblebi
cxovelTa parazitebi
siTbo
pirveli makromomx- gamxrwnelebi an mikro-

marebeli herbo- momxmareblebi sapro-
vorebi, mcenareTa fituri baqteriebi,
parazitebi sokoebi
mzis
energia siTbo
siTbo
mcenareTa
sakvebi
qimikatebi
mwarmoeblebi
mwvane mcenareebi
baqteriebi
siTbo
sur. 2.11. ekosistemis ZiriTadi komponentebi. Savi isrebiT naCvenebia qimiuri nivTierebebis wrebrunva
ekosistemaSi, xolo TeTri isrebiT _ energiis nakadi [2].
kvebiTi jaWvebi, kvebiTi qseli da trofuli (kvebiTi) doneebi. cocxali

organizmebis urTierTkavSirSi mTavari adgili kvebiT urTierTobebs uWiravs. uamravi
magaliTia imisa, rom erT organizms Wams meore, mas mesame, mesames kidev sxva da a.S.
aseT kavSirebs kvebiTi jaWvi (mwkrivi ewodeba). sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT
sur 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16.
kvebiTi jaWvebi SeiZleba iyos martivi, magram bevrad ufro xSiria rTuli
urTierTobebi, roca am procesSi CarTulia mravali saxeobis mcenare da karnivora _
cxoveli. aseT SemTxvevaSi mTeli rigi kvebiTi jaWvi erTiandeba da e.w. kvebiT qsels
qmnis.
sur 2.12. martivi kvebiTi jaWvi. sakvebi

da energia erTi organizmidan gadaecema
meores [1].
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mesame trofuli
done _ yvela
pirveli karnivora
meore trofuli
done _ yvela
herbivora
pirveli
trofuli
done _ yvela
mwarmoebeli
sur 2.13. sakvebis da energiis gadacemis sami gza [1]. yoveli martivi gza Ziridan Tavamde qmnis
kvebiT jaWvs, yvelani erTad ki _ kvebiT qsels. yovel calkeul kvebiT dones trofuli done ewodeba.
meore mesame
momxmareblebi momxmareblebi
(xorcis
siTbo siTbo
pirveli siTbo siTbo (karnivorebi)
mWamelebi)
mwarmoeblebi momxmareblebi
(mcenareebi) (herbivorebi)
mzis
energia
siTbo siTbo siTbo siTbo
gamxrwnelebi
sur 2.14. martivi kvebiTi mwkrivi, sadac naCvenebia energiis nakadis gadacema sxvadasxva troful
doneze [2].

kvebiTi pirveli meore mesame meoTxe
jaWvis tipi mwarmoebeli momxmarebeli momxmarebeli
momxmarebeli momxmarebeli
miwaze adamiani
brinji
Zoveba
marcvleuli mozveri adamiani
xmeleTis
detritusi
foTlebi baqteriebi
miwaze
Zoveba-
detritusi
foTlebi sokoebi ciyvi qori
wyalSi
Zoveba
fitoplanqtoni zooplanqtoni qorWila basi adamiani
miwaze-wyalSi
Zoveba
marcvleuli kalia bayayi kalmaxi adamiani
sur 2.15. zogi tipuri kvebiTi jaWvi [2].
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mTis lomi
pirveli
momxmareblebi
virTxa bu
gveli
mela
meore
momxmareblebi
Tesli
Tagvi mWameli ciyvi
frinvelebi kurdReli
iremi
mcenareuli mwarmoeblebi
balaxi
xeebi
gamxrwnelebi
sur 2.16. xmeleTis organizmebis Zalze gamartivebuli kvebiTi jaWvi [2].
yvela
mesame
karnivoras
trofuli
saerTo =
donis
jamuri
biomasa
masa
yvela meore
herbivoras trofuli
saerTo = donis
jamuri masa biomasa
yvela pirveli
mwarmoeblis trofuli
saerTo = donis
jamuri biomasa
masa
piramidis yoveli monakveTi

uCvenebs yoveli trofuli
donis SefardebiT biomasas
sur 2.17. biomasis piramida [1].

mkafiod gasarCevi trofuli doneebi, nebismier ekosistemaSi, Cveulebriv, 3-4-ze
meti ar aris. mwvane mcenareebi _ pirveladi mwarmoeblebi qmnian yvelaze ufro
produqtiul troful dones. maTze nakleb produqtiulebia fitofagebi _ mcenaris
mWameli cxovelebi, kidev ufro naklebad produqtiulebi _ karnivorebi, anu xorcis
mWameli cxovelebi (pirveladi mtaceblebi) da sul naklebi produqtiulobiT xa-
siaTdeba meoradi mtaceblebis trofuli done. amis Sesabamisad yvelaze met biomasas
iZleva mwvane mcenareebis (sakvebi) done,xolo momdevno doneebi sul naklebs da
naklebs. grafikulad gamosaxul aseT suraTs biomasis piramidas uwodeben.
arakvebiTi urTierTobebi. or organizms Soris erTi, xSirad, ufro momgebian
mdgomareobaSia, vidre meore. magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac orive organizmi
erTnairad momgebian pirobebSi xvdeba. erT-erT magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT yvavilebis
da mwerebis urTierToba: yvavilebi mwerebs Tavis neqtars awvdian sakvebad, samagierod
mwerebi xels uwyoben yvavilebs damtvervasa da ganayofierebaSi. zogjer es
urTierTsargeblianoba imdenad Sors aris wasuli, rom organizmebs erTmaneTis gareSe
arseboba ar SeuZliaT da iqmneba e.w. simbiozuri kavSirebi (sim – erTad, bios –
cxovreba). (sur. 2.18 da 2.19).
sur.2.18. yvavili – mweris urTi-

erTsargebliani Tanaarseboba [20].
sur.2.19. es Tanamegobroba sasargebloa yvela

monawilisaTvis: aqtiniebis, Tevzebisa da molu-
skebisaTvis [20].
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2.1.2. abioturi faqtorebi
cocxali organizmebi abioturi faqtorebis sxvadasxvagvar pirobebs arian
Seguebuli. zogi notio havis pirobebSi grZnobs Tavs kargad, zogi _ mSralSi, zogs
sicive awyobs, zogs _ sicxe, zogi tyis gareSe ver arsebobs, zogi ki velis pirobebs
aris Seguebuli. iseT garemo pirobebs, romlis dros organizmi saukeTesod grZnobs
Tavs, optimaluri ewodeba. radgan pirobebi mravalricxovania, laparakoben maT
optimalur doneze. optimaluri donis qveda da zeda zRvrebs Soris moqceul pirobebs
tolerantobis (Semguebloba) diapazons uwodeben, Tavad sazRvrebs – tolerantobis
sazRvrebs, maT gare pirobebs ki _ stresis zonebs. yoveli saxisaTvis, iqneba es
mcenareuli Tu cxoveluri, arsebobs Semgueblobis zRvari – stresis zonebi sxvadasxva
abioturi faqtoris mimarT (mag. temperaturis, wnevis da a.S.). zogi organizmis
Semguebloba did farglebSi meryeobs, zogis naklebia an Zalze viwro (ix. sur. 2.2).
zRvruli faqtorebis wesis Tanaxmad, optimumis diapazonis miRma arsebuli
nebismieri romelime faqtori, nebismier mocemul droSi, SeiZleba gaxdes organizmis
arsebobis SemzRudveli piroba. aseT pirobas zRvruli faqtori ewodeba. mcenare
SeiZleba daiRupos zedmeti wylis an zedmeti sasuqis gamo, iseve, rogorc uwylobis
an sasuqis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi. sasazRvro pirobebi SeiZleba icvlebodes droSi:
sezonurad, dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi, organizmis asakis mixedviT da a.S.
2.1.3. ekosistemebis globaluri zonaloba

ekosistemebis globaluri ganawilebis erT-erTi mTavari faqtori aris klimati
da dedamiwis klimaturi zonaloba. klimatSi pirvel yovlisa igulisxmeba temperatura:
saSualo-wliuri, saSualo-sezonuri, maqsimaluri da minimaluri. klimatur faqtorebSi
eqceva agreTve naleqianoba (saSualo, sezonuri).
klimatur zonalobas dedamiwaze, rogorc viciT, pirvel yovlisa ganapirobebs
regionis mdebareoba polusebisa da ekvatoris mimarT (sur. 2.20.). klimaturi zonalobis
sxva mizezebidan mniSvnelovania agreTve simaRle zRvis donidan, okeanesTan siaxlove,
Tbili Tu civi dinebebi, gabatonebuli qarebi, mcenareuli safaris mdgomareoba,
reliefis eqspozicia (mag. samxreTisken miqceuli ferdobi) da sxva, romlebic gana-
pirobeben adgilis mikroklimats.

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tropikuli
stepebi
tyeebi

wiwviani savana
tyeebi
foTlovani Caparali
tyeebi
udabnoebi
tundra
sur. 2.20. xmeleTuri biomebis msoflio ganawilebis ruka [20].

Tavi 3. rogor muSaoben ekosistemebi
rogorc organuli, aseve araorganuli nivTierebebi materialuri sxeulebia,

romelTa sabaziso saSeni masala atomebi da maTi nawilakebia (protoni, neitroni,
eleqtroni da sxva). atomebi, Tavis mxriv, qmnian martiv molekulebs, mineralebs da
sxvadasxva SenaerTebs, romlebsac ierarqiul rigSi mohyveba ujredebi, qsovilebi,
organoebi da organizmebi, ise, rogorc aris warmodgenili sur 3.1. ekosistemebis
arsebobis meore, aucilebeli Semadgenelia energia. fizikosebis gamoTqmiT energia
aris is, risi meSveobiTac xorcieldeba muSaoba.
samyaro
galaqtika
varskvlavebi
planetebi
ekosfero
dedamiwa
ekosfero
ekosistemebi
ekosistemebi
Tanaarsebobani ekologiuri
CarCo
populaciebi
organizmi
organoTa Tanaarsebobani
sistemebi
organoebi
qsovilebi
ujredebi
populaciebi
protoplazma
molekulebi
organizmi
atomebi
subatomuri nawilakebi
sur.3.1. materiis organizaciis doneebi. sicocxle SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc materiis

organizaciis ierarqiuli mwkrivi, romelic iwyeba atomebiT da maTi Semadgeneli nawilakebiT da
romelTac, Semdgom, mohyveba organizaciis sul ufro metad rTuli formebi: molekulebi, naerTebi,
ujredebi, qsovilebi, organoebi da organizmebi [2].

3.1. kvebiTi ciklebi
imis gamo, rom cocxali organizmebis mier moxmarebuli nivTierebebi ar ispoba,
aramed mxolod saxes icvlis, xolo elementaluri nawilakebis da atomebis doneze
isini ucvleli rCebian, SesaZlebeli xdeba maTi kvlav gamoyeneba. am mxriv Zalze
mniSvnelovania Jangbadis, wylis, naxSirbadis, fosforis da azotis ciklebi (sur.
3.2., 3.3., 3.4., 3.5.).
mzis
energia
naxSirbadis fosforis azotis wylis Jangbadis

cikli cikli cikli cikli cikli
siTbo, an enTropiis zrda

garemoSi
siTbo siTbo siTbo
sur. 3.2. sicocxlis arseboba dedamiwaze damokidebulia kritikuli qimiuri elementebis

wrebrunvaze da energiis uwyvet modinebaze. wyvetili xazebiT naCvenebia energiis modineba,
uwyvetiT – qimiuri elementebis wrebrunva [2].
naxSirbadis ZiriTadi wyaroa wyalSi gaxsnili da haerSi arsebuli naxSirorJangis

molekulebi. fotosinTezis da sxva metabolizmis Sedegad naxSirbadis atomebi mona-
wileobas iReben mcenaris sxeulis amgebi yvela molekulis SenebaSi. kvebiTi jaWvebis
meSveobiT naxSirbadis atomebi SemdgomSi ekosistemebis cocxali organizmebis qsovilebis
SemadgenlobaSi xvdebian, sabolood ki, organizmebis kvdomis an organizmebidan sxva-
gvarad gamoyofis Sedegad, JangbadTan erTad ubrundebian pirvandel garemos da
mdgomareobas, riTac asruleben mobrunalis erT wres, magram imavdroulad iwyeben
momdevno cikls.
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fosfori fosfatebis saxiT gvxvdeba qanebsa da mineralebSi. maTi daSlis
Sedegad fosforis ionebi ganTavsdeba niadagebsa da wyalSi, saidanac xvdebian mce-
nareTa sxeulebSi, ris gamoc fosforis aseT SenaerTebs organul fosfatebs uwode-
ben. kvebiTi jaWvebis Sedegad organuli fosfatebi sxva organizmebis sxeulebSi
xvdebian, Semdgom ki, organizmebis kvdomis an sxva procesebis meSveobiT, ubrundebian
niadagsa da wyals.
azotis ZiriTadi nawili haerSia moqceuli, magram mcenareebs maTi haeridan
SeTvisebis unari ar gaaCniaT. amitom maTTvis azotis wyaro wyalsa da niadagSia,
sadac es elementi amoniumis da nitratebis ionebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. azotis
mobrunalic naxSirbadisa da fosforis mobrunalis msgavsia.
H2O
atmosfero
O2
CO2
300 weli
liTosfero
2 000 weli
2 000 000 weli hidrosfero
sur.3.3. brunvis saSualo siCqareebi ekosferoSi Jangbadis, naxSirbadis da wylis

orTqlisaTvis [2].
CO2 (haeri da wyali)+H2O (niadagSi)
mzis
energia siTbo
Jangva
da
gamofitva
sunTqva da daSla
ganamarxebuli (mcenareebi da cxovelebi)
sawvavi da
kirqvebi
dagrovili
qimiuri energia
rTuli organuli molekulebi+O2
(dagrovili qimiuri energia)
fotosinTezi
(mwvane mcenareebi)
sur.3.4. naxSirbadis da Jangbadis brunvis gamartivebuli sqema [2].

CO2
fotosinTezi
gliukoza
mcenareTa ganamarxe-
sunTqva buli
sawvavi
mcenareTa
qsovilebi
detriusi
mcenareTa mier STanTqmuli CO2

organuli C moZraoba kvebiT mwkrivSi
araorganuli CO2 gaSveba atmosferoSi
sur.3.5. naxSirbadis cikli. pirobiTi niSnebi: cisferi isrebiT aRniSnulia

mcenaraTa mier STanTqmuli naxSirorJangi, wiTliT – naxSirbadis moZraoba kvebiTi
jaWvis gziT, mwvaneTi – naxSirorJangis gamoyofa atmosferoSi [1].
mze gamoasxivebs eleqtromagnituri talRebis speqtrs sxvadasxva sigrZis talRebis

da energiis saxiT, magram miwis atmosferos arsebobis gamo mis zedapirze am speqtris
mxolod mcire nawili aRwevs, maT Soris maRali energiebis mcire nawilic [2].
3.2. mze _ energiis wyaro

mze, rogorc viciT, aris ekosistemis sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis
aucilebeli energiis umTavresi, xSirad ki erTaderTi wyaro. yvela didi ekosistemisaTvis
aucilebelia mzis sinaTle, zogi iSviaTi biocenozis (cenozi _ erToba) garda,
romlebic okeaneTa uRrmes nawilebSi an miwis wiaRSi binadroben, iq, sadac ver aRwevs
mzis sinaTle.
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mzis energias ori Zalzed mniSvnelovani Tviseba gaaCnia: ar axdens garemos
dabinZurebas da misi energia praqtikulad uSretia.
dedamiwamde moRweuli mzis energiidan 30% airekleba miwis, wylis da Rrublebis
zedapiridan da gaibneva kosmosSi, 60% STainTqmeba miwis, wylis da atmosferos mier
da ixarjeba maT gaTbobaze. gaTboba iwvevs wylis aorTqlebas, atmosferosa da
hidrosferoSi cirkulaciur moZraobebs, qmnis aminds. mcenareebi mzis energiis mxolod
10% iTviseben, saidanac misi 2-5% dabanddeba biomasis pirvel troful doneze. es
raodenoba sakmarisi xdeba mTlianad miwis ekosistemis sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis
(sur. 3.9).
mopoveba
fosfatis madani
sasuqi
niadagis fosfati
mosavali
erozia gamoyofa organuli
fosfati
mcenareebi
fosfatebis gamotutva cxovelebi
da erozia
organuli
fosfati
araorganuli
fosfati
araorganuli
fosfati
mcenareTa mier STanTqmuli fosfati
organuli fosfatis moZraoba kvebiT

mwkrivSi
araorganuli fosfatis gamoyofa
fosfatebis gamoleqva garemoSi
sur. 3.6. fosforis cikli. cisferi isrebi – mcenareTa mier fosfatebis STanTqma-
Sewova, wiTeli – fosfatebis moZraoba kvebiTi jaWvebis meSveobiT, mwvane – araorganuli
fosfatis garemoSi gamoyofa [1].

atmosferuli
azotis
samrewvelo fiqsireba
azotis
fiqsireba
sasuqi nakeli bostneuli

NH4+ , NO3-
gamxrwnelebi
NH4+ NO3- NH4+
mcenareTa mier organuli azotis araorganuli azotis

STanTqmuli azoti moZraoba kvebiT mwkrivSi gamoyofa garemoSi
sur. 3.7. azotis cikli. cisferi isrebi – mcenareTa mier azotis Sewova, wiTeli –
azotis moZraoba kvebiTi jaWvebis meSveobiT, mwvane – araorganuli azotis garemoSi
gamoyofa [1].
mze
maRali dabali
energia energia
gama
sxivebi
xi- infrawi- infrawi-

gama radio-
X-sxivebi ultraiisferi lu- TelTan Tlidan talRebi
sxivebi li axlos Sors
mokle grZeli
talRebi miwis zedapiramde moRweuli talRebi
speqtris nawili
sur.3.8. mzis sxivebis eleqtromagnituri speqtri [2].
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siTbo
Rrublebidan
arekvlili
30%
areklili wylis,
haerisa da niadagis, haeris da
wylis mcenareulis mier
cirkulacia 10 % STanTqma
60 % mcenareulis mier
STanTqma
avdari
haeris,
wylis da fotosinTezis
miwis mier wili 2-5%
miwis, wylis 0.2-0.5 % mzis ener-
da haeris gisa, dagrovili bio-
gaTboba masaSi pirvel tro-
ful doneze
sur. 3.9. mzis energiis ganawileba-moxmarebis suraTi [1].
3.3. adamianis Careva

adamianis aqtiuri Careva sakvebi nivTierebebis bunebriv wrebrunvaSi bolo aTas-
wleulebSi daiwyo da maRali tempiT izrdeba. miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebam saWiro
gaxada niadagebis xelovnuri ganayofiereba, maT Soris araorganuli nivTierebebiT
(mag. azoti da fosfori). amisaTvis man daiwyo am nivTierebebis mopoveba wiaRidan,
misi Setana niadagSi SerCeul adgilebSi, ramac am nivTierebaTa araTanabari gadanawileba
gamoiwvia. Camdinare wylebma araorganuli sasuqebi mdinareebSi Caitana, mdinareebma ki
isini zRvebsa da okeaneebSi gaitanes da amis gamo isini gamoeTiSnen wrebrunvas.
mrewvelobis ganviTarebis Sedegad mravali sawarmo qvanaxSiris dawviT iRebs
energias. xeebis naxSiri da qvanaxSiri gamoiyeneba agreTve individualuri binebis
gasaTbobad. mosaxleobis swrafi tempiT zrdis gamo sul metad izrdeba organuli
nivTierebis wvis Sedegad atmosferoSi gatyorcnili naxSirorJangis raodenoba, irRveva
ciklis bunebrivi wonasworoba. aRniSnuli movlenebis Sedegad nivTierebaTa wriul
brunvas calmxrivi moZraobiT Secvla emuqreba.

Ta vi 4. ek osi stemebis mdgra do ba
4.1. ekosistemebis wonasworoba (balansi)

wina TavSi ukve aRvniSneT, rom ekosistemis mdgradobis mTavari principi
mdgomareobs sakvebis warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris wonasworobaSi, mag. mdgradoba
dairRveva, Tu moxmareba Warbobs warmoebas. magram ekosistemis mdgradoba ar niSnavs
mis ucvlelobas. ekosistemebi unda icvlebodes da icvleba kidec garemo pirobebis
cvalebadobis gamo, e.i. wonasworoba dinamiuria.
4.1.1. ekosistemebis balansi populaciebis balansia

nebismieri saxeoba ekosistemaSi populaciis saxiT arsebobs. populaciebi, rogorc
cnobilia, ewodeba erTi saxeobis individebis met-naklebad izolirebul erTobliobebs,
sadac individebs erTmaneTTan Sejvarebis da gamravlebis unari gaaCniaT. ekosistemis
mdgradoba niSnavs imas, rom populaciis ricxovnoba da adgilsamyofeli ekosistemaSi
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad ar icvleba, gaTanabrebulia Sobadoba
da sikvdilianoba.
4.1.2. bioturi potenciali da garemos winaaRmdegobis gawevis

una ri
populaciis individTa raodenobis SenarCuneba an zrda damokidebulia repro-
duqciis (re-xelaxali, produqcia – warmoeba, laT.) siCqareze (tempze), axalSobilTa
SenarCunebaze. populaciis mdgradobis mniSvnelovani faqtoria agreTve is, Tu ram-
denad Seswevs mas migraciis (gavrcelebis, gadaadgilebis) unari, unari, daikavos
axali sacxovrebeli adgilebi (habitati), rogoria maTi Tavdacvisunarianoba, cvladi
garemo pirobebisadmi Semguebloba-amtanianoba. yvela am unars _ erTad aRebuls ewodeba
bio-turi potenciali.
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela saxeobas gaaCnia gamravlebis sakmao unari imisaTvis, rom
iyos araTu mdgradi, aramed misi ricxovnoba swrafad gaizardos, saamisod bevri
magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba: Tevzi, kurdReli, bayayi da a.S. (swrafi tempiT popula-
ciebis gamravlebas populaciis afeTqebas uwodeben). magram axladSobilTa mxolod
SezRuduli odenoba inarCunebs sicocxlisunarianobas gareSe faqtorebis gamo
(mtaceblebi, avadmyofoba, sakvebis ukmarisoba; abioturi faqtorebi: temperaturis
cvla, wyaldidoba, toqsikuri nivTierebebiT sacxovrebeli garemos mowamvla da a.S.).
abioturi da bioturi yvela im faqtorebis erTobliobas, romlebic zRudaven
populaciebis gamravlebas, garemos winaaRmdegoba ewodeba. es faqtori Zalze arsebi-
Tia da awesrigebs populaciebis odenobriv zrdas da garemos SesaZleblobebTan mis
Sesabamisobas.
simWidrove da kritikuli raodenoba. raodenoba populaciebSi, rogorc wesi,
garkveul farglebSi Tavsdeba, rasac populaciis simWidrove ewodeba da warmoadgens
sidides, romelic izomeba individebis odenobiT farTobis erTeulze, mag. individi 1
m2-ze. bunebriv pirobebSi garemo, Cveulebriv, TviTon axdens populaciis simWidrovis
mowesrigebas da amyarebs saTanado wonasworobas, Tu rasakvirvelia ar Caeria adamiani,
romelsac SeuZlia aseTi wonasworobis xelovnuri darRveva populaciis odenobis
zrdis an Semcirebis, an saerTod mospobis gziT. saerTod yvela populaciisaTvis
SeiZleba ganisazRvros is kritikuli raodenoba, romlis qveviT saSiSroeba eqmneba
mis arsebobas. aseT saxeobebs gadaSenebis piras myof saxeobebs uwodeben.
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4.1.3. populaciebis balansis meqanizmi
bunebaSi arsebobs meqanizmebi, romlebic xels uwyoben populaciebis ricxovnobis
wonasworobis damyarebas, roca ama Tu im populaciisaTvis ricxovnoba mocemul
drosa da sivrceSi aris optimaluri. saWiroa am meqanizmebis codna imisaTvis, rom
ar davarRvioT bunebrivi wonasworobebi, magaliTad mtacebeli-msxverplis da patroni
-parazitis urTierTTanasworoba. TvalnaTeli magaliTia focxveris da kurdRlis an
mglisa da Svel-irmis urTierToba. focxvrebis populaciis xelovnur Semcirebas
Sedegad kurdRlebis populaciis afeTqebiTi zrda mohyva, ramac daarRvia ekosistemis
bunebrivi balansi, mcenareuli safaris zomaze meti Zovebis gamo. mglebis populaciebis
xelovnur Semcirebas Sedegad mohyva daavadebuli Svel-irmis odenobis zrda da
sabolood, didi ziani swored am populaciam ganicada.
msgavsi movlenebi SeiniSneba patroni-parazitis urTierTobaSic. patroni orga-
nizmebis populaciis zrdis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba parazitebis odenobac, agreTve im
avadmyofobaTa ricxvi, rasac es parazitebi iwveven, aqedan _ populaciaSi sikvdilianobis
zrda. parazitebma SeiZleba Tavad ar moklan patroni, magram daaavadon igi, daadablon
organizmis amtanianoba, rac, SesaZloa gaxdes misi daRupvis mizezi. magram msxverplis
an patronis daRupva, maTi populaciebis Semcireba, emuqreba agreTve mtaceblisa da
parazitis populaciebis mdgradobas, rac aseve wonasworobis damamyarebeli faqtoria.
populaciebis bunebrivi wonasworobis darRvevis mniSvnelovani faqtoria ekosi-
stemisaTvis ucxo populaciebis Canergva – introducireba. Canergil ucxo populaciebs
xSirad ar xvdebaT adgilze bunebrivi mteri – maregulirebeli, rac maT afeTqebiT
gamravlebas iwvevs sxva populaciebis SezRudvis an sruli mospobis xarjze. saamiso
mravali faqti arsebobs, maT Soris saqarTvelosTvisac, risi magaliTia farTod
gaxmaurebuli lafanWamia, romelmac udidesi ziani miayena borjomis da mimdebare
raionebis tyeebs.
mcenare/balaxismWamelTa balansis darRveva populaciis mdgradobis daqveiTebis
Zlieri faqtoria. mglebze specialuri nadirobis saxelmwifo waxalisebam, rig qveyanaSi,
gamoiwvia balaxismZoveli cxovelebis iseTi swrafi tempiT gamravleba, rom uricxvma
jogebma mTlianad mospes saZovrebi, herbivorebis populaciebi iZulebuli gaxdnen
axali sacxovrebeli adgilebi moepovebinaT. mTel rig SemTxvevaSi maT es ver SeZles,
amitom populaciebma didi ricxovnuli danakargebi ganicades. adamianis Carevis Sedegad
herbivora/mcenareTa balansis darRvevis magaliTebia cxvrebis farebis mier balaxis
Warbi Zoveba da misi saziano Sedegebi, rac gamoixata saZovrebis gauvargisebiT da
niadagis eroziiT. aqedan gamomdinare, ekosistemis mdgradobis – populaciebis balansis
SenarCunebisaTvis mniSvnelovania vicodeT adgilis tevadoba, anu momxmarebeli popu-
laciis is zRvruli ricxovnoba, romelsac SeuZlia iarsebos garkveul ekosistemaSi
ise, rom ar gamoiwvios misi degradacia. magaliTad, ramdeni cxvari, ra drois
ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba aZovoT romelime aRebul teritoriaze ise, rom, saZovars
hqondes SesaZlebloba aRidginos Tavisi produqtiuloba.
4.1.4. populaciebis gamravlebis ori mrudi da biomravalferovnebis

mniSvneloba ekosistemis mdgradobisaTvis
dakvirvebebi cxadyofen, rom biomravalferovneba xels uwyobs ekosistemis
mdgradobas, vinaidan, aseT SemTxvevaSi, gaadvilebulia wonasworobis damyareba
mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs Soris. amis sailustraciod SeiZleba moyvanil iqnes
sur. 4.1.

damSeva,
sakvebis
ukmarisobis
gamo
daRupva
populaciis
gawonasworeba
bunebrivi mtrebis
meSveobiT
populaciis
afeTqeba
populacia
J mrudi
S mrudi
generacia
sur. 4.1. naxazze populaciis zrdis ori mrudia naCvenebi. pirveli mrudi
uCvenebs SemTxvevas, roca populacias ar hyavs metoqe (mteri), Seeqmna uaRresad
xelsayreli pirobebi gamravlebisaTvis da misi gamravleba afeTqebiT xdeba.
magram amis Sedegad am populaciam mTlianad SeWama ekosistemaSi arsebuli
sakvebi, ris gamoc Tavi daRupvis piras miiyvana. meore mrudi asaxavs SemTxvevas,
roca populacias ekosistemaSi hyavs mteri (mag. Tagvs _ gveli, arwivi da sxv.),
romelic awesrigebs mis odenobas da xels uwyobs warmoeba-moxmarebis
wonasworobis damyarebas [1].
amrigad, SeiZleba vilaparakoT ekosistemis mdgradobis oTx principze:

1. ekosistemebi xelmeored gamoiyeneben gamoyofil narCenebs sakvebis saxiT
yvela elementis reciklingis (mobrunalis) gziT;
2. ekosistemis energiis wyaros warmoadgens mzis Suqi;
3. sakvebis momxmareblis odenoba dgeba im zomaze, rom adgili ar hqondes Warb
moxmarebas (Warb Zovebas);
4. xeli unda Seewyos biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebas.
4.1.5. ekologiuri monacvleoba (suqcesia)

ekologiuri pirobebis _ ekosistemebis Secvla SeiZleba adamianis Caurevladac
ganxorcieldes, mag., erTi saxeobis mier meores gandevnis gziT, rasac ekologiuri
monacvleoba (suqcesia-monacvleoba, laT.) ewodeba (sur. 4.2., 4.3.). iSviaT SemTxvevaSi
axalma populaciam SesaZloa adre Tavisufali (daukavebeli) teritoria daikavos.
aseT SemTxvevas pirvelad suqcesias miakuTvneben, xolo meoradi suqcesia ewodeba
iseTs, roca romelime populacia Tavidan eufleba ares, sadac adre binadrobda da
saidanac raRaca mizezebiT iyo gandevnili. aseTi mizezi mravalnairi SeiZleba iyos,
magaliTad, bunebrivi stiqiuri movlenebi (vulkani), an tyeSi xanZari, romelmac
SesaZloa, mTlianad gaanadguros ekosistema, romlis xelaxal aRdgenas SeiZleba didi
dro dasWirdes.
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sur.4.2. wylis ekosistemis Secvla (tba, Waobi) xmeleTis ekosistemiT [1].
sur.4.3. lavis nakadze mcenareuli

safaris aRdgena, kongo [20].

4.1.6. uwonasworobis xarisxi da cvlilebebis siCqare: monacvle-
oba, darRveva an daRupva
nebismieri ekosistema Tavisi mdgomareobis saukeTeso donezec ki ar aris
dazRveuli cvlilebebisagan, vinaidan garemo cvalebadia. roca erTi ekosistemis
Senacvleba sxva ekosistemiT bunebrivi mizezebiT xdeba, maSin es monacvleoba, rogorc
wesi, TandaTanobiTi da xangrZlivi procesia. roca viTareba iseTia, rom romelime
populaciis raodenobrivi zrda afeTqebiTia, maSin ekosistemis rRvevas aqvs adgili.
magram arsebobs SemTxvevebi, roca bunebrivi Tu xelovnuri pirobebi ekosistemis
srul ganadgurebas – ekologiur kolapss iwvevs. es procesi, rogorc wesi, Zalze
swrafad xorcieldeba.
4.2. adamianis Careva

adamiani imdenad batonobs dRevandel garemoSi, rom misi gavlena ekosistemebze
Zalze mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos. ekosistemis mdgradoba didad iqneba damokidebuli
imaze, Tu rogor mimarTavs kacobrioba Tavis saqmianobas: ekosistemebis mdgradobis
uzrunvelyofisaken, Tu maT sazianod. adamianma unda gaiTvaliswinos is, rom ekosistema
Zalze mgrZnobiarea cvlilebebisadmi da misi wonasworoba advilad SeiZleba dairRves,
ramac mas didi ziani (TviT daRupvamdec) SeiZleba miayenos. zianis gamosworeba,
ekosistemis aRdgena ki Zalze Znelia, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SeuZlebelic.
sur. 4.4.adamianis mier

ekosistemaze miyenebuli ziani,
mag. tyeebis gaCexva, gamous-
worebel zians ayenebs garemos.
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Tavi 5. ekosistemebis adaptirebis unari
cvlilebebisadmi
wina TavebSi ganxiluli masalebidan viciT, rom ekosistemebis mdgradobis erT-

erTi mTavari principia biomravalferovnebis SenarCuneba. am TavSi ki SevecdebiT
gaverkveT biomravalferovnebis genetur safuZvlebSi: rogor viTardeba biomraval-
ferovneba da rogor xdeba organizmebis adaptireba (adaptasio _ morgeba, Segueba,
laT.) garemos cvladi pirobebisadmi. amasTanave, Cven ukeTesad gavigebT, Tu rogor
zians ayenebs biomravalferovnebis Semcireba Cveni dRevandeli garemos mdgradobas.
5.1. geneturi fondi da misi cvla

5.1.1. Tvisebebi da genebi
nebismieri organizmi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis
(Tvisebebis) kombinacia (kombinacio – SeerTeba, Serwyma, laT.). termini Tviseba
gulisxmobs rogorc garegan, aseve Sinagan nebismier damaxasiaTebel niSans, aseve
metabolizms (nivTierebis cvlas), niWierebas da qcevebs. sxeulis wona, cxviris
forma, Tvalebis feri, Zvlebis simkvrive, metyvelebis unari, brma nawlavis sigrZe da
sxva uamravi niSani aris organizmis fizikuri maxasiaTebeli. metaboluri maxasiaTeblebia
iseTebi, rogoricaa alergiuloba, saWmlis monelebis unari, Semguebloba sicxisadmi
an sicivisadmi, amtanoba siZneleebisadmi, winaaRmdegobis unari avadmyofobisadmi.
niWierebis niSnebs miekuTvneba midrekileba aTletizmisadmi, maTematikisadmi, musiki-
sadmi, xatva-Zerwvisadmi da a.S. qcevis maxasiaTeblebs ganekuTvneba organizmis instinq-
turi reagirebis unari, obobis ablabudis (badis) qsovis unari, gadamfren frinvelTa
unari _ gaignon gza samxreTisaken zamTris damdegs, xolo CrdiloeTisaken – zafxulis
damdegs, xasiaTis agresiuloba da piriqiT – sirbile da sxva mravali. cnobilia, rom
araerTi Tviseba organizmma SeiZleba gamoimuSaos cxovrebaSi, gaaZlieros an Seasustos
da sxv., magram mTeli rigi Tviseba memkvidroebiTia da organizms Tan dahyveba
dabadebidanve. aseTi niSnebi memkvidreobiTi, anu geneturia.
gamokvlevebma cxadyves, rom nebismieri cocxali organizmis geneturi niSani
(maxasiaTebeli) Cawerilia qimiur molekulaSi, romelsac dnm (deoqsiribonukleiduri
mJava) ewodeba. es aris wagrZelebuli, jaWvismagvari molekula, romlis garkveuli
monakveTebi (oTxi suberTeuli) warmoqmnis genur kods, morzes anbanis kodis msgavsad.
dnm-is geneturi kodi ujredis metabolizmis meSveobiT gardaiqmneba proteinebis
warmonaqmnad. Tavis mxriv, proteinebis zogi warmonaqmni, romelTac struqturul
proteinebs uwodeben, ganapirobebs organizmis fizikur aRnagobas, mag., iseT niSnebs,
rogoric aris cxviris sigrZe da moxazuloba, Tmebis da Tvalebis feri, Sublis
simaRle da sxv. proteinebis meore jgufi, romelTac enzimaturi proteinebi (en-Sida,
zime-Semadedebeli, berZ.) ewodebaT, warmarTaven sxeulSi mimdinare qimiur reaqciebs.
kidev sxva proteinebi, romlebic moqmedeben rogorc hormonebi (hormon-mamoZravebeli,
berZ.), ganapirobeben hormonebis warmoqmnas, awesrigeben organizmis zrdas da ganvi-
Tarebas. ase rom, dnm proteinebs aniWeben gansazRvrul daniSnulebas, xolo proteinebi
ganageben yvelafers sxvas, ise rogorc naCvenebia sur. 5.1.

dnm
kodi
struqturuli fizikuri
proteinebi maxasiaTeblebi
enzimaturi metaboluri
proteinebi maxasiaTeblebi
kontroli
hormonuli
zrdaze da
proteinebi
ganviTarebaze
erTi geni-
metaboluri
segmenti,
gadacemis
romelic erT
procesi
proteins
Seicavs
sur.5.1. dnm, genebi, proteinebi da Tvisebebi [1]. dnm molekula memkvidroebiTia, anu geneturia
yvela organizmisaTvis. dnm Zewkvis yvela monakveTi, romelic erT proteins aniWebs garkveul kods,
warmoadgens gens. dnm molekulis struqtura iseTia, rom mas SeuZlia Seqmnas Tavisi asli, romelic
gaivlis ujredis monakveTs. dnm Zewkvis (jaWvis) suberTeulis monakveTi warmoqmnis kods, romlis
ujredi metabolizmis meSveobiT gardaiqmneba specifikuri proteinebis SenaerTebad. sxvadasxva saxis
aseTi proteinebi ganapirobeben organizmis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. amrigad, erTi geni SeiZleba warmovidginoT
rogorc dnm jaWvis erT-erTi monakveTi, romelic romelime proteins aniWebs genetur kods. nebismieri
cocxali organizmis fizikuri saxe da funqcionireba (funqcia – moqmedeba, laT.) warmoadgens mravali
aTeuli genis koordinirebuli urTierTobis Sedegs.
5.1.2. saxeobebi da genuri fondi (erTobebi)

cnobilia, rom erTi da imave saxeobebis individebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli
gansxvavebebi. mag., adamianebSi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebia tanis zomis, moyvanilobis,
kanis, Tmis Tu Tvalebis feris da sxv. mixedviT. adamianTa organizms qimiuri nivTierebebis
SeTvisebis sxvadasxvagvari unari aqvT, sxvadasxvagvaria maTi gemovneba sakvebis
TvalsazrisiT, aseve gansxvavebulia maTi ganwyoba sxvadasxva movlenebisadmi (musikis
siyvaruli, ferebis aRqma, gataceba sportiT Tu sxva saqmianobiT), codnis aTvisebis
unari da sxva mravali. igive iTqmis sxva cocxal organizmebzec.
martivi damaxasiaTebeli niSnis nairferovnebas (mag., Tmebis an Tvalebis feri),
ganapirobebs garkveuli genis modifikacia, romelsac alels uwodeben. imis gamo, rom
yoveli organizmi atarebs genebis 2 jgufs -–mamisa da dedis genebs, nebismier maTgans
(organizmi) gaaCnia yvela genis 2-2 aleli. es ori aleli SeiZleba iyos erTnairic
da erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulic. maTi urTierToba gansazRvravs individis maxasiaTeblebs.
Svili organizmSi atarebs ra rogorc mamis, aseve dedis alelebs, amJRavnebs msgavsebas
mSoblebisadmi, magram, imavdroulad mas, mSoblebis alelebis axali kombinaciis gamo,
uCndeba maTgan gansxvavebuli Tvisebebic.
genuri erToba ewodeba populaciis yoveli individis genebs erTad aRebuls,
xolo genuri erToba romelime erTi individisadmi aris populaciis yvela individis,
yvela masSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli alelis jami. zogi aleli aseT erTobaSi Zalze
damaxasiaTebeli da xSiria, ris gamoc TiTqmis yvela individi atarebs aseT niSans
(mag., Tvalebis Wrili monRoloidur erebSi), zogi aleli ki iSviaTia da individebis
mxolod mcire nawili atarebs mis mier ganpirobebul Tvisebebs.
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5.1.3. genuri fondis da Tvisebebis cvlilebebi SerCeviTi zewolis
gamo
erTi da imave saxis sxvadasxva individs gamravlebis (reproduqciis) sxvadasxvagvari
unari aqvT, zogi swrafad mravldeba da viTardeba, zogi naklebad. amis gamo populaciaSi
mravldeba iseTi alelebi, romelTa matareblebi arian maRali reproduqciis mqone
individebi, xolo dabali reproduqciis mqone individebis alelebis ricxvi populaciaSi
mcirdeba (mag. SavTmianebis meti gamravleba qeraTmianebTan SedarebiT). gamravlebis
gansxvavebul unarianobas iwvevs e.w. seleqciuri (seleqcia – SerCeva, laT.) zewola.
adamianisaTvis es SeiZleba iyos socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli da politikuri
faqtorebi. Sinauri da sasoflo-sameurneo organizmTa saxeobebisaTvis seleqciur
zewolas axorcielebs adamiani, xolo bunebriv garemoSi _ TviT buneba. Sedegi orive
SemTxvevaSi erTnairia: erTni ufro metad mravldebian, vidre sxvani. es ki iwvevs
genuri erTobis cvlas.
cvlilebebi seleqciuri Sejvarebis gziT. yvela Sinauri cxoveli Tu sasoflo-
sameurneo mcenareuli kultura, seleqciuri Sejvarebis gziT aris miRebuli. asea
miRebuli, magaliTad, ZaRlebis sxvadasxva jiSi: monadire, mwevrebi, nagazebi, mokle-
fexa Tu grZelfexa saxeobebi da sxv., rasac mravali weli da mravali Taobis
seleqciuri Sejvareba dasWirda. asevea mcenareTa SemTxvevaSic.
cvlilebebi bunebrivi SerCevisas. populaciebi bunebriv pirobebSi mudmivad ganicdian
seleqciur zewolas, rac aiZulebs gamoimuSaon iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic SesaZlebels
gaxdis gadarCnen da gamravldnen. amitom, bunebrivad xdeba iseTi alelebis SerCeva-
gaZliereba, romlebic individs aniWeben ama Tu im garemoebisadmi winaaRmdegobebis
gawevis unars. es procesi gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi da populacia iZens garemo
pirobebisadmi amtanianobis unars. amas bunebrivi seleqcia ewodeba. am movlenas jer
kidev Carlz darvinma miaqcia yuradReba da aRwera Tavis cnobil naSromSi, romelsac
ewodeba `saxeTa warmoSoba bunebrivi SerCevis gziT~. marTalia, im dros ar iyo
mecniereba genebis da genetikis Sesaxeb, magram uaxlesma gamokvlevebma am dargSi
mTlianad daadastures Carlz darvinis evoluciuri Teoria.
faqtobrivad saxeobaTa yvela maxasiaTebeli Tviseba mimarTulia iqiTken, rom
ukeTesad Seeguos gareSe pirobebs, imisaTvis, raTa iarsebos da gamravldes. Seguebis
(adaptirebis) rigi aseTnairad SeiZleba CamovweroT:
1. Segueba klimaturi da sxva abioturi faqtorebisadmi;
2. adaptireba im pirobebisadmi, rom moipovon sakvebi da sasmeli (cxovelebi) an
sakvebi, wyali da energia (mcenareebi);
3. adaptireba iseTi pirobebisadmi, rom Tavi daicvan mtaceblebisagan, gauZlon
daavadebebs da parazitul organizmebs;
4. iseTi Tvisebebis gamomuSaveba, rac xels Seuwyobs gamravlebas (wyvilis
mozidva-Tavis mowoneba da sxv.);
5. migraciisadmi (gadaadgilebisadmi) Segueba (cxovelebSi), mcenareTa Teslis
did manZilze gadatana-gabneva.
nebismieri Tvisebis (maxasiaTeblis) mimarT erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi ismis: xels
uwyobs Tu ara igi organizmis sicocxlisunarianobas da gamravlebis unars. Tu
pasuxi dadebiTia, maSin es maxasiaTebeli gauZlebs bunebriv SerCevas. cxadia, aseTi
Tvisebebi organizmebs araerTi aqvT. mag., swrafi sirbili, frena an curva; miwaSi
Caflobis an wyalSi CayvinTvis unari; unari, gamoyos arasasiamovno an, piriqiT,
sasiamovno suni; miiRon sxvadasxvagvari Seferiloba; gamoscen SemaSinebeli an mimzid-
veli bgerebi; gamoimuSaon sivrceSi orientirebis unari da sxva mravali.

adaptaciis magaliTebi
cxovelebi mcenareebi
Segueba samxreTisaken gadafrena

abiotu-
ri faq-
tebi- yinvagamZleoba
sadmi foTolcvena
sqeli bewvi
gamozamTreba bolqvi
grZeli, wvrili dingi Zlieri da

WianWvelis budis datotvili fesvebi
gasaTxrelad wylisa da sakvebis
mosapoveblad
sakvebis
mopoveba
farTo, Txeli
grZeli kiseri foTlebi mzis
xis kenweros sinaTlis energiis
swrafi ena
misawvdomad STanTqmisaTvis
eklebi
mtaceble- eklebi
bisagan sirbilis mZoveli
unari Sxami
Tavis cxovelebisaTvis
Znelad misawvdomi
daRweva cudi suni adgilis SerCeva
damcavi
Seferva
wyvilis
wyvilis mosazidad
mozidva sunis
gamoyeneba
da moxi-
SerCe- mwerebis mizidva
blva; uli damtvervis
damt- `Tavsam- gansaxorcieleblad
verva kauli~
egzotikuri morTuloba
qariT
migracia, gadatanisaTvis
Teslis Sesabamisi
formebi
gabneva
webovani
bususebi
sur.5.2. adaptirebis magaliTebi [1]. nebismieri saxeoba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc adaptaciuri
niSnebis simravle, romlebic zrdian mis sicocxlisunarianobas.
5.1.4. saxeobebis da ekosistemis ganviTareba

yoveli abioturi da bioturi faqtori ekosistemaSi nebismier saxeobaze moqmedebs
rogorc seleqciuri wnexi. amitom, populaciam unda gamoimuSaos iseTi Tvisebebi,
rom SeinarCunos sicocxlisunarianoba da gamravlebis SesaZlebloba, winaaRmdeg SemTxve-
vaSi man unda moZebnos sxva, misTvis misaRebi pirobebiani adgili, Tu arada, gadaSendeba.
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erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mkacri seleqciuri wnexi aris konkurencia erTi saxis
sxvadasxva individs Soris, rogorc sakvebis mopovebis, aseve wyvilis povnis da sxva.
erT-erT magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT Jirafis saxeobis evolucia mravali Taobis
manZilze, rac sakvebis mopovebisaTvis brZolis gamo moxda da rac asaxulia sur. 5.3.
grZelkisera cxovelebi gadarCnen da gamravldnen.

Sedegi asaxulia Jirafebis populaciaze
moklekisera cxovelebi daimSnen da daiRupnen.

maTi genebi ar Sevidnen genur kodSi
sur.5.3. seleqcia Jirafebis SemTxvevaSi [1].
xis dabali jiSebis maRali tanis jiSebiT Secvlis gamo Jirafebis is individebi,
romelTac ufro maRali kiseri hqondaT, ufro iolad moipovebdnen sakvebs, vidre
dabalkisrianebi.
adaptaciis procesis Sedegad miRebuli saboloo `produqti~ _ grZelkisera
Jirafi _ SeiZleba imdenad iyos gansxvavebuli sawyisi populaciisagan, rom igi sxva
saxed iqnes miCneuli. es aris saxeobaTa warmoSobis erTi aspeqti. saxeTa warmoqmnis
sxva aspeqts ki warmoadgens erTi saxidan ori an ufro meti saxeobis warmoqmna. aseTi
ram SeiZleba moxdes im SemTxvevaSi, roca erTi da imave saxeobis ori populacia
erTmaneTs gaeyofa da sxvadasxva garemoSi moxvdeba, rac gamoiwvevs populaciebis
cvalebadobebs gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT meliebis
ori saxeoba: TeTri melia da nacrisferi melia. es, Soreul warsulSi erTi saxeoba,
gaiyo orad, erTi dasaxlda CrdiloeTSi, meore ki samxreTSi. Sesabamisad CrdiloeTis
populaciam gaiCina sqeli bewvi, Seferili TeTrad, aqvs mokle kudi, mokle fexebi,
yurebi da drunCi, xolo samxreTeli meliis bewvi Txelia da nacrisferi, kudi,
yurebi da drunCi grZeli (sur. 5.4.).
saxeTa warmoqmnis mravali msgavsi magaliTia cnobili rogorc cxovelebis,
aseve mcenareTaTvis. saxeTa warmoqmnis aRwerili meqanizmi kargad xsnis, Tu ratom
aris aseTi xSiri msgavsi saxeobebis arseboba mcenareebsa da cxovelebSi.
gareSe pirobebi ar aris ucvleli. arc dedamiwaa ucvleli ciuri sxeuli.
sxvadasxva geologiuri procesis Sedegad icvleba klimati, meryeobs msoflio okeanis
done, xmeleTis adgils ikavebs zRva da piriqiT, Cndeba mTebis axal-axali sistemebi,
Zveli mTebi iSleba, dabldeba da adgils uTmobs velebsa da dablobebs da a.S. Tumca
es yvelaferi xdeba Zalze nela, aTasobiT, milionobiT da aTeuli milionobiT
wlebis ganmavlobaSi. cvalebadi garemo aiZulebs populaciebs Seeguon mas an gadaSendnen.
geologiuri procesebis mcire siCqaris gamo mravali maTgani aswrebs cvalebadi
pirobebisadmi Seguebas, magram viTareba mkveTrad icvleba adamianis gaCenis Semdeg.
garemos cvlis tempi mravaljeradad gaizarda. magaliTad, Tu klimatis daTboba
dReisaTvis arsebuli tempiT gagrZelda, es procesi 100-jer ufro swrafi iqneba,
vidre bolo 10000 wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi mravali populacia
daiRupeba.

meliis populaciis warmoSoba
subpopulaciebi gavrceldnen Crdi-

loeTiT da samxreTiT da gaiyvnen
pirobebis gansxvavebis gamo maTze ganxorcielda

gansxvavebuli seleqciuri zewola, ramac gamoiwvia
gansxvavebul saxeobaTa ganviTareba
civ klimatTan Segueba:

sqeli bewvi; mokle kudi, Tbil klimatTan Segueba:
yurebi,fexebi da drunCi; Txeli bewvi: grZeli ku-
Ria Seferiloba di, yurebi, fexebi da
drunCi; muqi Seferiloba
samxreTuli populacia CrdiloeTuri populacia
arqtikis mela nacrisferi mela
sur.5.4. TeTri da nacrisferi meliebis populaciebi [1].
5.1.5. cvalebadobis zRvrebi _ adaptireba, migracia Tu gadaSeneba

Tu romelime bioturi an abioturi faqtori icvleba, maSin ekosistemis yoveli
saxeoba sami SesaZleblobis winaSe dgeba:
1. xelaxali adaptireba, SesaZloa axali saxesxvaobis SeqmniTac, bunebrivi seleqciis
gziT, imisaTvis, rom Seeguos axal pirobebs;
2. gadainacvlos da daisakuTros iseTi axali adgili, sadac pirobebi misi
pirvelsamyofeli adgilis msgavsi iqneba;
3. Tu wina ori piroba ver ganxorcielda, saxeoba gadaSendeba.
axal garemoSi mdgradi aRmoCndeba populaciis is individebi, romelTa genebSi
ukve arsebobs momzadebuli, axali garemosadmi Seguebis unaris mqone alelebi. aseTi
individebis momdevno Taobebi sul metad da metad moergebian Secvlil garemos, rasac
sakmaod xangrZlivi dro dasWirdeba.
arsebobs ramdenime Zalze mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli, romlebic gansazRvraven
saxeTa Seguebis unars. aseTebia:
cvlilebebis siCqare da xarisxi. magaliTad, Tu klimati icvleba neli tempiT,
vTqvaT, aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi, maSin organizmebma SesaZloa moaswron ufro
Tbili an ufro civi klimatisadmi Segueba, Sesabamisi adaptirebis da bunebrivi SerCevis
gziT. imavdroulad, Zalze mniSvnelovania temperaturis cvlis sidide. mag., Tu
temperaturam 450C-ze zeviT aiwia, es gamoiwvevs proteinebis daSlas da, amrigad,
organizmis mier Semgueblobis unaris dakargvas, Sedegad _ organizmis daRupvas.
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geneturi saxesxvaobebi sawyis populaciebSi. Tu sawyis populaciaSi arsebobs
didi geneturi mravalferovneba, maSin, zogierTs mainc aRmoaCndeba iseTi alelebi,
romlebic SesaZlebels gaxdian Seeguon axal pirobebs. xolo Tu populacia mcire da
erTgvarovania, maSin mis kodSi naklebad aris mosalodneli Seguebis unaris mqone
alelebis arseboba da saxeobas gadaSeneba daemuqreba.
saxeTa bioturi potenciali. Zalze mniSvnelovania, mag. gamravlebis unari – Tu
ra siswrafiT SeuZlia gamravleba ama Tu im saxeobas, Tu individs. swrafi gamravlebis
(mravalSvilianobis) unaris mqone individebis gadarCenis SesaZlebloba ufro metia,
vidre neli gamravlebis (mcireSvilianobis) unaris individebisa.
organizmis zoma. mcire zomis organizmebis Segueba-gadarCenis unari ufro metia,
vidre didi tanis organizmebis.
geografiuli gavrceleba. rac ufro did farTobebzea gansaxlebuli organizmebi,
miT ufro metia maTi Segueba-gadarCenis SesaZlebloba.
sur. 5.5. veSapebs, romlebic Ziri-

Tadad planqtoniT ikvebebian, kolosa-
luri odenobis sakvebi esaWiroebaT.
gareSe pirobebisadmi maTi Seguebis una-
ri bevrad ufro naklebia, vidre mcire
zomis cxovelebis an mikroorga-
nizmebisa.

nawili III. wonasworobis povna populaciis, niadagis,
wylisa da sakvebis warmoebas Soris
wignis meore nawilis Sesabamis TavebSi ukve aRvniSneT, rom ekosistemis mdgra-
dobisaTvis aucilebelia davicvaT wonasworoba produqciis warmoebasa da moxmarebas
Soris populaciaTa raodenobis regulirebis gziT. es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba adamian-
Ta populaciebis ricxovnobas regionuli Tu globaluri masStabiT.
Tavi 6. populaciis afeTqeba: mizezebi da Sedegebi
6.1. populaciis afeTqeba

6.1.1. mxolod cifrebi
bolo saukuneebSi dedamiwis mosaxleobis zrda aCqarebuli tempiT mimdinareobs.
daaxloebiT 200-150 wlis win Cvens planetaze cxovrobda 1 miliardamde adamiani.
mis gaormagebas 100 weli dasWirda, kidev 1 miliardiT gazrdas – 30 weli, xolo
Semdegi 1 miliardiT zrdas 15 weli. 1992 wels msoflios mosaxleobis raodenobam
5,42 miliards miaRwia. sainformacio samsaxurebis monacemebiT, mosaxleobis odenoba
1998 w. aRwevs 6 miliards, 2009 w. – 7 miliards, 2020 w. – 8 miliards, 2046 w.
– 10 miliards, xolo im saukunis damlevs – 12 miliards, Tu, rasakvirvelia, SenarCunebuli
iqneba gamoTvlisaTvis gamoyenebuli gamravlebis tempi (sur. 6.1 da 6.2).
q-qristemde, Cw – Cveni welTaRricxviT
sur.6.1. msoflio mosaxleobis odenobis zrdis grafiki [1].
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9000
8000
sur. 6.2. msoflios mosa-
xleobis zrda regionebis
msoflios mosaxleoba (milionebSi)
7000
okeania mixedviT 1950-2025 ww. [16].
6000 CrdiloeT amerika
5000 laTinuri amerika
afrika
4000
evropa (yofili
3000 ssrk-s CaTvliT)
azia
2000
sul
1000
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
6.1.2. mdidari da Raribi qveynebi

msoflio iyofa qveynebis sam ZiriTad ekonomikur jgufad:
1. maRalSemosavliani, maRalganviTarebuli industrializebuli qveynebis jgufi,
rogoricaa: aSS, kanada, iaponia, avstralia, dasavleTi evropa (didi britaneTis
CaTvliT), skandinavia;
2. saSualoSemosavliani, saSualod ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufi, rogoricaa:
ZiriTadad laTinuri amerika (meqsika, centraluri amerika, samxreTi amerika), Crdilo
da dasavleTi afrika, aRmosavleTi azia;
3. dabali Semosavlebis mqone qveynebis jgufi.
maRalSemosavlian qveynebs xSirad uwodeben ganviTarebuls, xolo danarCenebs
ganviTarebads an mesame msoflios. maRalganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleoba mTeli
mosaxleobis 25% Seadgens, magram ganagebs msoflio simdidris 80%, xolo naklebad
ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleoba, romelic Seadgens mTeli mosaxleobis 75%,
flobs msoflio simdidris mxolod 20%. imavdroulad, dabalSemosavlian qveynebSi
gamravlebis tempi yvelaze metia – afeTqebiTi, vinaidan iq yvelaze maRalia Sobadoba.
zog qveyanaSi es tempi imdenad didia, rom maT SeuZliaT gaaorkecon mosaxleobis
odenoba yovel 20-30 weliwadSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, kulturulad maRalganviTarebul
qveynebSi suladobis mateba TiTqmis ar xdeba.
mosaxleobis odenobis aseTi swrafi tempiT zrdam rigi problema Seqmna garemos
mdgradobis TvalsazrisiT. cnobilia, rom yoveli adamiani moixmars bunebrivi resursebis
garkveul odenobas da raRac doziT mavne zemoqmedebas axdens garemoze. amitom, rac
metia mosaxleoba, miT metia danaxarji da ziani. imavdroulad izrdeba narCenebis, maT
Soris mavne narCenebis raodenoba, didi mniSvneloba aqvs am procesSi adamianTa
cxovrebis wess, romelic ar aris yvela regionSi erTnairi. zogi qveynis mosaxleoba
gacilebiT met bunebriv resurss moixmars, met zians ayenebs garemos da met narCenebs
qmnis, vidre sxva regionis mosaxleoba.

ricxovnobis saSualo
wliuri mateba (aTwleulebi)
ganviTarebadi qveynebi
milionebi
ganviTarebuli qveynebi
wlebi
miliardebi
ganviTarebadi qveynebi
ganviTarebuli qveynebi
wlebi
sur.6.3. mosaxleobis zrda ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi. a) mosaxleobis
saSualo-wliuri mateba aTwleulebis mixedviT, b) ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis
wili saerTo odenobaSi.
mosaxleobis
zrda
15%-ze meti
12.5 - 15%
10 - 12.5%
7.5 - 10%
5 - 7.5%
2.5 - 5%
0 - 2.5%
-2.5 - 0%
-5 - -
naklebi
2.5% vidre -5%
monacemebi ar aris
0 km 1000
sur.6.4. mosaxleobis odenobis zrda evropaSi 1980-88 ww. saqarTvelo, sadac

mosaxleobis ricxvis zrda zomieria, garSemortymulia qveynebiT, mosaxleobis zrdis
maRali da umaRlesi maCveneblebiT [18].
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mosaxleobis
simWidrove
500-ze meti
101-500
51-100
26-50
6 - 25
5 an naklebi
monacemebi ar aris
0 km 1000
sur.6.5. mosaxleobis simWidrove evropaSi 1989 w.
6.1.3. afeTqebiTi gamravlebis Sedegebi

naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrda, siRaribe da
garemos degradacia erTmaneTTan aris gadajaWvuli. mosaxleobis mzardi gamravlebis
gamo mcirdeba miwis farTobis odenoba erT sul mosaxleze (ojaxze), saWiro xdeba
miwaTmoqmedebaSi sul axal-axali teritoriebis, maT Soris ekologiurad faqizi
ubnebis CarTva (tyeebis gakafva, cicabo ferdobebis damuSaveba, Waobebis da bunebrivi
wyalsatevebis daSroba da a.S.). saWiro xdeba meti energiis miReba, rac aseve zrdis
tyis gakafvis intensivobas, ganamarxebuli sawvavis mzard moxmarebas, radioaqtiuri
nivTierebebis farTod gamoyenebas energiis axali wyaroebis Sesaqmnelad. cnobilia,
rom braziliis da samxreTi amerikis tropikuli tyeebis gaCexili farTobebis 2/3
sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis axali ubnebis Seqmnaze modis. amas Sedegad mohyva
biomravalferovnebis da bioproduqtiulobis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, saboloo jamSi
ki _ mosaxleobis damSeva.
cicabo ferdobebis damuSavebam gaaZliera niadagis erozia, zvavebis da mewyerebis
gaaqtiureba da, saboloo jamSi, sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis produqtiulobis Semcireba.
tyeebis da niadagebis ganadgurebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala klimati, Semcirda nale-
qianoba, daiSrita an Semcirda miwisqveSa wylebis maragebi, gaZlierda qaris zemoqmedeba
da qarismieri erozia. mosaxleoba veRar axerxebs miwebis dasvenebas da xdeba misi
uwyveti damuSaveba, ris Sedegadac aseve xdeba niadagis nayofierebis dacema. msoflio
mosaxleobis 60%, anu TiTqmis 3 miliard adamians, ara aqvs xis garda sxva sawvavi.
mosaxleobis swrafi tempiT zrdam gamoiwvia xe-tyeze didi moTxovna da xarji, ris
gamoc ver eswreba tyeebis aRdgena. ukve 2000 wlisaTvis 3 miliardamde Raribi
adamiani dadgeba xe-tyis mwvave naklebobis problemis winaSe.

sur.6.6. SimSiliT gamowveuli efeqti (marcxena suraTi) advilad SeiZleba gamoswordes
(marjvena suraTi), Tu Careva droulad moxda. amis maCvenebelia es suraTic, romelzec
asaxulia venesueleli 2 wlis gogonas mdgomareoba normaluri kvebis 10 Tvis Tavze.
soflis gaRatakebuli mosaxleoba qalaqebSi midis ukeTesi cxovrebis imediT

(sur. 6.7). mesame samyaros qalaqis mosaxleoba swrafad izrdeba da mravalmilionian
dasaxlebebs qmnis. swrafad mzardi qalaqebis Raribuli dasaxlebebi mZime sanitariul
pirobebSi cxovrobs (sur. 6.8.). meqsikis dedaqalaqis 20 milioniani mosaxleobidan 7
milioni cxovrobs kanalizacias moklebul ubnebSi, ris gamoc Zlier aris dabinZurebuli
niadagi da gruntis wylebi. 1990 wels peruSi ifeTqa qoleris epidemiam, romelic
Semdgom mTel laTinur amerikaSi gavrcelda.
swrafad mzardma qalaqebma ver daakmayofila mozRvavebuli xalxi samuSao
adgilebiT. umuSevrobam kidev ufro gaaRrmava siRatake, rac gansakuTrebiT mZime
tvirTad daawva qalebs da bavSvebs. mravali maTgani iZulebuli xdeba gadayril
narCenebSi – nagavSi eZios sakvebi, rac kidev ufro zrdis epidemiebis gavrcelebas.
mZime ekonomikuri pirobebi mesame samyaros macxovrebelTa did nawils aiZulebs
miatovos samSoblo da eZios TavSesafari ganviTarebul qveynebSi. imigraciam iseT
masStabebs miaRwia, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebi iZulebuli xdebian gaataron gansakuT-
rebuli zomebi, Sewyviton an SezRudon qveyanaSi ucxoelTa SeSveba (mag., safrangeTi,
SeerTebuli Statebi da sxv.).
mosaxleoba da siuxve. produqciis siuxvis Seqmna, rac ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli, gulisxmobs bunebrivi resursebis, maT Soris energoresursebis
intensiur gamoyenebas, qveynis industrializacias, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs aseT
qveynebSi garemoze mavne zemoqmedebebs, iseTebs, rogoric aris naxSirorJangis,
gogirdJangis da sxva dambinZureblebis didi odenobiT haerSi gatyorcnas, qlor-
ftornaxSirbadebis Warbi moxmarebis gamo ozonis faris daSlas, mJave wvimebs, niada-
gis da wylis dabinZurebas. aSS, romlis mosaxleoba msoflio mosaxleobis mxolod
4,6% Seadgens, gamoyofs CO2-is msoflio emisiis 25%, anu mis yovel macxovrebelze
modis 20-30-jer meti naxSirorJangis gamonayofi atmosferoSi, vidre ganviTarebadi
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qveynebis macxovrebelze. mdgomareobas arTulebs isic, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis procesSi naklebad zrunaven garemos
mdgomareobaze, xSirad iyeneben moZvelebul teqnologiebs, manqanebs, danadgarebs da
sxv., rac aZlierebs garemos dabinZurebas.
2000
evropa yofili ssrk-s
CaTvliT
mosaxleoba (mln.)
1500 ganviTarebadi qveynebi
1000 ganviTarebuli qveynebi
yofili ssrk
500
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
sur. 6.7. msoflios regionebSi qalaqebis mosaxleobis odenoba da misi

zrdis tendenciebi: 1950-2000 ww. [18].
sur. 6.8. msoflio mosaxleobis did

nawils ar gaaCnia Sesaferisi sacxov-
rebeli [26].
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos Semdegi:

1. savsebiT cxadi gaxda mosaxleobis ricxovnobis stabilizaciis aucilebloba;
2. mosaxleobis dRes arsebuli odenobis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSic kontrolze
unda iqnes ayvanili zedmetZovebis, gautyeurebis, niadagis degradaciis da niadagebis
eroziis problemebi. rogorc mdidarma, aseve Raribma qveynebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
unda miaqcion tyeebis da niadagebis dazogviT moxmarebas da maT ganaxlebas;
3. unda iqnes gamoyenebuli energiis sxva, alternatiuli, aRdgenadi wyaroebi,
iseTebi, rogoricaa mzis, qaris, wylis, miwis siTbos energia;
4. am miznebis misaRwevad aucilebelia mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaTlebis
saTanado donemde amaRleba;
5. saxelmwifoebma Tavis Tavze unda aiRon da ganuxrelad ganaxorcielon garemos
dacvis valdebulebebi.

6.2. mosaxleobis zrdis dinamika
mosaxleobis zrdis siCqare sam faqtorzea damokidebuli: 1 – mosaxleobis
asakobriv Semadgenlobaze, anu imaze, Tu ramdenia moxucebuli, saSualo asakis,
axalgazrda da bavSvi; 2 – gamravlebis tempze; 3 – bavSvebisa da yrmebis sikvdilianobis
sidideze.
6.2.1. populaciis profili

mosaxleobis zrdis dinamikis Sesaxeb naTel warmodgenas iZleva am procesis
grafikuli gamoxazva, ise rogorc es aris ganxorcielebuli amerikis SeerTebuli
StatebisaTvis 1990 wlis monacemebiT (sur. 6.9.). SedarebisaTvis mogvyavs populaciis
profili keniisaTvis (sur. 6.10.).
a) gardacvaleba b)
1990 aRwera mosalodneli 1995 wlis Semdeg
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49 qali kaci
40 - 44
asaki
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24 dabadeba
15 - 19 TFR=2
10 - 14
5 - 9 TFR=3
0 - 4
6 4 2 0 2 4 6 4 2 0 2 4
mosaxleoba (SefardebiTi raodenoba)
sur.6.9. populaciis profili, aSS, 1990 wlis monacemebiT [1]. grafikis marcxena
mxares cifrebiT aRniSnulia asakobrivi jgufebi 0-dan 84 wlamde. feradi
marTkuTxedebiT naCvenebia asakobriv jgufebSi individTa raodenoba, aqedan mamakacebi
_ Sua xazis marcxniv da qalebi _ Sua xazis marjvniv. erTi da igive feri
miaxloebiT miuTiTebs mSoblebis _ STamomavlobis raodenobriv urTierTobebs. marjvena
suraTze (b) mocemulia prognozi, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos populaciis profili
1995 wlis Semdeg. amisaTvis yoveli ujra erTi safexuriT aris zeviT aweuli,
mocilebulia sul zeda ujra, xolo ZirSi damatebulia axali ujra, romelic
aRniSnavs axalSobilTa mosalodneli raodenobis or variants, Sobadobis saerTo
sididis 2 an 3 mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
populaciis monacemebi. keniis mosaxleobis swrafi zrda droebiTia da es Sewydeba

50-60 wlis Semdeg, Sobadobis tempis mowesrigebis SemTxvevaSic ki. es Cans populaciis
profilis piramididan, sadac gamravlebis unaris mqone asakobrivi jgufebi mcir-
ericxovania axlac da kidev ufro Semcirdeba momavalSi. amas ewodeba populaciis
momentumi (momentumi – inercia, mamoZravebeli Zala, biZgi, ingl.).
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a) b)
1990 aRwera mosalodneli 2000 wlis Semdeg
85+
80 - 84
75 - 79 gardacvaleba
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44 qali kaci
35 - 39
asaki
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19 dabadeba

10 - 14 TFR=6.7
5 - 9
0 - 4
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 18 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 18
mosaxleoba (SefardebiTi raodenoba)
sur.6.10. populaciis profili keniisaTvis 1990 w. monacemebiT (a) da savaraudo 2000 wlisaTvis (b). TvalSi sacemia mosaxleobis
raodenobaSi axalSobilTa da bavSvebis udidesi wili, profilis klebadi xasiaTi asakis matebasTan erTad, rac metyvelebs bavSvebisa
da mozardebis sikvdilianobis maRal maCvenebelze. keniaSi mosaxleobis odenobis SenarCuneba, Tu zrda, xerxdeba Zalian maRali
Sobadobis xarjze.
59
sur. 6.11. mesame msoflioSi gansakuTrebiT mZafria siRatake, maRalia bavSvTa da mozardTa
sikvdilianoba.
sur. 6.12. maTxovrebi Tbilisis quCebSi
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Tavi 7. problemebi mosaxleobis zrdis gamo
msoflio mosaxleobis afeTqebiTma gamravlebam, rogorc cnobilia, didi ziani

miayena garemos, realuri safrTxis winaSe daayena momavali Taobebis keTildReobis
sakiTxi. gansakuTrebiT rTuli viTareba Seiqna naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac
mZvinvarebs SimSili, nadgurdeba bunebrivi simdidreebi, binZurdeba haeri, wyali,
niadagi, mefobs antisanitaria, xSiria epidemiebi. msoflio mosaxleobis afeTqebiTi
zrdac swored aseTi qveynebis xarjze xdeba.
7.1. gamravlebis tempis cvalebadoba

wina qveTavebSi warmodgenili masalidan (mag. populaciis profilis grafiki)
naTlad Cans, rom gamravlebis tempi (xarisxi) klebulobs qveynis ganviTarebasTan,
misi ekonomikuri da kulturuli donis zrdasTan erTad. garkveva imisa, Tu ra
faqtorebi gansazRvraven am movlenas, SesaZleblobas mogvcems gamovimuSaoT swori
midgoma naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisadmi mosaxleobis zrdis sakiTxSi.
7.1.1. ratom mcirdeba gamravlebis tempi qveynis

ganviTarebasTan erTad
Sobadoba, anu bavSvebis raodenoba erT wyvilze, damokidebulia or ZiriTad
faqtorze: 1 – wyvilis survilze Tu ramdeni Svili surs iyolios, 2 – Sobadobis
SezRudvis SesaZleblobebze (mag. aborti, kontraceptivebis gamoyeneba), vinaidan
Sobadobis unarianoba, rogorc wesi, metia, vidre sasurveli odenoba. am or faqtors
emateba kidev araerTi socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtori, romelic mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs mosaxleobis gamravlebaSi, iqneba es qalaqSi, Tu sofelSi. rogorc
cnobilia, soflad mravalSviliani ojaxisadmi midrekileba metia, vidre qalaqSi. amis
mizezebi cnobilia: sofelSi qali ufro metad saxlTan da ojaxTan aris dakavSirebuli,
maSin, roca qalaqSi qalebis umetesoba msaxurobs da SezRudulia misi saSualebebi
mouaros bavSvebs; soflad bavSvebi mcirewlovani asakidan ebmebian SromaSi da ojaxi
dainteresebulia mravalSvilianobiT, qalaqSi ki bavSvebs didi zrunva sWirdebaT
swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis, rac did xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli; soflad Cvilebis
da bavSvebis sikvdilianoba ufro maRalia, vidre qalaqad, amitom, kompensirebisaTvis
saWiro xdeba mravali Svilis yola; zogi religia avaldebulebs qals iyolios bevri
Svili; religiis gavlena metia soflad, vidre qalaqSi; aborti da Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
saSualebebis gamoyeneba bevrad ufro SesaZlebelia qalaqSi, vidre soflad. SeiZleba
kidev sxva faqtorebis CamoTvla, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia ekonomikuri
SesaZleblobebi (samuSao, bina, xelfasi da sxv.),
industriul revoluciamde yvela qveyana ZiriTadad agraruli iyo (ager-agri-
mindori, veli, laT.). industrializaciasTan erTad daiwyo soflidan qalaqSi mosax-
leobis migracia. amitom, maRalganviTarebulma qveynebma Tavidan aiciles mosaxleobis
afeTqebiTi gamravleba. mesame msoflios qveynebSi ki industrializacia bevrad ufro
gvian daiwyo da bavSvTa maRali sikvdilianobis miuxedavad, jerjerobiT SenarCunebulia
mosaxleobis gamravlebis maRali tempi.

7.1.2. ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da Sobadoba
cnobilia, rom Sobadobis sidide klebulobs qveynis ekonomikur gaZlierebasTan
erTad. amis magaliTi araerTia. ganviTarebuli qveynebis daxmarebis wyalobiT, bolo
aTwleulebSi zogma qveyanam, iseTebma, rogoricaa samxreTi korea, singapuri, tailandi,
gasaocar Sedegebs miaRwies ekonomikuri siZlieris mxriv. amasTanave mniSvnelovnad
amaRlda mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donec. Semcirda Sobadoba kontraceptivebis mzardi
gamoyenebis Sedegadac, rac asaxulia sur. 7.1.
100
15-49 ww. asakis gaTxovili qalebis procenti,
90
80
70 korea
romlebic iyeneben kontraceptivebs
tailandi
60
kolumbia
50
meqsika
40
30
egvipte
bangladeSi
20
kenia
10 nepali
pakistani
0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
sur.7.1. kontraceptivebis gamoyenebis tendeciebi zog SerCeul qveyanaSi 1970-1987 wlebSi. kargad
Cans, rom kontraceptivebis gamoyeneba saerTod ki izrdeba, magram sxvadasxva sididiT: Zalze mcired
ganviTarebul qveynebSi da mniSvnelovnad im qveynebSi, romlebic swrafi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis gzaze
arian. tailandSi, 1960 wlidan, Sobadoba 7-dan 2,2-mde Semcirda.
7.1.3. ojaxis dagegmvis politika

mTeli rigi qveyana atarebs ojaxis dagegmvis politikas, mimarTuls Sobadobis
Semcirebisadmi. maTgan erT-erTia CineTi, sadac suladoba 1,2 miliards, anu msoflio
mosaxleobis TiTqmis erT mexuTeds Seadgens. suladobis zrdis SezRudvisaTvis
CineTis xelisuflebam ekonomikuri berketebi gamoiyena. didi SeRavaTebi dauwesa
uSvilo da erTSvilian ojaxebs, xolo erTze metSviliani ojaxebis mimarT daawesa
ekonomikuri sanqciebi. saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven sxva RonisZiebebsac: propagandas,
ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas, abortis legalizacias, kontraceptivebis xelmisawvdomobas
farTo fenebisaTvis, maT Soris xelmokle ojaxebisaTvis da sxv. amis miuxedavad,
msoflio masStabiT jerjerobiT ar aris miRweuli sasurveli Sedegebi da Sobadoba
jer kidev maRalia mesame msoflios umetes saxelmwifoebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom
maTi resursebi ar aris sakmarisi mosaxleobis gamosakvebad. Sedegad maRalia sikvdi-
lianoba da axalgazrdobis migracia sxva, ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
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Tavi 8. sakvebis warmoeba da ganawileba
suladobis iseTi swrafi zrda msoflioSi, rogoric naCvenebia sur. 6.1., pirvel
yovlisa did dartymas miayenebs mosaxleobis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofas, vinaidan dedamiwis
SesaZleblobebi am mxriv (noyieri niadagi, wyali, energia, sasuqebi) ar aris ganuzomeli.
2100 wlisaTvis ki, gamravlebis arsebuli maRali tempis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi,
mosalodnelia mosaxleobis gaorkeceba (sur. 8.1., 8.2., 8.3., 8.4.).
vargisi miwebi 12% sur.8.1. dedamiwis zedapiris mxolod

12% aqvs SesaZlebloba daakmayofilos
wyali da yinuli 72% saarsebo saSualebebiT adamianTa mniS-
vnelovani odenoba [2].
uvargisi miwebi (udabno,
tundra, Waobebi) 10%
msoflio 11 16 40 30
afrika 9 21 45 25
ssrk 10 17 34 39 sax navi,saTesi (%)
saT ibi, saZovar i (%)

CrdiloeT amerika 5 20 27 35
uvargi si (%)
laTinuri amerika 5 20 27 48 t ye (% )
samxreT az ia 22 19 40 25
aRmosavleT az ia 10 15 63 12
ekeania 4 54 33 9
evropa 31 18 23 28
sur.8.2. miwaTsargeblobis Sefardebebi msofliosa da calkeuli didi regi-

onebisaTvis. qalaqebisaTvis gankuTvnili teritoriebi ar aris naCvenebi maTi mcire
wilis gamo (1-2%).
sur.8.3. miwis farTobis mxo-

uvargisi miwebi 16 milardi lod 25% aris potenciurad
akri vargisi mosavlis misaRebad.
potenciurad vargisi 8
miliardi akri
potenciurad vargisi
saZovari 8 miliardi akri

tropikuli miwebi, SezRuduli uniadagobis da
uwylobis gamo 26 miliardi akri
Zalze mSrali, SezRuduli uwylobis gamo,

ZviradRirebuli 1-1,5 miliardi akri
gamosayeneblad vargisi ZviradRirebuli 0,5-1

mlrd.akri
amJamad kultivirebuli 35 miliardi akri
sur. 8.4. potenciurad vargisi miwebis mxolod mcire nawilis gamoyeneba xerxdeba
kultivirebisaTvis.
8.1. industriuli soflis meurneoba

arcTu didi xnis win, soflis meurneoba, ZiriTadad, wvrilfermeruli iyo,
gamoiyeneboda adamianis da cxovelebis fizikuri Sroma, magram industrializacia
sofelsac Seexo. amis magaliTia Tundac aSS, sadac mosaxleobis 3% qmnis am qveynis
mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis sakmaris sakvebs, ufro metic, axdens didi odenobiT sakvebis
eqsports. aseT produqtiulobas aSS da sxva ganviTarebulma qveynebma miaRwies sof-
lis meurneobis intensiuri meqanizaciiT, sadac fizikuri Sroma, ZiriTadad, manqana-
meqanizmiT xorcieldeba. aman ki moiTxova energoresursebis didi odenobiT gamoyeneba,
vargisi miwebis maqsimaluri CarTva soflis meurneobaSi, morwyvis aucilebloba did
teritoriebze, sasuqebis didi odenobiT Setana niadagebSi, mavneblebTan brZolis
axali meTodebis gamoyeneba _ upiratesad momwamlavi qimiuri nivTierebebis meSveobiT.
Seiqmna msxvili, maRalproduqtiuli sasaqonlo fermebi, ris gamoc, uxvad iqna
warmoebuli xorceuli sakvebi, magram aseTma fermebmac moiTxoves SromaSi manqana-
danadgarebis CarTva, aqedan gamomdinare yvela SedegebiT: Zalze gaizarda niadagze da
balaxeulze zewola (gadametZoveba), amis gamo sul axal-axali miwebi gaxda mosapovebeli
saZovrebisaTvis. maT mosapoveblad saWiro gaxda tyeebis gaCexva, Waobebis da Warbteniani
miwebis daSroba-aTviseba. pesticidebis uxvad gamoyenebam daabinZura niadagi da wyali
SxamqimikatebiT. es procesi mzardi tempiT viTardeba.
8.2. soflis meurneoba mesame samyaroSi

ganviTarebad qveynebSi soflis meurneoba umTavresad wvrilfermerulia, sadac,
ZiriTadad, gamoyenebulia xeliT Sroma da cxovelebis Zala. mraval aseT qveyanaSi
bunebrivi (klimati, wyali) pirobebi ar aris kargi, mosavlianoba dabalia, xolo
adamianTa Sobadoba maRali, ris gamo maT ar ZaluZT gamoikvebon Tavi. specialistTa
monacemebiT, dRevandel msoflioSi 1,2 miliardi adamiani absolutur siRatakes
ganicdis, maTgan umetesoba mesame samyaros macxovrebelia.
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Tavi 9. niadagi da niadagis ekosistema
mravalsaukunovani gamocdileba naTelyofs, rom civilizaciis mdgradobisaTvis

araferia imaze mniSvnelovani, vidre niadagis, miwis da wylis resursebis SenarCuneba.
araerTi civilizacia daiRupa imis gamo, rom am resursebis movlas ar mieniWa
Sesabamisi mniSvneloba. dRevandeloba gviCvenebs, rom arc Tanamedrove kacobriobam
gamoitana saTanado daskvnebi warsulis mware gakveTilebidan.
9.1. mcenareebi da niadagi

niadagi gareSe faqtorebisadmi metad mgrZnobiare da dinamiuri sistemaa, romlis
warmoqmna-mospobis procesi ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs. cnobilia, rom niadagi Sedgeba
qanebisa da mineralebis nawilakebisagan (abioturi Semadgeneli), agreTve cocxali
organizmebis naSTebisagan, romelTa uwyveti saxecvla mimdinareobs detritusis mWameli
da gamxrwneli organizmebis cxovelqmedebis Sedegad.
sur.9.1. niadagis ekosistema [18]. niadagis arseboba

gulisxmobs mineraluri nawilakebis, organuli det-
ritebis, detritusis mWameli organizmebis da gamx-
rwnelebis dinamiur erTianobas. romelime maTganis
gamokleba Zireulad Secvlis niadagis vargisianobis
xarisxs.
niadagma unda uzrunvelyos mcenareTa yvela saWiroeba sakvebze, mineralur

nivTierebebze, wyalze da Jangbadze. mcenareulis sicocxlisunarianobaze gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve SefardebiT mJavianobas (PH) da marilianobas (simlaSes).
niadagis yvela im Tvisebas, romelic uzrunvelyofs mcenareTa gamokvebas, niadagis
nayofiereba ewodeba.
suraTze 9.2. mocemulia niadagis zogi ZiriTadi tipis profili.

humusis
muqi, Txeli, Zalze cota
a horizonti qviSiani Sre humusi
humusiT
zeda fena rkinisa da muqi, rkinisa da
mdidari mowiTalo
aluminis mowiTalo aluminis
b horizonti an yviTeli
Ria narevi Semadgenlobis narevi
feris
g horizonti
Savmiwa niadagi wiwviani tyeebis tropikuli wvimebis tyeebis

naxevradmSrali klimati niadagi, teniani, niadagi (lateritebi)
grili klimati notio, cxeli klimati
sur.9.2. niadagebis 3 ZiriTadi tipis profili: balaxovani velebis, wiwviani tyeebis

da tropikuli tyeebis [2].
9.2. gaudabnoeba, erozia

niadagis mdgradobis SesanarCuneblad aucilebelia misi dacva eroziisagan da
degradaciisagan. eroziisagan niadagis dacvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria
mcenareuli safaris arseboba: tyis, buCqnaris, balaxeulis. mcenareuliT daucveli
niadagebi pirvel rigSi xdebian eroziis msxverplni (sur. 9.3, 9.4., 9.5., 9.6)
daculi niadagi daucavi niadagi
wvimis
Sxefebi
garecxva
qari
Sedegi
a b
sur.9.3. mcenareuli safari icavs niadags yoveli saxis eroziisagan (a); SiSveli niadagi fxvierdeba
da iSleba wvril nawilakebad wvimis SemTxvevaSi, xolo wylis nakadebs da qars advilad gaaqvT
niadagidan wminda masala, rCeba mxolod qva-RorRi (b). wminda masalasTan erTad niadagidan gaitaneba
sakvebi mineraluri da organuli nivTierebebic, Zlierdeba aorTqleba, niadagi Sreba da ifiteba,
nayofiereba ecema [1].
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sur. 9.4. eroziis Sedegi, Tbilisi.
wyliT erozia
niadagis dakargva, eqstremalurad mwvave
niadagis dakargva, Zlier mwvave

niadagis dakargva, zomierad mwvave
niadagis dakargva, naklebad mwvave
zedapiris dazianeba, gansakuTrebiT mwvave
zedapiris dazianeba, Zalze mwvave
zedapiris dazianeba, zomierad mwvave
zedapiris dazianeba, naklebad mwvave
mdgradi bunebriv pirobebSi
mdgradi mudmivi movlisas
stabilizacia adamianis Carevis gamo
mTebi da myinvarebi
0 km 1000
sur. 9.5. wylismieri erozia evropaSi. kavkasiaSi erozia maqsimaluria kavkasionze, gansakuTrebiT
mis RerZul-wyalgamyof qedze [18].
tyeebis intensiurma gaCexvam, tyis xanZrebma da zomaze metad Zovebam dedamiwaze

udabnoebis da naxevradudabnoebis vrceli areebi warmoSva (sur. 9.7.).

sur.9.6. eroziiT gamowveuli ziani p.zaxarovis mixedviT [3]
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gaudabnoebis riski
Zalian maRali
maRali
zomieri
gaudabnoebis midrekilebis ar mqone
udabnoebi
sur.9.7. udabnoebi da gaudabnoebis safrTxis qveS arsebuli areebi [1].
69
sur.9.8. udabnos warmoSobas, klimatu-
ri faqtorebis garda, didad uwyobs xels
adamianis araswori saqmianobac, mag., tyeebis
gaCexva. amis erT-erTi magaliTia amierkav-
kasiis naxevradudabnoebi md. mtkvris Sua-
welSi.
sur.9.9. gaudabnoebis sa-

winaaRmdegod erT-erTi yve-
laze metad efeqturi Ronis-
Ziebaa tyeebis xelovnuri
gaSeneba.
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9.3. irigacia, damlaSeba
niadagis xelovnuri gawylianeba-morwyva sayovelTaod aris cnobili da farTod
aris gavrcelebuli msoflioSi. amis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad maRldeba niadagis
nayofiereba, magram xelovnur morwyvas Tan axlavs niadagisaTvis saziano movlenebic,
iseTi, rogoric aris niadagis damlaSeba (sur.9.10 da cxrili 9.1).
sur.9.10. sarwyav wyals Tan

mosdevs wyalSi gaxsnili mineraluri
nivTierebebi _ marilebi, niadagis mor-
wyvis procesSi xdeba wylis aorTqleba
da marilebis niadagSi gamoleqva. mxo-
lod maT nawils iTvisebs mcenare, da-
narCeni niadagSi rCeba da mis damla-
Sebas iwvevs. amis gamo milionobiT
heqtari miwa irigaciis Semdeg ufro
cud mdgomareobaSia, vidre morwyvamde
iyo [1].
cxrili 9.1.
damlaSebis Sedegad gaudabnoebuli morwyuli miwebi (milion heqtarebSi)
damlaSebis Sedegad gaudabnoebuli morwyuli miwebi gaudabnoeba, %
sudani 3 30
samxreTi afrika 2 30
CrdiloeTi afrika 1 40
dasavleTi azia 8 40
samxreTi azia 59 35
yofili ssrk aziuri nawili 8 25
CineTi da monRoleTi 10 30
avstralia 2 19
xmelTaSua zRvis evropuli nawili 6 25
samxreTi amerika da meqsika 12 33
CrdiloeTi amerika 20 20
sul 131 30

9.4. niadagis sasuqebiT ganoyiereba
organuli da araorganuli sasuqebiT niadagebis xelovnurad ganoyiereba farTod
aris danergili mTels msoflioSi, ris Sedegad efeqturad xorcieldeba miwis nayo-
fierebis mniSvnelovani gazrda. organuli sasuqebi, rogorc wesi, uvnebelia niadagisa
da mcenareTaTvis. araorganuli sasuqebis xmareba ki garkveul zians ayenebs niadags,
aseve cocxal organizmebs, wyals da saerTod garemos, vinaidan maTi mniSvnelovani
nawili rCeba niadagSi, nawili ixsneba miwisqveSa wylebSi, xvdeba mdinareebsa da
wyalsatevebSi da abinZurebs maT (sur 9.11.)
Sinauri cxove-
lebis da frin- cxovelTa mier adamianTa mier
velebis sakvebi moxmareba moxmareba
araor-
gawmendili
ganuli sakvebi
nakelidan an gauwmen-
sasuqebi niadagSi
gamorecxva davi gamona-
(N,P,K)
(N da P) yofebi
sasuqebis (N da P)
Carecxva
(N,P)
zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebi
sur.9.11. wylis dabinZureba sinTezuri sasuqebiT [2].
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Tavi 10. mavneblebi da maTTan brZola
cnobilia, Tu raoden did zians ayeneben mavne organizmebi, iqneba es virusebi,

baqteriebi, Wiebi, mwerebi, cxovelebi Tu mcenareebi, adamianis janmrTelobas, cxovelTa
Tu mcenareTa samyaros. did zarals ganicdis maT gamo soflis meurneoba, sakvebi
produqtebis warmoeba.
10.1. mosavlis danakargebi mavneblebis gamo da pesticidebi

mwerebis, mcenareTa paTogenebis (paTos-wvaleba, berZ.), sarevela mcenareebis
zemoqmedebis gamo aSS sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis dasaxelebis 37% ikargeba, rac
wliurad 64 miliard aSS dolars Seadgens. maT winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis moixmareben
wliurad 500000 tona herbicids (herbi _ balaxi, kaeder _ mokvla, laT.) da
pesticids (mavnebelTa sawinaaRmdego qimikati), romelTa saerTo Rirebuleba 4 miliardi
aSS dolaris tolia. Sxamqimikatebis moxmarebis masStabebi msoflioSi yovelwliurad
izrdeba, rasac, dadebiTi Sedegebis garda, uaryofiTi Sedegebic Tan sdevs. maTgan
erT-erTia Sxamqimikatebis zemoqmedeba ara mxolod mavne organizmebze, aramed maTzec,
romelTa dasacavad gamoiyeneba herbicidebi Tu pesticidebi. cnobilia, rom mravali
maTgani mTel rig alergiul (allo _ sxva, erkon _ moqmedeba, berZ.) daavadebas
iwvevs adamianebSi Tu sxva cocxal organizmebSi, aqveiTebs maT imunoTvisebebs _
mavneblebTan erTad aramavneblebsac spobs.
mavneblebis sawinaaRmdego preparatebi, rogorc wesi, momwamvlel nivTierebebs,
mZime liTonebs Seicaven, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili niadagSi grovdeba da iqidan
sasmel wyalSi xvdeba. Sxamqimikatebis gamoyenebis mravali wlis praqtikam cxadyo isic,
rom mavne organizmebi droTa ganmavlobaSi eguebian maT, xdeba bunebrivi SerCeva, ris
gamoc saWiro xdeba am nivTierebebis sul ufro meti doziT gamoyeneba da axal-axali,
meti toqsikurobis mqone preparatebis warmoeba. amis sailustracioa sur. 10.1.
450
400 sur.10.1. pesticidebisadmi mdgradi saxeobebis

ricxvis zrda 1940-1980 wlebis ganmavlobaSi. pes-
arTrohoda (ZiriTadad mwerebi)
350 ticidebis gamoyenebis Sedegad moxda bunebrivi Ser-
mcenareTa paTogenebi Ceva (seleqcia) _ ufro mdgradi organizmebi gada-
sarevela rCnen da Seeguen Sxamqimikatebs, naklebad mdgradebi
300 _ daiRupnen. mrudebi uCveneben, Tu rogori tempiT
izrdeboda mdgradi saxeobebis odenoba oTxi aTeuli
250 wlis ganmavlobaSi. pesticidebis Semdgomi gamoyeneba
gamoiwvevs iseTi saxeobebis warmoqmnas, romlebic
kidev ufro mdgradni iqnebian.
200
150
100
50
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
wlebi

sayovelTaod aris cnobili e.w. ddt pesticidis ambavi. es Sxamqimikati Svedma
mecnierma pol miulerma 1938 wels Seqmna mavne mwerebis sawinaaRmdegod. preparatis
moqmedeba imdenad efeqturi iyo TiTqmis yvela mavne mwerisadmi, rom mTels msoflioSi
daiwyes misi moxmareba. preparatis avtori 1948w. nobelis premiis laureati gaxda.
magram, Semdgom wlebSi gairkva isic, Tu raodeni ziani miayena cocxal organizmebs am
preparatma. sakvebi jaWvebis moqmedebis Sedegad ddt moxvda mwerebis mWameli frinvelebis,
Tevzebis da cxovelebis organizmSi da maTi populaciebis daRupvis mizezad iqca
[sur. 10.2.].
1.wyalma da qarma
sanapiro qviSebi
gaamdidres ddt-Ti,
romlis raodenoba 2.zooplanqtonma 3.WiWyinam SeWama 4.WiWyina SeWama 5.didi Tevzebi
jer ar aris SeiTvisa ddt da zooplanqtoni: didma Tevzma: SeWama didma
didi: 0.00003 misi odenoba gaxda 0.5 ppm. 2.0 ppm. frinvelebma
0.04 ppm.
sur. 10.2. am suraTze asaxulia (ddt) koncentraciis TiTqmis 10 milionjeradi gazrda sakveb
jaWvSi [2].
irkveva, rom Sxamqimikatebi ver spoben sabolood mavneblebs, aramed droebiT

erevian maT, Semdeg ki xdeba mavne organizmebis aRorZineba, maTi momZlavreba seleqciis
gamo da kidev ufro metad saziano saxeobebis Camoyalibeba. amis gamo adamianebi
igoneben axal-axal, kidev ufro Zlier preparatebs, zrdian pesticidebiT brZolis
masStabebs, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs mavneblebis kidev ufro mdgradi populaciebis
warmoSobas da a.S., es procesi asaxulia sur. 10.3-ze.
10.2. pesticidebis daSlis unarianoba

qlorilebuli naxSirwyalbadebis _ farTod gavrcelebuli pesticidebis _
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa maTi mdgradoba, daSlis dabali tempi. mag. ddt-s naxevardaSlis
siCqare daaxloebiT 20 welia da es preparati kidev didxans iqneba niadagSi da wyal-
Si. amis gamo sasoflo-sameurneo mrewvelobam daiwyo SedarebiT swrafdaSladi pestici-
debis warmoeba, magram, imavdroulad, es axali preparatebi bevrad ufro momwamlavi
arian, vidre ddt. maRali efeqturobis misaRwevad saWiroa maTi meti doziT da
sixSiriT gamoyeneba, ris gamoc isinic aranakleb saSiSi gaxdnen adamianisa da sxva
cocxali organizmebisaTvis. cnobilia, rom advilad daSladi pesticidebis gamoyenebis
Semdeg kanadis tyeebSi 12 milioni frinveli daiRupa. iRupebian agreTve sxva aramavne
mwerebi da Wiebi, mag., futkrebi, peplebi, cicinaTelebi. rac Seexeba mavneblebs, isini,
rogorc mdgradi Sxamqimikatebis SemTxvevaSi, male eguebian axal preparatebsac.
PDF created
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10.3. alternatiuli meTodebi
mavnebel organizmebTan brZolis alternatiul, gacilebiT ufro usafrTxo an
saerTod uxifaTo meTodebs ganekuTvneba bunebrivi anu biologiuri meTodebi, sadac
oTx xerxs mimarTaven: kulturuls (kultura _ damuSaveba, laT.), bunebrivi mtris,
geneturi kontrolis da bunebrivi qimikatebiT brZolis.
kulturuli xerxebi kargad aris cnobili da araerTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba:
sarevela mcenareebis gamargvla, fizikuri amoZirkva, parazitebis winaaRmdeg sisufTaviT
brZola, Tagvebis xafangiT (da ara SxamqimikatebiT) mospoba da sxva.
kulturuli meTodis efeqturi gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelia mavne organizmebis
cxovrebiseuli ciklis Taviseburebebis Rrma codna. maT winaaRmdeg saWiroa moqmedeba
maSin, roca isini yvelaze naklebad arian daculni. mag., cnobilia, rom mravali mweri
cxovrebiseul ciklSi araerT stadias gadis: kvercxis, Wupris, matlis, peplis.
codniT aRWurvili meurne swored SearCevs im xerxebs, romlebic yvelaze metad
efeqturi iqneba mavneblis cxovrebis ciklis gansazRvrul stadiaze.
bunebrivi mtris SerCevis trivialuri (trivialis _ Cveulebrivi, laT.) magaliTia
Tagvebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis katebis gamoyeneba, frinvelebis meSveobiT mavne
mwerebTan brZola da sxv. mravali. dReisaTvis cnobilia, rom 2000-ze meti seriozulad
mavne mweridan jer kidev 20%-saTvis ar aris aRmoCenili efeqturi bunebrivi mteri,
radgan aravis ar ucdia maTi moZebna.
geneturi kontroli. mcenareebis mavnebeli mwerebis da paTogenebis umetesoba
azianebs romelime erT SerCeul saxeobas an erTmaneTis monaTesave saxeobaTa SezRudul
odenobas. sxva saxeobebis geneturi buneba, rogorc Cans, iseTia, rom mavneblebi ver
axerxeben maT daCagvras, amaze aris damyarebuli mavneblebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
geneturi meTodebi. SerCeva-Sejvarebis Sedegad mcenareebi gamoimuSaveben mavneblebidsadmi
gamZleobis genetur Tvisebebs. dakvirvebebma naTelyves, rom SejvarebiT axali geneturi
Tvisebebis gamomuSaveba mudmivad unda xdebodes, raTa mavneblebi ar Seeguon axlad
Seqmnil, maTTvis araxelsayrel garemos.
bunebrivi qimikatebis meTodi. mwerebis ganviTarebis yoveli stadia imarTeba
(iseve, rogorc adamianebsa da cxovelebSi) hormonebiT_qimiuri nivTierebebiT, romelTac
gamoimuSavebs organizmi. mwerebis organizmi gamoimuSavebs agreTve iseT qimiur niv-
Tierebebs, romlebic ganageben amave saxis sxva individebis moqmedebebs. aseTi bunebrivi
qimikatebi ar arian toqsikurebi. amis gamo SesaZlebeli xdeba maTi gamoyeneba mavnebel
mwerTa winaaRmdeg. magaliTad, muxluxos daWuprebis unari Seuwydeba Tu mas Seasxureben
mis mierve gamoyofil qimiur nivTierebas, romelsac ewodeba iuveniluri hormoni.
mwerebi gamoyofen iseT qimiur nivTierebas, romelic izidavs wyvils, magram am
nivTierebis Warbi odenobiT gasxurebis SemTxvevaSi mamlebi kargaven wyvilis povnis
unars, e.i. gamravlebis unarsac.
mavneblebTan brZolis yvela zemoT CamoTvlil meTodebs adamianma unda mimarTos
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mavneblebi did an gamousworebel zians ayeneben sxva
cocxal organizmebs.
10.4. sazogadoebrivi politika

pesticidebis ukontrolo xmareba gamousworebel zians ayenebs garemos, adamianis
da sxva cocxali organizmebis janmrTelobas. amis gamo civilizebuli saxelmwifoebi
cdiloben qmediTi kontroli daaweson maT warmoebaze, eqsport-importze da gamoyenebaze,
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rasac win uswrebs da Tan sdevs maTi Tvisebebis Seswavla, gamocda cocxal organizmebze
zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT. mraval saxelmwifoSi politikas pesticidebis warmoeba-
moxmarebis sferoSi gansazRvravs Sesabamisi kanonebi da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi, Seqmnilia
da moqmedebs specialuri makontrolebeli organizacia-dawesebulebebi. amis miuxedavad,
xSirad adgili aqvs maT ukontrolo warmoebas, imports, moxmarebas, rasac didi
ziani moaqvs mosaxleobisaTvis. amisi magaliTebi bevria, maT Soris saqarTveloSic.
SeiZleba gavixsenoT viTomc Sabiamnis Semcvleli nivTierebebis Semotana da moxmareba
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ris gamoc ganadgurda venaxebi.
sur. 10.4 pesticidebis ukontrolo gamoyenebis erTi magaliTi [1].

Tavi 11. wyali, misi brunva da resursebis marTva
wyali aucilebelia sicocxlisaTvis. igi aris universaluri gamxsneli, romlis

meSveobiT iReben cocxali ujredebi sakveb nivTierebebs. wyali organizmebis metaboluri
procesebis aucilebeli monawilea. mas organizmebidan gamoaqvs maTTvis arasaWiro
nivTierebebi.
dedamiwaze wyali didi odenobiT aris. misi zedapiris 70% uWiravs okeaneebs da
zRvebs, magram es wyali maRali marilianobiT xasiaTdeba, cocxali organizmebisaTvis
ki saWiroa mtknari wyali, romlis marilianoba 0,01%-ze naklebia. mtknari wylis
odenoba ki dedamiwaze Zalze SezRudulia da mTeli odenobis 1%-ze naklebia. mtknari
wyali araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli dedamiwaze. misi odenoba ganpirobebulia,
ZiriTadad, naleqianobiT.
wylis brunva biosferoSi ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, ris gamoc es resursi ga-
naxlebadia, amitom misi maragi, globaluri masStabiT, Teoriulad mainc, amouwuravia.
igi Zalze araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli dedamiwaze, ris gamoc mTeli rigi regionebi
wylis did naklebobas ganicdis. xSirad, zogi qveynis mosaxleoba uyairaTod eqceva
wyals, adgili aqvs misi maragis Semcirebas, amowurvas _ wylis Warbi moxmarebis gamo.
qvemoT ganvixilavT wyalTan dakavSirebul sam sakiTxs: 1-wylis brunva; 2-Tu
rogor xdeba wylis Warbi moxmareba da ra Sedegebi moyveba mas; 3-rogor unda
movixmaroT wyali, raTa SevinarCunoT misi maragebis mdgradoba.
11.1. wylis brunva

dedamiwis zedapirze wylis brunvis Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva sur. 11.1. pro-
cess hidrologiur cikls uwodeben. misi Semadgenelia: atmosferoSi wylis moxvedra
wylis zedapiridan aorTqlebis Sedegad, Semdeg misi kondensireba da wvimis (cvris,
namis) an Tovlis saxiT dabruneba miwis zedapirze. saWiroa agreTve aRiniSnos e.w.
iuveniluri wyali _ wyali modenili dedamiwis SigneTidan _ zeda mantiidan an,
SesaZloa, ufro qveda garsebidanac ki. amJamad aseTi wylis odenoba da misi roli
wylis ciklSi ar aris naTlad garkveuli, magram dedamiwis geologiur warsulSi
misi roli Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo. dedamiwis wyali, praqtikulad, mTlianad misi
SigneTidan aris gamoyofili da procesi dResac grZeldeba. wylis balansSi mniSvnelovania
agreTve Zveli, ganamarxebuli wylebi _ arteziuli auzebi. wylis mobrunalSi Zalze
mniSvnelovania misi gawmenda aorTqlebisa da niadagSi Jonvis Sedegad (sur.11.2 da 11.3).
Tovli da xmeleTidan wylis
naleqebi miwaze
yinuli 29 aorTqleba orTqli
110 000 km3
mln km3 70 000 km 3
atmosferoSi
sur.11.1. hidrologiuri cikli didi rezer-
13 000 km3
vuarebisaTvis [18].
naleqebi
zRvaze
390 000 km3
tbebi da mdinareebi aorTqleba

Cadineba
70 000 km3 zRvidan
xmeleTidan
430 000 km3
40 000 km3
gruntis wylebi okeaneebi
8 mln km3 1348 mln km3
PDF created
wylis gantvirTva
wylis sarke mdinaris kalapotSi
wyliT
gauJRenTavi zona
wyliT gaJRenTili
zona wyaluxvobisas
wyliT gaJRenTili
zona
sezonurad cvalebadi
wylis done
burRilSi
sur.11.2. miwisqveSa wylebis sistema [22].
11.2. wyalmoxmareba
wyalmoxmarebis or mxares ganvixilavT: raodenobrivs da xarisxobrivs. pirveli
pasuxobs kiTxvas _ aris Tu ara dedamiwaze wyali sakmarisi odenobiT, raTa
daakmayofilos adamianis saWiroebebi da ra zemoqmedebas axdens wylis resursebze,
mis mobrunalSi, adamianis SeWra. meore sakiTxi Seexeba wylis sisufTaves _ aris Tu
ara igi imdenad sufTa, rom ar Seuqmnas xifaTi adamianis da sxva cocxali organizmebis
janmrTelobas.
11.2.1. resursebi da wyalmoxmareba

mtknari wyliT sargeblobis or saxes arCeven: sargebloba daxarjviT da sargebloba
dauxarjavad. dauxarjavad wyalsargebloba gulisxmobs mis gamoyenebas xelmeored
imave adgilas. aseTia mag. wyalmoxmareba hidroeleqtrosadgurebSi, Sekruli ciklis
fabrika-qarxnebSi, sayofacxovrebo saqmianobaSi (recxva da sxv.), magram wylis sarwyavad
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi igi ixarjeba _ gaJonavs gruntSi, Seiwoveba mcenareTa mier.
marTalia, es wyalic sabolood daubrundeba dedamiwis zedapirs hidrologiuri
ciklis garkveul etapze, magram igi, Zalze xSirad, sul sxva adgilas, sxva regionSi
brundeba. amis gamo dedamiwaze bevria iseTi regioni, romlebic ganicdian mtknari
wylis sul metad mzard naklebobas da maTi maragebis daSretis saSiSroebis winaSe
dganan.
cxrili 11.1.
mtknari wylis maragebi msofliosa da evropisaTvis (1992 w.)

da misi amoRebis odenobebi [18]
mtknari wylis amoReba

mtknari wylis ganaxlebadi
maragebi (km3/weli) 1992 w. erT sul
Sefardeba ganaxlebad
sul (km3/weli) mosaxleze
resursebTan (%)
(m3/weli)
msoflio 40 000 3 240 656 8
evropa 3 100 480 700 15

3500
3000 azia
wyalze moTxovnileba (km3/weli)

CrdiloeT amerika
2500
evropa
2000 afrika
1500 okeania
1000
500
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
sur.11.3. bolo 3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi wyalmoxmareba 35-jer gaizarda. amJamad

misi moxmareba weliwadSi 4-8%-iT izrdeba. moxmareba 2000 wlisaTvis gaormagdeba, rac
asaxulia wylis amoRebis trendze sxvadasxva kontinentisa da didi regionebisaTvis [18].
wyalze moTxovnileba (km3/weli)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
sur.11.4. wyalze moTxovnileba evropaSi 1950-2000 wlebSi.
11.2.2. wyalmoxmarebis regulireba

qveynebi, romlebic wylis maragebis Semcirebis saSiSroebis winaSe aRmoCndnen am
resursis uyairaTo moxmarebis gamo, mimarTaven wyalsargeblobis regulirebis politikas.
pirvel rigSi, aseTi saxelmwifoebi qmnian Sesabamis kanonebs da sxva normatiul
dokumentebs, romlebic savaldebuloa wyliT mosargebleebisaTvis. aseTia mag.,.
licenzirebis sistema (licenzia _ nebarTva, laT.), gadasaxadebi wyalmoxmarebaze.
gadasaxadebis wesis Tanaxmad, misi odenoba wylis erTeulze izrdeba moxmarebuli
wylis odenobis proporciulad. sasmeli wylis maragebis da misi moxmarebis moculobebis
Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva cxrili 11.1. sur 11.3. da 11.4.
PDF created
nawili IV. dabinZureba
kacobriobis suladobis zrdasTan, mrewvelobis da soflis meurneobis indust-

rializaciasTan erTad ganuwyvetliv matulobs haeris, wylis da niadagis dabinZurebis
xarisxi. aman ukve Seqmna mZime viTareba mTel rig qveynebSi. momavalSi viTareba kidev
ufro gauaresdeba, Tu kacobriobam ar ipova dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqturi
saSualebebi da ar ganaxorciela saWiro RonisZiebebi globaluri masStabiT (sur.12.1).
mZime liTonebi
myari narCenebi
radiaqtiuri narCenebi
suspenziuri nawilakebi
wyalSi Seqmnili
mrewvelobis narCenebi
naxSirorJangi
navTobi
gogirdorJangi da
sulfatebi
narCeni siTbo
momavali
momavali
qimiuri sasuqebi arsebuli

arsebuli
organuli Txevadi narCenebi
azotis orJangi
nagavi, skore
radiaqtiuri narCenebis
sawyobebi
pesticidebi
naxSirwyalbadebi haerSi
fotoqimiuri oqsidebi
xmauri
naxSirorJangi
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
sur. 12.1. garemoze miyenebuli zianis Sefaseba: amJamad da momavalSi.

Tavi 12. naleqebi, sakvebi da evTrofikacia
surTze 12.2. naCvenebia dabinZurebis umTavresi saxeobebi da maTi gamomwvevi

mizezebi.
mtver
i
eb
i erozia uwvadi wa
r m
eq na moJav
na
l naSTi er mq is
T mn
soflis eb el
naxSirze
i
okeane
i
meurneoba
momuSave
samTamadno qarxnebi
tyis Wra
gamodnoba
CO 2
Camdinare wylebis mSenebloba
sakvebii
gamwmendebi
zedmet
wyalsacavebi sasuqebi, gamorecxva
CFC`S
sasoiflo-sameurneo kondicionerebi,
miwebidan
macivrebi
zogi sawarmos
pirdapiri
gamonayofi
nebli
i
gamotutva
Ce v u
ganTavsebis
rT
nar
adgilebidan
bi
gamotutva
mindvrebidan,
baRebidan, yanebidan
i/
t gabneva d
e b bi
e
qioqs i d
mi i icci
ka ku s t bi
te ri p e er
bi h
tba
mdinare
sur. 12.2. dabinZurebis ZiriTadi mizezebi [1].
12.1. evTrofikacia
evTrofikacias ganicdian sakvebi organuli nivTierebebiT zomaze metad gamdid-
rebuli da JangbadiT gaRaribebuli marCxi wyalsatevebi, ris gamoc wyalsatevebSi
xdeba wyalmcenareTa swrafi zrda, misi amovseba da wyalsatevis kvdoma. process
gansakuTrebiT uwyobs xels sasoflo-sameurneo miwebidan da fermebidan organuli
nivTierebebis da sasuqebis didi odenobiT Catana (sur. 12.3. da 12.4.).
PDF created
kulturuli evTrofikacia
sakvebi da naleqebi,
e
aTl
ganlagebuli miwaze
sin
fotosinTezis
gazrda O2
a
reb
qalaqidan
oki
erozia bl Camorecxva
sasuqebis
Carecxva sakvebiT
is
naxmari
Tl
gamdidreba wylebi
a
sin
naleqebi fitoplanqtonis momravleba sakvebi

wyalmcenareebis CaZirva
wyalm- daCrdilva
cenareTa zrdis Sewyveta
daRupva No O2
detriitusi
b
gamxrwnelebi Wamen
detrituss da STanTqaven
Jangbads Tevzebi da kiborCxalebi
O2 ixocebian Jangbadis
naklebobis, sakvebis
Semcirebis da garemos
moSlis gamo
sur.12.3. evTrofikaciis Sedegebi: a-bunebrivi wyalsatevebi Cveulebriv ar arian zedmetad

gamdidrebuli sakvebi nivTierebebiT, ekosistema gawonasworebulia, wyalsatevi mdidaria
JangbadiT, wyali sufTaa da kargad atarebs mzis sinaTles, ris gamoc wylis binadrebisaTvis
cxovrebis normaluri pirobebia Seqmnili; b- wyalsatevis irgvliv intensiuri soflis
meurneobis gamo, masSi uxvad Caedineba organul nivTierebebiT gamdidrebuli nakadebi,
niadagidan gamorecxili myari nawilakebi da sasuqebi. wylis simRvrive matulobs. fitop-
lanqtonis swrafi gamravleba xdeba wylis zedapirze, mzis Suqi naklebad aRwevs siRrmeSi,
wyali gaRaribebulia JangbadiT; g- mkvdari wyalmcenareebis daleqva kidev ufro amcirebs
wyalSi gaxsnil Jangbads, rac iwvevs Tevzebis, kiborCxalebisa da sxva binadarTa da-
Rupvas, wyalsatevis srul evTrofikacias [1].

araorganuli bunebrivi Carecxva nakeli (nitratebi,
sasuqebi (nitratebi, fosfatebi,
(nitratebi, fosfatebi) amoniumi)
fosfatebi)
tbis ekosis-
Jangeulebi da damuSavebuli miw-
tema sakvebiT ga-
azoti Sida wvis dajereba, qimiuri ebidan, agreTve
Zravebidan sabadoTa narCene-
ciklis daqvei-
Teba bidan eroziiT
Catana
municipaluri Cam- municipaluri

dinare gauwmendavi Camdinare gawmendili detergentebi
wylebi (nitratebi, wylebi (nitratebi, (nitratebi)
fosfatebi) fosfatebi)
sur.12.4. evTrofikaciis gamomwvevi xelovnuri wyaroebi.
12.1.1. Waobebi da evTrofikacia

Waobebi da Warbteniani adgilebi cocxali organizmebiT mdidar da mravalfero-
van ekosistemebs qmnian, magram maTi sasargeblo zemoqmedeba garemoze gamoixateba
agreTve imiT, rom asruleben wylis gamwmendebis _ filtrebis rols. Camdinare
wylebi, xSirad dabinZurebuli sxvadasxva nivTierebebiT, Waobiani adgilebis gavlisas
iwmindeba. mag., kolxeTis Waobebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi. kolxeTis Waobebi, imav-
droulad, bevri migrirebadi frinvelis Sesvenebis, zogis ki _ sezonuri an mudmivi
sacxovrebeli adgilia.
evTrofikacias Waobiani adgilebic ganicdian, xSirad es procesi bunebriv pirobebSic
xorcieldeba. magaliTad, zogi mecnieris azriT, evTrofikaciis saSiSroebis winaSea
kolxeTSi paliastomis tba, Tumca es sakiTxi ufro Rrma Seswavlas moiTxovs.
evTrofikaciasTan brZolis saSualebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva sur. 12.5.
evTrofikaciasTan brZolisaTvis, rogorc motanili sqemidan Cans, saWiroa Camdinare
wylebis gawmenda organuli nivTierebebisagan, niadagis dacva eroziisagan, wyalsatevebis
napirebis dacva, raTa miwis zedapiridan Carecxili nivTierebebis rac SeiZleba
mcire nawili moxvdes wyalSi, miT umetes, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis da
fermebis sxvadasxva samrewvelo sawarmoebis wyalsatevebTan axlo ganlagebis
SemTxvevaSi (sur. 12.6.).
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m i w a
municipaluri organuli organuli organuli

Camdinare nakeli
sasuqebis sasuqebi sasuqebis
wylebi
gamoyeneba gamoyeneba
tbis ekosistema
araor- Semcireba miwaT- Care-
ganu- gamoyenebis Semcireba (nutrientebiT cxva
li sa- cxoveluri narCenebi gadajerebis sargeblobaze mkacri
suqebi da Camdinare wylebi kontroliT
Semcireba)
X X
azotis Jangeu- detergentebi

lebi. Sida wvis (fosfatebis
Zravebis Secvla akrZalva)
sur.12.5. wyalsatevSi moWarbebuli nutrientebis (sakvebis) Semcirebis detaluri sqema [2].
sakvebis aRwarmoebis
axali xerxi
cxovelis gamonayofebis
Semcavi Camdinare wyali
sakvebiT gamdidrebuli
wyali Zveli xerxi iwvevs
evTrofikacias
Semkrebi gubura sakvebiT

mdidari naxmari wylis
dasagroveblad
sur. 12.6. Zroxebis fermidan da yanidan gamorecxili narCenebis gawmendis sqema. im SemTxvevaSi,
roca Tavlidan da yanidan gamorecxili sasuqebi da cxovelebis gamonayofi uSualod mdinareSi xvdeba,
es abinZurebs mdinares da wyalsatevs, romelsac mdinare erTvis. amis Tavidan asacileblad unda
moewyos gamwmendi gubura, rac, wylis sisufTavis SenarCunebis garda, saSualebas iZleva organuli
nivTierebebi kvlav gamoviyenoT sasuqebad [1].

Tavi 13. naxmari Camdinare wylebi
kacobriobis momavali mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli naxmari Camdinare wylebis

gasufTavebis da iqidan sasargeblo komponentebis mopovebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaze.
Camdinare wylebis gasufTavebaze didad aris damokidebuli, agreTve, adamianebis jan-
mrTeloba. am saqmianobaSi arsebobs garkveuli gamocdileba da tradiciebi, saWiroa
maTi ganmtkiceba, gawmendis axali meTodebis, zog SemTxvevaSi alternatiuli midgomebis
SemuSaveba, romelTa meoxebiT moxerxdeba Camdinare wylebis gawmenda da iq moxvedrili
sasargeblo komponentebis xelaxali gamoyeneba (sur.13.1).
sur.13.1. wylis moxmarebis da gawmendis kontrolis dRevandeli TviTgamwmendi xazovani

sistemis Sedareba wriul ciklTan.
13.1. Camdinare wylebis gawmenda

13.1.1. gauwmendavi Camdinare wylebi da adamianis janmrTeloba
gauwmendavi Camdinare wylebi mravali daavadebis, maT Soris infeqciuri daavadebebis
gaCenis da gavrcelebis ZiriTadi wyaroa. adamianebisa da sxva cocxali organizmebis
eqskrementebi, inficirebuli sxvadasxva paTogenebiT (baqteriebi, virusebi, parazite-
bi), Seicaven didi odenobiT muclis tifis, qoleris, salmonezis, diariis, infeqciuri
hepatitis, poliomielitis, dizenteriis, araerTi parazitis uamrav organizms da
kvercxebs.
manamde, sanam adamiani aRmoaCenda kavSirs Camdinare wylebis sisufTavesa da
avadmyofobebs Soris, qalaqebSi epidemiebi sakmaod xSiri movlena iyo. SemdgomSi
Camdinare wylebis gasufTavebas saTanado yuradReba mieqca, Tumca dResac msoflios
mosaxleobis 1,2 miliardi adamiani moklebulia Camdinare wylebis gawmendis saSualebas.
aqedan umTavresi nawili modis mesame samyarosa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebze.
Zalze arasaxarbieloa am mxriv mdgomareoba saqarTveloSic, sadac mTeli rigi qalaqebis
Camdinare wylebi saerTod ar iwmindeba.
kacobriobis mniSvnelovani nawili qronikulad aris daavadebuli sxvadasxva
parazitiT da TviTonac warmoadgens daavadebebis gavrcelebis wyaros.
PDF created
infeqciis
agentebis
matareblebi
adamiani
cxoveli
transporti (haeriT,
wyliT, sakvebiT)
mcenare
gadamtanebi (tkipa, koRo,
buzi da sxv.) adamiani
niadagi
individi-individs (pirda-
piri kontaqtiT, arapir-
aracoc-
dapiri gziT, nivTierebiT
xali niv-
_ sagnebiT, narCenebiT,
Tierebebi
xvelebiT, laparakiT)
organuli
nivTie-
rebebi
sur. 13.2. infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebis gzebi.
13.1.2. Camdinare wylebis gadamuSaveba

Camdinare wylebSi dabinZurebuli nivTierebebi sxvadasxva saxiT aris: organuli
da araorganuli nivTierebebis didi zomis myari nawilakebi, organuli da araorganuli
nivTierebebis mcire zomis nawilakebi, koloiduri da gaxsnili organuli nivTiere-
bebi, gaxsnili araorganuli nivTierebebi. am meqanikuri da gaxsnili minarevebisagan
Camdinare wylebis gasawmendad Seqmnilia mTeli rigi teqnologiuri, met-naklebad
sruli sistemebi. maTgan yvelaze martivi sistemebi mxolod msxvili meqanikuri
minarevebis mocilebas axorcieleben, yvelaze srulyofilebi ki axdenen rogorc
meqanikuri, aseve wyalSi gaxsnili minarevebisagan gawmendas. aseTi sistemebis sqema
aris mocemuli sur 13.3-ze.
wylis gawmendis Sedegad, sufTa wylis garda, araerTi sasargeblo nivTiereba
miiReba. maT Soris yvelaze metia organuli nivTierebebis leqi, romelic karg organul
sasuqs warmoadgens da mowinave qveynebis mier farTod gamoiyeneba soflis meurneo-
baSi. Camdinare wylebis gawmendisas miiReba agreTve biogazi, romelic gamoiyeneba
sawvavad.
mTel rig qveynebSi farTod dainerga Camdinare wylebis individualuri gawmendis
sistemebi, romelTa sqema warmodgenilia sur 13.4-ze.

winaswari gawmenda
qviSis da namsxvrevebis mocileba
siCqare ecema, msxvili
nawilakebi ileqeba
cxauri
qviSis
gauwmendavi meqanikuri mocileba
wyali gawmenda
saleqaosken
pirveli gawmenda wyali jebirTan
myari organikis mocileba kargavs siCqares,
organuli nawilak-
ebi ileqeba. gaedi-
mbrunavi saxnisi neba SedarebiT
gawmendili wyali
cximi da zeTebi moeqceva Tavze qafis saxiT

gauferulebuli kompostireba
talaxis
wyali gawmenda
talaxis anaerobuli damuSaveba
mocileba
sasuqebi meTani
meoradi gawmenda mikroorganizmebi rCebian da Seudgebian
koloiduri da gaxsnili organuli wylis Semdegi ulufis gawmendas
nivTierebebis mocileba
aqtivizirebuli talaxis sistema

mikroorganizmebi
Wamen organul saaeracio varcli
nivTierebebs
JangbadiT mdidar aqtivizirebuli talaxi brundeba
areSi
haeris miwodeba
mesamed gawmenda
gaxsnili azotis da/an fosforis
mocileba qimiuri daleqva
azotis mocileba irigacia
miRebuli wylis sadinari
morwyvis
dezinfeqcia sistemis Seqmna
sur.13.3. Camdinare wylebis gawmendis zogadi sqema [1].
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sur.13.4. individualuri gam-
sefsisuri wmendi [1]. sistema mTlianad miwis
avzi
qveS aris ganlagebuli. niadagi
moxsnilia TvalsaCinoebisaTvis.
drenireba
sur. 13.5. wylis gamwmendi,

kalifornia[26].

Tavi 14. narCenebis saSiSi qimikatebiT dabinZureba
adamianis saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi xdeba narCenebis, maT Soris saxifaTo
saxeobebis warmoqmna, Tumca sxvadasxva odenobiT, razec garkveul warmodgenas evropis
rigi qveynebisaTvis iZleva 14.1 suraTze mocemuli informacia.
800
696
narCenebi (milioni tona weliwadSi)
700
600
500
400 357
330
300
200 150
100
24
0
energiis warmoeba municipaluri samrewvelo samTo sasoflo
sur. 14.1 evropaSi myari narCenebis Seqmna adamianis saqmianobis sxvadasxva

sferoSi, 1990 w. [18].
Tanamedrove industria didi odenobiT qmnis iseT xelovnur nivTierebebs, romelTa

daSla biologiuri procesebiT ver xerxdeba, amitom isini grovdebian garemoSi.
maTgan mravali Zalze saSiSi momwamlavi nivTierebaa. swrafi da mzardi tempiT xdeba
agreTve xelovnuri (sinTezuri) nivTierebebis Seqmna da dagroveba.
800
700
600
moxmareba (funti erT adamianze)
500
400
300
sinTetika
200
100
bunebrivi produqtebi
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
sur. 14.2 bunebrivi da sinTezuri nawarmis moxmarebis mrudi [2].
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14.1. saxifaTo qimikatebi
qimiur nivTierebebSi, saSiSi Tvisebebis mixedviT, gamoyofen Semdeg nairsaxeobebs:
advilad aalebadebs (mag., benzini, spirti), damSlelebs (mag., mJavebi), advilad feTqebadebs
(mag., elementuri fosfori) da momwamlavebs (mag., pesticidebi, formaldehidebi).
CamoTvlilidan nebismieri Tviseba sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom nivTiereba miekuTvnos
saxifaToTa ricxvs. rac Seexeba radioaqtiur nivTierebebs, isini gansakuTrebiT saxifaTos
warmoadgenen da maT ganxilvaze calke SevCerdebiT (Tavi 22).
saxifaTo qimiuri nivTierebebi, rogorc wesi, farTod gamoiyeneba adamianis mier.
amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom maqsimalurad Semcirdes riski am nivTierebebis xmarebisas,
efeqturad ganxorcieldes maTi gauvnebloba SesaZlo katastrofebis SemTxvevaSi da
saSiSi nivTierebebi saimedod iqnes ganTavsebuli saamisod Seqmnil samarxebSi da
sacavebSi. usafrTxoebis misaRwevad bevrad umjobesia saxifaTo qimiuri nivTierebebis
naklebad saSiSi an, saerTod, usafrTxo nivTierebebiT Secvla, rac, cxadia, advilad
ver miiRweva.
qvemoT warmodgenil suraTze (sur. 14.3) Cans, rom qimiuri nivTierebebis Seqmnis
yvela etapze, SesaZlebelia avariuli situaciebis warmoSoba.
nedleulis mopoveba iwvevs nedleulis gadamuSaveba da

narCenebis da meoradi produqtebis qimikatebis miReba iwvevs narCenebis
gaCenas, dabinZurebas da meoradi produqtebis
gaCenas da dabinZurebas
katastrofebi
transportirebisas
iwveven dabinZurebas
qimikatebis gamoyeneba qmnis

gamoyenebul da meorad
produqtebs, narCenebs da
iwvevs dabinZurebas produqtebis moxmareba
dabinZureba sayofacxovrebo
dabinZureba
nagavsayrelebiT
dabinZureba
sur.14.3. qimikatebis Seqmnis procesi iwyeba nedleulis mopovebiT da misi gamdidrebiT _

koncentratis miRebiT. Semdeg xdeba produqciis damzadeba, misi gamoyeneba. cikli mTavrdeba
narCenebis ganTavsebiT [1].

evropis qveynebSi did yuradRebas uTmoben narCenebis movla-patronobas, Sesabamisad,
amisaTvis mniSvnelovan Tanxebs xarjaven (sur. 14.4 da 14.5)
saerTo mogroveba reciklingi kompostireba dawva damarxva

(aTasobiT tona)
avstria 2500
belgia 3082
CexeTi 2600
dania 2430
fineTi 1300
safrangeTi 20320
germania 27958
saberZneTi 3000
ungreTi 4900
luqsemburgi 170
niderlandebi 7430
norvegia 2000
poloneTi 12806
slovakeTi 1901
espaneTi 12546
SvedeTi 3200
Sveicaria 3000
gaerTianebuli samefo 20000
klasifikacia
>75% 10-25%
50-75% <10%
25-50% ar aris monacemebi
sur. 14.4 narCenebis gamoyeneba da ganTavseba evropis zogierT qveyanaSi, 1980w. dasasruli [18].
germania
niderlandebi
dania
norvegia
irlandia
safrangeTi
SvedeTi dawva
damarxva
fineTi
gaerTianebuli samefo
espaneTi
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

fasi ($/tona)
sur.14.5. narCenebis movlis xarjebi evropis zog qveynebSi [18].
PDF created
14.2. saxifaTo qimikatebis wyaroebi da garemoSi moxvedris gzebi
saxifaTo qimiuri nivTierebebis garemoSi moxvedris gzebi mravalia, maT Soris
aris:
1. pesticidebis, herbicidebis, sasuqebis Setana niadagSi, marilis moyra gzebze
da sxv.;
2. sxvadasxva qimikatebis haerSi moxvedra maTi aorTqlebis Sedegad;
3. qimiuri mrewvelobis narCenebis ganTavseba miwis zedapirze, maTi aorTqleba,
daRvra;
4. naxmari qimiuri gamxsnelebis, sarecxi-sawmendi preparatebis, sacxeb-sapoxi
masalebis da sxvagvari nivTierebebis daRvra;
5. WurWlebSi da sxva saTavsebSi moxmarebis Semdeg CarCenili qimikatebis
aorTqleba an gadaRvra;
6. qimikatebis transportirebisas maTi gaJonva-daRvra dazianebuli WurWlebidan;
7. avariebis da katastrofebis Sedegad maTi daRvra-gatyorcna garemoSi, rogorc
warmoebis, aseve transportirebis an moxmarebis procesSi da a.S.
14.3. mZime liTonebi da biologiurad dauSladi

sinTezuri organuli naerTebi
mravali qimiuri naerTi advilad daSladia, rac amsubuqebs maTi garemoze zemoq-
medebis Sedegebs, magram isini, mTel rig SemTxvevaSi, Seicaven mZime liTonebsac da
biologiurad dauSlad sinTezur _ organul nivTierebebs, romlebic mZime Sedegebs
iwveven garemos dabinZurebisa da cocxali organizmebis, upirvelesad adamianebis,
daavadebis mxriv. mZime liTonebidan Zalze saxifaToa tyvia, vercxliswyali, dariSxani,
kadmiumi, kala, qromi, TuTia, spilenZi. yvela es liToni farTod gamoiyeneba indus-
triaSi, maTi ionebi advilad ixsneba wyalSi da aseve advilad SeiZleba moxvdes
organizmSi. maTi mcire dozac ki Zalze mavne fiziologiur da nevrologiur Sedegebs
iwvevs adamianebSi. aseve mZime Sedegebis gamomwvevia biologiurad dauSleli xelovnuri
organuli nivTierebebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa halogenizebuli naxSir-
wylebi, sadac erTi an ramdenime wyalbadi Canacvlebulia qloriT, bromiT, iodiT. es
naerTebi, samwuxarod, farTod gamoiyeneba sinTezuri _ plastikuri masalebis, pesti-
cidebis, gamxsnelebis, eleqtroizolatorebisa da sxv. damzadebaSi. janmrTelobaze
maTi mavne zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas iZleva cxrili 14.1, sur. 14.6
da sur 14.7.
mniSvnelovnad aris dabinZurebuli sxvadasxva mZime liTonebiT, agreTve fosforiT
da azotiT evropis mdinareebi, tbebi, zRvebi da xelovnuri wyalsacavebi, am regionis
intensiuri industrializaciis gamo (sur. 14.8, 14.9, 14.10, 14.11 da 14.12).
gansakuTrebiT didi zianis momtania msoflio okeanis dabinZureba navTobiT da
misi produqtebiT, gamowveuli tankerebis avariebiT, zRvaSi navTobis mopovebiT da
sxva mravali mizezebiT (sur. 14.13-14.17).
mZime liTonebis da biologiurad dauSladi nivTierebebis erT-erTi Tvisebaa
organizmSi maTi dagroveba, bioakumulireba, ris gamoc, garkveuli drois Semdeg,
isini toqsikurobis dones aRweven.
sakvebi jaWvis procesSi bioakumulireba am jaWvis piramidis zeda nawilSi
mravaljeradad izrdeba da mis wverSi mavne nivTierebebis koncentraciam SeiZleba
milionjer gadaaWarbos sawyis koncentraciebs. aseT movlenebs biomagnifikacias uwodeben
(magnifikacia _ gaZliereba. ing.). am movlenaze naTel warmodgenas iZleva sur. 14.18.

PDF created
cxrili 14.1.
sinTezuri organuli toqsikuri naerTebi, romlebic xSirad gvxvdeba qimiuri mrewvelobis narCenebSi

2 50
t y vi i s k o n c en t r a c i a T o v l S i ( t r i l i o n i s na w i l e bi )
sur.14.6. garemos tyviiT dabinZurebis grafikze
naCvenebia am elementis odenobis zrdis tendencia,
2 00
gamokvleuli grenlandiis yinulis safaris
t y vi i s S e mc v el i
Seswavlis Sedegad [2].
b en z i ni
1 50
1 00
50
i nd us t r i u l i
r e vo l u c i a
0
80 0 17 50 18 60 1 88 0 1 90 0 19 20 19 40 1 96 0 1 98 0
w l eb i
swrafi organuli
vercxlis- araorganuli
gardaqmna gardaqmna vercxlis-
wylis orga- vercxlis-
wylis naer-
nuli naerTebi wyali Hg da mikro
sxeulSi da Tebi CH3Hg+
C6H5Hg+ da Hg2+
organizmebis
(C6H5)2Hg garemoSi da (CH3)2Hg
mier
maRali
zomierad toqsikurobis
zomierad
toqsikuri, daavadebebi: RviZlis,
toqsikuri,
xanmokle Tirkmlis, tvinis, sa-
xanmokle
sunTqi organoebis,
gamZleobis gamZleobis
xangrZlivi gamZ-
leobis
sur. 14.7. vercxliswylis sxvadasxva formis urTierToba da maTi efeqtebi [2].
cxrili 14.2.
zogi katastrofiT dabinZurebuli garemos gawmendis xarjebi

a) kadmiumi b) vercxliswyali
Senatani (tona/weliwadi)
g) spilenZi d) tyvia
e) TuTia v) jamuri azoti

z) jamuri fosfori zRvebi

xmelTaSua
Savi da azovis
kaspiis
TeTri
barencis
norvegiis
baltiis
CrdiloeTis
CrdiloeT atlantikis
sur. 14.8. evropis zRvebSi mdinareebis mier Setanili zogi qimiuri elementis odenoba [18].
PDF created
a) azoti
19%
31%
atmosferodan daleqili
marmarilos zRvidan Senadeni

5%
marmarilos zRvaSi ganadeni
2%
sayofacxovrebo wylebiT Catanili
mrewveloba
sasoflo-sameurneo da sxva
26% miwebidan Catanili
17%
b) fosfori
8%
15%
8%
atmosferodan daleqili
8% marmarilos zRvidan Senadeni

15%
marmarilos zRvaSi ganadeni
sayofacxovrebo wylebiT Catanili
mrewveloba
sasoflo-sameurneo da sxva
miwebidan Catanili
46%
sur.14.9. Sav zRvaSi azotis da fosforis Senatanis wyaroebi [18].
mdinareTa wylis xarisxi

fosforis saSualo wliuri sur. 14.10. evro-
koncentracia mdinareebSi
500 -ze meti
pis mdinareebSi fos-
250-500 foris saSualo wli-
125-250
50-125 uri koncentracia spe-
25-50
25-ze naklebi
cialuri sadgurebis
monacemebi ar aris monacemebis mixedviT
evropis udidesi mdinareebi 1988-91 wlebSi (sa-
qveynebis udidesi mdinareebi
mcire mdinareebi
qarTvelosaTvis mona-
cemebi sakmaod warmo-
madgenlobiTia) [18].
0 km 1000

tbebis wylis xarisxi
fosforis saSualo wliuri
koncentracia tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi
500 -ze meti
250-500
125-250
50-125
25-50
25-ze naklebi
monacemebi ar aris
evropis udidesi tbebi
qveynebis udidesi tbebi
patara tbebi
0 km 1000
sur. 14.11. evropis did tbebsa da wyalsatevebSi mTliani fosforis koncentraciebi 1988-91
wlebSi (saqarTvelos bunebriv da xelovnur wyalsatevebSi fosforis koncentraciebi dabalia) [18].
mdinareTa wylis xarisxi

azotis saSualo wliuri
koncentracia mdinareebSi
7.50 -ze meti
2.50-7.50
0.75-2.50
0.30-0.75
0.30-ze naklebi
monacemebi ar aris
evropis udidesi mdinareebi

qveynebis udidesi mdinareebi
mcire mdinareebi
0 km 1000
sur.14.12. evropis mdinareebSi nitratis saSualo wliuri ganawileba 1988-1991 wlebSi

specialuri sadgurebis monacemebiT. saqarTveloSi saerTo dabali koncentraciis fonze
SeimCneva nitratis SedarebiT maRali odenobebi md.md. Woroxsa da mtkvarSi [18].
PDF created
sur. 14.13. tankeris CaZirva genuasTan, italia [18].
160 800
daRvris odenoba
daRvra >5000 bbl

140
daRvra 50-5000 bbl
daRvris odenoba (aTas tonebSi)
nedli navTobis 1
120 bbl=0,13 tonas 600
navTobis daRvris ricxvi
100
80 400
60
40
200
20
0
0
sur. 14.14. zRvebSi momxdari sagangebo viTarebebis Sedegad navTobiT

dabinZurebis SemTxvevebis raodenoba 1974-1989 ww. aseTi SemTxvevebi, rogorc
grafikidan Cans, sakmaod xSiria da didi ziani moaqvs zRvis ekosistemebisa-
Tvis [18].

sur. 14.15. 1974 wlis Semdeg tankerebidan 10 000 bbl da meti
odenobis navTobis CaSveba moxda zRvaSi [18].
sur. 14.16. navTobis mopoveba zRvaSi.
PDF created
sur. 14.17. navTobiT dasvrili wyali spobs
cocxal organizmebs: Tevzebs, zRvis ekosistemaSi
mcxovreb frinvelebs da sxv. [18].
14.4. saxifaTo narCenebis movla-patronoba

industrializaciis dasawyisSi da Semdgom, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, qimiuri
warmoebis narCenebs ukontrolod gaafrqvevdnen atmosferoSi, uSvebdnen wyalSi,
yridnen iq, sadac advilad moaxerxebdnen. magram civilizebulma qveynebma dainaxes Tu
raoden saziano iyo aseTi qmedeba. mTelma rigma maTganma daiwyo aseTi saziano qme-
debebis aRsakveTad sakanonmdeblo safuZvlis Seqmna. ase mag., aSS kongresma miiRo
kanoni sufTa haeris Sesaxeb 1970 w., xolo kanoni sufTa wylis Sesaxeb _ 1972 w.
msgavsi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi dRes umravlesi saxelmwifoebis mier aris miRebuli,
ganmtkicebulia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT da SeTanxmebebiT, globaluri da re-
gionuli samoqmedo aqtebiT. SemuSavebulia da danergilia sakanonmdeblo aqtebis
moTxovnaTa ganxorcielebis saSualebebi, wesebi da meTodebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa:
magaliTad, qanebSi Cawnexva (sur. 4.18), zedapirul wyalsatevebSi CaSveba, wiaRSi an
miwis zedapirze specialur samarxebSi ganTavseba an gadamuSaveba (sur. 14.19-14.25).
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi Seqmnilia sakmarisi sakanonmdeblo
baza, SemuSavebulia narCenebis Senaxva-gadamuSavebis wesebi da Sesabamisi teqnologiebi,
saxifaTo narCenebis gauvneblobis mxriv mdgomareoba jer kidev araxelsayrelia.
bevri mwarmoebeli ar icavs am wesebs danaxarjebis Tavidan acilebis an danaxarjis
Semcirebis mizniT, uCumrad icilebs Tavidan saxifaTo narCenebs, cdilobs sxva qveynebis
(gansakuTrebiT Raribi qveynebis) teritoriebze naklebi danaxarjebiT ganaTavsos
isini. mTel rig qveynebSi ki arc Sesabamisi kanonebi da arc saTanado teqnologiebi
ar arsebobs. zogan sakanonmdeblo uzrunvelyofa ki aris, magram isini ar sruldeba
saxsrebis uqonlobis Tu sxva mizezebis gamo. asea magaliTad saqarTveloSi, sadac
saxifaTo narCenebi, datovebuli adrindeli sawarmoebis, samxedro bazebisa da Se-
naerTebis mier, uxvad aris mimobneuli sxvadasxva raionSi, praqtikulad daucvelia,
did zians ayenebs garemos da seriozul saSiSroebas uqmnis am raionebis mosaxleobis
janmrTelobas, gansakuTrebiT imis gamo, rom toqsikuri nivTierebebi xvdeba sasmel
wyalSi da haerSi.

ddt ddt
koncentracia gaizarda koncentracia

7 milionjer (nawilaki milioni)
arqtikis terni
TevzismWameli 20.00
frinveli
Cvama
2.0
patara Tevzebi
patara Tevzebi
zooplanqtoni 0.20
protozoa da sxva
planqtonuri 0.04
wyalmcenareebi
zRvis wyalmcenare
wyali 0.000003
sur. 14.18. biomagnifikacia. yoveli momdevno donis momxmarebeli sakveb jaWvSi mzardi odenobiT
iRebs mavne nivTierebebs. dadgenilia, rom ddt-s koncentracia sakvebSi, jaWvis piramidis wveroSi, 7
milionjer aRemateboda mis koncentracias piramidis ZirSi [1].
Teoria praktika
yvelaferi gakeTebulia da wylis praqtikulad mosalodne-
dabinZurebis safrTxe ar rezer- lia araerTi saziano mov-
aris. vuari Casatumbi Wa lena: miwisZvris an sxva
Catumbuli masa izolire- garsacmi mizezebiT izolaciis da-
bulia garemosagan rRveva.
ganmxoloeba
wyalga-
umtari
gruntis wyali,
Rrmad
gaumtari
Sre
uwylo
gaumtari
Sre
sur. 14.19. am suraTze naCvenebia WaburRilis meSveobiT wiaRSi saxifaTo qimikatebis narCenebis
Catumbva. Catumbva xdeba uwylo, nasvretebian wiaRSi, specialuri Wis meSveobiT. miwisqveSa wylis
dabinZurebis Tavidan asacileblad xorcieldeba gruntis wylis doneze Wis gamagreba da izolacia [1].
PDF created
saxifaTo narCenebis ganTavseba zedapirul sacavSi
Teoria wylis X,Y,Z praqtika
aorTqleba korpusi
narCenebi bevri saxifaTo
wylis did narCeni aorTq-
masaSia ga- lebadia. milebis
jerebul i. dazianebiT SesaZ-
xdeba mxo- loa moxdes ga-
lod aorTq- Jonva. mosalod-
leba. nelia saizola-
cio fenebis da-
zianeba da dabin-
Zurebuli wylis
narCenebi gaJonva.
wylis did
moculobaSi
plastikuri
ganmxoloebeli
wyalgaumtari Tixis
gamyofi feni
gruntiswyali
sur. 14.20. mcired dasvrili Txevadi narCenebis zedapirul wyalsatevebSi CaSvebis iafi
xerxi. wyalsatevis kedlebi wyalgaumtari TixiT an sxva izolatoriT aris Selesili. wylis
aorTqlebisas qimiuri nivTierebebis aorTqleba masTan erTad ar unda xdebodes [1].
saxifaTo narCenebis ganTavseba samarxebSi

Tixis wyalgaumtari saxuravi
sadamkvirveblo praqtika
Teoria dguSi Wa
gaJonvisagan Tavis ganmxoloeba Se-
asacileblad yve- iZl eba daar-
laferia gakeTe- reaqtiuli narCenebi Rvios miwisZv-
buli: ganmxoloeba, ganTavsebuli calkeul ris da sxva bi-
dakvirveba da a.S. kasrebSi Zgebma, afeTqebam,
koroziam, miwis
mburRavma cxo-
velebma da Wie-
li
bma
be
W a k vi r ve
das ze
wyal
ormagi
a
plastikuri
ganmxoloebuli
miwa
gaumtari gaJonvis sawinaaRmdego

Tixa ormagi dacvis sistema
sur. 14.21. koncentrirebuli qimikatebis narCenebis niadagSi (wiaRSi) ganTavseba [1].

sur.14.22. momwamlavi qimiuri narCenebis dawvis mobiluri sistemis meSveobiT xdeba
dabinZurebuli niadagis da narCenebis mokreba da adgilze dawva [1].
gawmendis
gazi gazi mobiluri sistema
benzinis
orTqli rezer-
vuari
benzinis
benziniT gube benziniT
dasvrili dasvrili wyali
wyali
wylis
zedapiri wyliani feni
a b
gazi
gamwmendi
gawmendili wylis
dabruneba
g d
sur. 14.23. navTobgasamarT sadgurebTan xSiria (d) rezervuarebidan navTobproduqtebis gaJonva

niadagSi da gruntis wylebis dabinZurebis SemTxvevebi (a). moZravi saqaCi mowyobilobiT xdeba
dasvrili wylis amotumbva da mocileba (b). SesaZlebelia gawmendili wylis ukan Cabruneba (g) [1].

PDF created
sur. 14.24. specialuri Rumeli (cementis mili) SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli saxifaTo narCenebis
dasaSlelad. es aris sqeli mbrunavi daxrili mili, romelSic yrian myar narCenebs sawvavTan erTad,
ureven aalebad Txevad narCenebs da haers, yvelaferi es ireva erTmaneTSi brunvis gamo da mTlianad
iwvis. dauwveli narCenebis mtveri rCeba milSi [1].
sur. 14.25. dasvrili niadagis gawmenda, holandia [18].

sur. 14.26. WurWeli narCenebisaTvis.
14.5. sayofacxovrebo narCenebi

sayofacxovrebo narCenebis problema ramdenime mizezis gamo sakmaod mwvaved
dgas ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis. maT Soris aris ekonomikurad Raribi qveynebis
mosaxleobis afeTqebiTi gamravleba, mZime sabinao pirobebi, narCenebis dayra uSualod
sacxovrebel adgilebSi an maT maxloblad, sanitaruli wesebis dacvis gareSe (sur.
14.27). narCenebis gadamuSavebis saSualebaTa ararseboba an gadamuSavebis Zalze Sez-
Ruduli pirobebi, gamwmendi sistemebis simcire, aRiniSneba saqarTveloSic. TvalSi-
sacemia mcire mdinareTa kalapotebis, mitovebuli karierebis da sxv. (sur. 14.28)
nagavsayrelebad gamoyenebis didi masStabebi, bunebrivi nagavsayrelebis didi simravle,
xolo nebadarTulebisaTvis _ normebis da standartebis uxeSi darRvevebi da a.S.
saqarTvelos umetes regionebSi ar xdeba narCenebis utilizacia. gansakuTrebiT didia
Savi zRvis sanapiros dabinZureba sayofacxovrebo narCenebiT.
sur. 14.27. nagvis `dabinaveba~ Tbilisurad.

PDF created
sur. 14.28. `bunebrivi nagavsayreli~ qviSis mitovebul karierSi kurort suramTan.
niadagis, aseve gruntis wylebis, dabinZurebis Zalze arasaxarbielo suraTia

saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi navTobsarewebis midamoebSi: nedli navTobis gubeebiT,
liTonis jarTiT da samrewvelo-sayofacxovrebo narCenebiT gadatvirTulia aremare
(sur. 14.29 da 14.30)
sur. 14.29. daRvrili nedli navTobis guburebi q. baqosTan, azerbaijani.

a b
g d
sur. 14.30 (a, b, g, d). navTobis guburebi da samrewvelo narCenebis jarTi gare kaxeTSi
(samgori-patarZeuli), mitovebuli rekultivaciis gareSe `saqnavTobis~ mier.
14.6. Savi zRva _ evropis nagavsayreli ormo?

dabinZurebis TvalsazrisiT Savi zRvis mdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT sagangaSoa
misi geografiuli mdebareobis, geologiuri agebulebis da sxva mizezebis gamo. es,
SedarebiT mcire zomis zRva, moTavsebuli industriulad ganviTarebuli evropuli
saxelmwifoebis arealSi, naxevrad Caketili auzia, msoflio okeanesTan SezRuduli
kavSiriT, rac arTulebs zRvis dabinZurebuli wylis okeanisken gadinebas da okeanidan
SedarebiT sufTa wylis modinebas. Savi zRvis wyalSemkreb auzSi xvdeba centraluri
da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis, agreTve TurqeTis teritoriebi uamravi fabrika-
qarxnebiT, intensiuri soflis meurneobiT, mWidrod dasaxlebuli raionebiT (sur.
14.31). mdinareebidan dabinZurebis xarisxiT pirvel adgilzea dunai, Zlier
dabinZurebulia dnestri, dnepri, doni (azovis zRva). wylis garda Zlier aris
danagvianebuli zRvis sanapiro pliaJebic: sxvadasxva sawarmos (maT Soris navTobga-
damamuSavebeli) myari da Txevadi narCenebiT, qimikatebiT, sasuqebiT, sayofacxovrebo-
komunaluri nagviTa da gauwmendavi Camdinare wylebiT. am mxriv Tavisi wvlili
SeaqvT saqarTvelosa da sxva sanapiro qveynebs, teqnologiurad moZvelebuli sawar-
moebis funqcionirebis, civilizebuli qalaqmSeneblobis normebis daucvelobisa da
sxvaTa gamo (sur. 14.32-14.36).

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CrdiloeTis Savi zRvis auzi
Savi zRva da evropa zRva baltiis
zRva
minski
atlantis
okeane kievi
dne
d n es pri
t ri sa m
x.b
du vena ug
nai i rostovi
doni
miunxeni
a budapeSti
p odesa
SaviozRvis
r auzi
v belgradi buqaresti
ad
e
ri
d una
i
Savi zRva
a ti
Savi zRva
kis
zR
stambuli
va
ankara
afrika xmelTaSua zRva azia xmelTaSua zRva
sur. 14.31. Sida zRvebi, gansakuTrebiT ki Savi zRva, Zlier aris dabinZurebuli Camdinare
wylebiT. Sav zRvaSi Cadis mravali toqsikuri nivTierebis Semcveli, dasavleT evropis nawilisa da
centraluri evropis sawarmoebis narCeni wylebi, Sav zRvaSive grovdeba misi wyalSemkrebi auzis
teritoriaze myofi sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis gasanoyiereblad da mavne mwerebis sawinaaRmdegod
gamoyenebuli Sxamqimikatebi, agreTve sayofacxovrebo-komunaluri, xSirad gauwmendavi wylebi [23].
sur. 14.32 (a,b). ase gamoiyureba

Savi zRvis sanapiroebi bevrgan, maT
Soris turistul sadgomebTan, sas-
tumroebis da dasasvenebeli-sam-
kurnalo dawesebulebebis gverdiT [23].

sur. 4.33. talaxiani wyali, gaje- sur. 14.34. gauwmendavad Caedineba Sav
rebuli qvanaxSiris nacriT, Caedineba zRvaSi mZime, liTonebis Semcveli naxmari
gauwmendavad Sav zRvaSi, sasicocxlo wyali, Sereuli municipalur Camdinare
garemos uspobs wyalmcenareebs, zoop- wyalTan [23].
lanqtons da zRvis sxva cocxal or-
ganizmebs, romelTac ar SeuZliaT cxov-
reba talaxian wyalSi [23].
sur. 14.35. Zalze moZvelebuli, teq-

nologiurad gaumarTavi navTobgadamamu-
Savebeli qarxnebi garemos dabinZurebis
da biomravalferovnebis Semcirebis erT-
erTi wyaroa, rac kargad Cans baTumis
navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis maga-
liTze [23].
sur. 14.36. Savi zRvis erT-erT po-

rtSi sasuqebi Ria cis qveS yria da
xdeba misi Carecxva zRvaSi [23].

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Tavi 15 . ha eris dabi nZur eba
dedamiwam TviTon Seqmna Tavisi atmosfero miliardobiT wlis win mantiis

degazaciis Sedegad da, amis Semdeg, igi ganuwyvetliv ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram
es cvlilebebi umniSvnelo iyo, Zalze mcire siCqariT xorcieldeboda bolo wlebamde.
industrializaciis swrafi tempebis gamo, atmosferos cvlilebebSi anTropogenuli
procesebi mZlavrad Caeria da cvla didi siswrafiT mimdinareobs. cvlilebebi
SesamCnevia rogorc mis qveda (dabinZureba), aseve zeda fenebSi (ozonis fenis
dazianeba) (sur. 15.1.).
sur. 15.1 (a,b). haeris dabinZureba.

15.1. dabinZurebis zRvruli done
haeris dabinZureba niSnavs atmosferoSi mavne nivTierebebis iseTi odenobiT
arsebobas, rodesac mas ziani moaqvs adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis, saSiSroebas uqadis
sxva cocxali organizmebis arsebobas. yvela cocxal organizms aqvs unari Seeguos
haerSi mavne nivTierebebis garkveul odenobas, magram arsebobs zRvari, romlis gada-
Warbebis SemTxvevaSi maT arsebobas safrTxe eqmneba. aseT odenobas _ mavne nivTierebebis
dasaSvebi odenobis zRvars _ zRvruli odenoba (done) ewodeba. imavdroulad, haeris
dabinZurebis cocxal organizmze zegavlenis efeqti damokidebulia dambinZureblis
zemoqmedebis xangrZlivobaze da ara mxolod koncentraciaze (sur. 15.2.), Tumca
sxvadasxva organizmisaTvis sxvadasxva dabinZurebis mimarT zRvrulad dasaSvebi kon-
centraciebi da doneebi gansxvavebulia.
sur. 15.2. zRvrulad dasaSvebi

saziano Sedegebi koncentraciebis droze damokide-
bulebis mrudi [1].
zRvruli
done
araviTari ziani
amrigad, organizmisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara imdenad dabinZurebis absoluturi

odenoba, aramed odenoba droSi, anu doza.
haeris dabinZurebis dones sami faqtori gansazRvravs: 1. dabinZurebis odenoba
haerSi, 2.sivrcis is moculoba, romelSic aris gabneuli dambinZurebeli (koncentracia),
3.ramden xans aris SenarCunebuli mdgomareoba.
haeris dabinZureba bunebrivi procesebis Sedegadac xdeba: vulkanuri aqtivobis
da xanZrebis, rac aseuli milioni wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda, magram es
procesebi nelia da buneba TviTon axdens TviTgawmendas: gabnevas, gadamuSavebas da
arasaziano SenaerTebSi gadayvanas. amas akeTeben mcenareebi, baqteriebi, mzis sxivebi,
qari, wvima, Tovli (sur. 15.3.).

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uwyveti reaqcia
formireba dambinZureblebTan
Jangbadi
ultra- naxSirwyal- sur. 15.3. atmosferos gawmenda hidroq-
iisferi badebi
sxivebi silis radikalis da niadagis baqteriebis
gaaqtiu- meSveobiT [1].
ozoni rebuli wyali wyalbadis
Jangbadi radikali wyali
(OH)
gogird-
wyalbadi naxSirJangi
gogirdis azotis
orJangi orJangi naxSir-
orJangi
gogirdmJava azotmJava
mikrobebis naxSir-
miwa moqmedeba orJangi
wyali
15.1.1. smogi
industrializaciis Semdgom wlebSi, im did qalaqebSi, sadac mniSvnelovani
odenobiT xdeboda qvanaxSiris gamoyeneba sawvavad, haerSi didi odenobiT grovdeboda
naxSiris Wvartli, romelic gogirdis naerTebsa da wylis orTqlTan erTad qmnida
sasunTqi organoebisaTvis gamaRizianebel naxevradgamWvirvale buruss. amas ewoda
industriuli smogi. amisgan gansxvavebiT, aRniSnaven agreTve fotoqimiur smogs (sur.
15.4. da 15.5.), romelic warmoiSva did qalaqebSi avtotransportis momravlebasTan
erTad am saukunis 50-ian wlebSi. aseTi smogis warmoSobaSi monawileobas iRebs mzis
sinaTle. smogi moyavisfroa da dRis ganmavlobaSi arsebobs. mis warmoSobaSi aminds
aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba, rac asaxulia suraTze (sur. 15.6).
mzis
radiacia sur. 15.4. fotiqimiuri smogis
Semadgenlebi [2].
organuli naerTebi
NOx
fotoqimiuri smogi

NO2 mzis
azotis sinaTlis
orJangi energia
NO
azotis
RCHO2
Jangi (CH)X
naxSirwyal-
badis na- naxSirwyal-
wilakebi badebi
+ O2 Jangbadi
O3 O
ozoni Jangbadis
atomi
+ O2 Jangbadi
sur. 15.5. fotoqimiuri smogis warmoqmnis uxeSi modeli rTuli reaqciebis Sedegad (rac
aq ar aris naCvenebi). pirveladi dambinZureblebi: NO, NO3 da (CH)x, reagireben mzis SuqTan da
warmoqmnian meorad dambinZureblebs _ ozons (O3) da naxSirwyalbadebis sxvadasxva SenaerTs
(RCHO3) [2].
temperatura temperatura
civi haeri grili haeri
grili haeri Tbili inversiuli fena

simaRle
simaRle
Tbili haeri grili haeri
0 0
miwis a miwis b
zedapiri zedapiri
sur. 15.6. temperaturulma inversiam SeiZleba gamoiwvios dambinZureblebis maRali koncentrireba.

Cveulebriv SemTxvevaSi temperatura miwis zedapiridan zeviT mcirdeba, rac iwvevs Tbili haeris
vertikalur gadaadgilebas da masTan dambinZureblebis gadatanas _ gabnevas, maT gadanawilebas (a),
magram SeiZleba moxdes temperaturuli inversia, roca zedapirTan ganlagebuli haeris fenis zeviT
masze Tbili haeris fena Cndeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi zedapiris maxloblad arsebuli dambinZureblebis
gafantva-gadanawileba ar xdeba da smogi koncentrirebulia atmosferos sul qveda fenaSi (b) [1].
15.2. haeris ZiriTadi dambinZureblebi

haeris dambinZureblebis 8 ZiriTadi kategoria SeiZleba gamoiyos:
1. haerSi gabneuli (ativnarebuli) myari (mtveri) da Txevadi (aerozolebi)
nawilakebis rTuli narevi, romelic mtvris, kvamlisa da burusis saxiT mogvevlineba;

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2. aqroladi organuli naerTebi, romlebic Seicaven benzinis, xsnadi saRebavebis,
organuli sarecxi nivTierebebis nawilakebs da maTi orTqlis saxiT arian gabneuli
haerSi. aqve Tavsdeba sawvavi da narCenebis arasruli daJangviT warmoSobili moleku-
lebis fragmentebi (sur. 15.7.)
3. naxSirJangi (CO) _ uxilavi airi, haeriT msunTqavi organizmebisaTvis Zlieri
sawamlavi (sur. 15.8.).
4. azotis Jangi (NOx) _ azotis da Jangbadis airovani SenaerTebi qmnian
nitratul mJavas atmosferoSi da mJave wvimebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenen;
5. gogirdis Jangeulebi, ZiriTadad gogirdis orJangi (SO2), romelic Tanabrad
momwamlavia rogorc cxoveli, aseve mcenareuli organizmebisaTvis, atmosferoSi
qmnis gogirdmJavas da mJave wvimebis ZiriTadi Semadgenelia (sur.15.9);
6. tyvia da sxva mZime liTonebi. tyvia gansakuTrebiT saSiSi nivTierebaa, iwvevs
tvinis dazianebas da sikvdils;
7. ozoni da sxva fotoqimiuri Jangebi. marTalia, ozonis Sre, ganlagebuli
atmosferos zeda fenaSi, icavs sicocxles ultraiisferi radiaciis momakvdinebeli
zemoqmedebisagan, magram dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos (iq sadac misi adgili ar aris),
Zlieri momwamlavia cxovelebisa da mcenareTaTvis;
8. haerSi arsebuli sawamlavebi da radoni. sawamlavi aq warmodgenilia kancero-
genuli qimikatebiT, radioaqtiuri nivTierebebiT da sxv. (mag., azbesti, viniluri
qloridebi, benzeni). radoni bunebrivi procesebis Sedegad gamoiyofa miwis SigneTidan.
evropis wili atmosferos dabinZurebaSi sakmaod didia. amis Sesaxeb naTel
warmodgenas iZleva suraTebi 15.10-15.15.
naleqi
jamuri bap (g/h.w)
0-ze meti
5-10
2-5
1-2
0.5-1
0.2-0.5
0.1-0.2
0.1-ze naklebi
sur. 15.7. benzo(a)pirenis daleqvis maCveneblebi evropaSi 1994 wlis monacemebiT. kavkasiaSi
SedarebiT maRali maCveneblebi aRiniSneba Tbilisi-erevani-baqos raionebSi [18].

7000 sur. 15.8. CO2 _ naxSiror-
Jangis (a) da CFC _ qlo-
naxSirorJangis mTliani emisia

6000 1.2
rftornaxSirbadis (b) glo-
5000 1.0 baluri emisia atmosferoSi
0.8 1992 wlis monacemebiT [18].
(mln.t.) 4000
3000 0.6
2000 04
1000 0.2
0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
400
350
CFC12 da CFC-11 (mln.kg)
300
CFC-12
250
CFC-11
200
150
100
50
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
sur.15.9. rukaze izoxa-

zebiT da ferebiT naCvenebia
sulfatis saSualo koncen-
tracia atmosferoSi, miwis
zedapirTan axlos da masSi
evropis wili [18].
SO4 ppt vol

>2500
1000-2500
500-1000
250-500
100-250
50-100
25-50
haerSi sulfatis koncentracia
<25

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haeris xarisxi
aerozolis saSualo wliuri
koncentracia
20-ze meti
15-20
10-15
5-10
2-5
2-ze naklebi
0 km 1000
sur.15.10. modeluri gamoTvliT miRebuli aerozolis saSualo wliuri koncentracia

evropis qveynebisaTvis 1992 wlis minacemebiT. mkafiod Cans maqsimaluri koncentratebi
centralur evropasa da ruseTSi, Crdilo kavkasiasTan mosazRvre regionSi, koncentraciis
kleba kavkasiisaken [18].
emisia
SO2 emisia (aTasi t/w)
500-ze meti
200-500
100-200
10-100
0-10
0 km 1000
sur.15.11. evropis atmosferoSi SO2 emisiis sivrcobrivi ganawileba 1990 w. saqarTvelosa

da saerTod kavkasiaSi maCveneblebi minimaluria [18].

emisia
NH3emisia (aTasi t/w)
50-ze meti
20-50
10-20
1-10
0-1
0 km 1000
sur.15.12. evropaSi NH3 emisiis sivrcobrivi ganawileba 1990w. SedarebiT maRali maCveneblebiT
(20-50 aTasi tona weliwadSi) xasiaTdeba somxeT-saqarTvelos sasazRvro ubani [18].
emisia
NOxemisia (aTasi t/w)
500-ze meti
200-500
100-200
10-100
0-10
0 km 1000
sur.15.13. evropaSi NOX emisiis sivrcobrivi ganawileba 1990w. kavkasia minimaluri emisiiT
xasiaTdeba [18].

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emisia
VOS emisia (aTasi t/w)
500-ze meti
200-500
100-200
10-100
1-10
0 km 1000
sur.15.14. aqroladi organuli nivTierebebis (VOC) evropaSi emisiis ganawileba 1990w.

kavkasiaSi maCveneblebi dabalia, SedarebiT metia kaspiis zRvis Crdilo daRestnis sana-
pirosTan [18].
naleqebi
kadmiumis jamuri daleqva(g/ha.w.)
2-ze meti
1-2
0.5-1
0.2-0.5
0.1-0.2
0.1-ze naklebi
0 km 1000
sur.15.15. kadmiumis daleqvis suraTi evropaSi, modeluri gamoTvlis mixedviT 1994

wlis monacemebiT [18].

15.3. haeris dambinZureblebis saziano zemoqmedeba cocxal organizmebsa
da sagnebze
haeris dambinZureblebis cocxal organizmebze da sagnebze saziano zegavlena
rTuli kompleqsuri problemaa. zianis xarisxi mraval faqtorzea damokidebuli:
dabinZurebis wyaroebidan daSorebaze, amindze da qaris mimarTulebaze, organizmebis
gamZleobis unarianobaze, dambinZurebelTa odenobaze, Semadgenlobaze da maTi zemoqmedebis
xangrZlivobaze, sezonurobasa da sxv. mravalze. xSirad Zneli gasarkvevi xdeba, Tu
romeli dambinZurebeli axdens ama Tu im saziano efeqts.
cnobilia, rom haeris dambinZureblebi gansakuTrebiT mZime dartymas ayeneben ada-
mianis janmrTelobas, upirvelesad, mis sasunTq organoebs, mis filtvebs. atmosferodan
SesunTquli haeri bronqebis meSveobiT aRwevs e.w. alveolebs (alveolus _ siRruve,
laT.), romlebic garSemortymulia sisxlis kapilarebiT (kapilaris _ Tmis, laT.). am
kapilarebis gavlisas CasunTquli haeris Jangbadi gadaecema organizms sisxlis meSveobiT,
xolo organizmidan gamoitaneba (amosunTqviT) naxSirorJangi. aseTive gziT filtvebSi
da Semdeg, organizmis sxva nawilebSi, xvdeba haerSi gabneuli mavne dambinZureblebi.
aseTive Sedegs iZleva sigaretis moweva (sur. 15.16 da 15.17).
alveola kapilarebi
alveolis
sur. 15.16. zeda su-
garSemo
raTze gamosaxulia ada-
mianis sasunTqi organos
muSaobis sqema (a), qve-
da suraTis marcxena na-
wilSi – filtvi nor-
bronqiolebi malur mdgomareobaSi,
arteriiT da
veniT marjvniv ki – emfizemiT
(filtvis qronikuli
sisxlis kapilarebi daavadeba emfizema _ ga-
sisxlis wiTeli
berva, gasiveba, berZ.)
burTulebiT
daavadebuli adamianis
CO2 filtvi. aseT daavadebas
O2 iwvevs dabinZurebuli
haeri, agreTve sigaretis
a kvamli (b)

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90 filtvebis kibo sur.15.17. sigaretis
weva mWidro kavSirSia ki-
xorxis kibo bosa da sxva qronikul
janmrTelobis SefardebiTi riski

80
daavadebebTan.
70 emfizema
60 gulis koronaluri daavadeba
50
40
30
20
10
0
aramweveli 11-20 31-40
dReSi moweuli s igaretis odenoba
mcenareebze bunebriv mdgomareobaSi dakvirvebebma, agreTve laboratoriaSi Cata-

rebulma eqsperimentebma cxadyves, rom dabinZurebuli haeris mavne zemoqmedeba mcenareebze
aranaklebia, vidre adamianebze da haeriT msunTqav sxva cocxal organizmebze. qimiuri
sawarmoebis ganlagebis raionebSi, iq, sadac ar aris saTanadod daculi haeris
sisufTave, mcenareuli safari mospobili an Zalze degradirebulia.
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan cnobilia, Tu raoden did zians ayenebs dabin-
Zurebuli haeri sxvadasxva organul, araorganul Tu narev nivTierebebsa da masalebs:
kedlebis saRebavebs, liTonis nakeTobebs, xis masalebs, rac, saboloo jamSi didi
materialuri zaralis saxes iRebs (cxr. 15.1-15.2).
cxrili 15.1.
haeris zogi dambinZureblis mavne moqmedeba

cxrili 15.2.
haeris dabinZurebis da adamianze zogi ekologiuri
moqmedebis martivi modeli [2]
qalaqebSi SefardebiTi te-

nianobis kleba da zeda
sasunTqi organoebis
siTbos zrda
virusebis infeqciurobisa
infrawiTeli da gamZleobis gazrda
saTbobis mo- STanTqmis
xmarebis zrda zrda
binebis da sam- CO2 zrda
planetis arekvlis unaris
saxurebis gaT- zrda an Semcireba da amis
bobis an gagri- burusis mdg- gamo atmosferos gaciveba
lebis gamo, ag- radobis da
atmosferoSi simkvrivis an gaTboba
reTve transpor- pawawa nawila- zrda
tis odenobis kebis odenobis bronqitis SemTxvevebis
zrdis gamo zrda
zrda
ozonis (O3) emfizemis da filtvis

koncentraciis kibos SemTxvevebis zrda
zrda
ultraiis- mikrobuli nawilakebis

mosaxleobis feri radi- odenoba haerSi damokide-
simWidrovis reaqciuli aciis Ser- bulia ativnarebuli
zrda naxSirwyalbadebi CeviTi nawilakebis ricxvze
STanTqma
haeris baqtericiduli
efeqtis zrda
gogirdis formalde-
orJangi hidebi baqtericiduli efeqtis
industriuli dakargva zogi sigrZis
energiis mox- talRis ultraiisferi
marebis zrda sxivebis qvemoT
erT sul mosax- azotis Jangebi
leze peroqsil-
cetil Tvalebis gaRizianeba
nitrati
CO koncent- Tavis tkivili

ratis zrda
15.4. haeris dabinZurebaze kontroli

suraTze 15.18. Sejerebuli saxiT aris gamoxatuli haeris dabinZurebis ZiriTadi
wyaroebi. es aris qarxnebis mier sawvavis gamoyenebiT haerSi gatyorcnili mavne
nivTierebebi, aseve sacxovrebeli Tu administraciuli Senobebis gaTbobisaTvis, avto-
transportis moZraobisaTvis da sxv. daxarjuli sawvavis meoradi produqtebi. sur.
15.19. ki haeris dabinZurebasTan brZolis erT-erT saSualebas uCvenebs.

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uSualo dambinZurebeli
+sinaTle
naxSirwyalbadebi
meoradi
naxSirJangi dambinZurebeli
azotis Jangeulebi ozoni peroqsidacetil-
samrewvelo gogirdis orJangi nitratebi
narCenebis dawva
gogirdis da azotis
mJaveebi
avtotransporti
naxSirze
momuSave
elsadguri
sur. 15.18. haeris umTavresi dambinZureblebi.
sur. 15.19. suraTi uCvenebs Tu raoden efeqturia eleqtrostatikuri damWeris (damleqavis)

moqmedeba qarxnis sakvamle milidan myari nawilakebis emisiis (gafrqvevis) Sesamcireblad. marcxniv
naCvenebia viTareba gamorTuli eleqtrostatikuri damWeris SemTxvevaSi, marjvniv _ roca gamwmendebi
CarTulia [2].
aSS garemos dacvis saministrom 1990 w. SeimuSava da gamosca haeris sisufTavis

standartebi ZiriTadi dambinZureblebisaTvis, romlebsac miekuTvneba: mtveri, gogirdis
orJangi, naxSirorJangi, azotis Jangeulebi, ozoni da tyvia (cxrili 15.3).

cxrili 15.3.
haeris sisufTavis xarisxis erovnuli (aSS) standartebi
6 komponentisaTvis [1].
saSualo pirveladi
# dambinZureblebi
xangrZlivoba standarti
1 PM-101) nawilakebi 1 weli 50 mg2)/m3
24 saaTi 150 mg/m3
2 gogirdis orJangi _ SO2 1 weli 0.03 ppm3)
24 saaTi 0.14 ppm
0.5 ppm
3 saaTi
3 naxSirJangi _ CO 8 saaTi 9 ppm
1 saaTi 35 ppm
4 azotis Jangeulebi 1 weli 0.05 ppm
5 ozoni 1 saaTi 0.12 ppm
6 tyvia 3 Tve 1.5 mg/m3
1)
PM-10 mtvris nawilakebis fraqcia, romlis diametri naklebia an udris 10
mikrometrs.
2)
mg _ mikrogrami = gramis erT memilioneds (1:106)
3)
ppm _ 1 grami tonaze
standartebis dacvisaTvis mkacri zomebis miRebis miuxedavad, iseT civilizebul
qveynebSic ki, rogoric aris aSS, ver xerxdeba maTi mTlianad ganxorcieleba. mravali
qalaqi Tu sawarmo ar, an ver axerxebs haeris sisufTavis xarisxis yvela standartis
miRwevas da dacvas. aseTive mdgomareobaa dasavleT evropis qveynebSi. rac Seexeba
ganviTarebad da gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebs, iq mdgomareoba bevrad uaresia:
misaRebia ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, SesamuSavebelia standartebi da maTi rea-
lizaciis meqanizmebi, saWiroa sawarmoTa teqnikuri gadaiaraReba, mowinave teqnolo-
giebis danergva da a.S. am RonisZiebaTa gatareba mniSvnelovan finansur danaxarjebs
da materialur saSualebebs moiTxovs. amis gamo saWiro xdeba ganviTarebad qveynebSic
garemos dacvis dasafinanseblad ekonomikuri meTodebis danergva, iseTi principebis
ganxorcieleba, rogoric aris `dambinZurebeli (damzianebeli) ixdis~, an/da `jobs ar
daabinZuro, vidre gadaixado~, risTvisac aucilebelia Sesabamisi mowinave teqnologiebis
(mag., unarCeno) danergva, es ki Sesabamis xarjebs moiTxovs.

PDF created
Tavi 16. mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi atmosferoSi
atmosfero Txeli, uwyveti apkis saxiT ekvris dedamiwas da vertikaluri

mimarTulebiT garkveul cvalebadobas ganicdis, ris safuZvelzec gamoiyofa, qvemodan
zemoT, Semdegi fenebi: troposfero, stratosfero, mezosfero. troposfero dedamiwis
zedapiridan zeviT daaxloebiT 15 km vrceldeba, temperatura qvevidan zeviT TandaTan
mcirdeba, aq aris TiTqmis mTeli atmosferuli wylis orTqli, Rrublebi, aqvea
Tavmoyrili dedamiwidan gatyorcnili dambinZureblebi, aq yalibdeba amindi, maT
Soris wvima. mTeli is nivTierebebi, romlebic troposferoSi iyris Tavs, ubrundeba
dedamiwas. troposferos zeda sazRvars tropopauzas uwodeben. aq xdeba temperaturuli
inversia (inversia – Sebruneba, laT.) – mis zeviT temperatura iwyebs zrdas. tempe-
raturis zrdis mizezia ozonis (O3) arseboba, romelic STanTqavs mzidan modenil
radiaciul energias. am fenas, rogorc cnobilia, stratosfero ewodeba. stratosferoSi
ar aris wylis orTqli, iqidan ar modis wvima da am fenaSi moxvedrili dedamiwi-
seuli nivTierebebi iqve rCeba. stratopauzidan isev xdeba temperaturis cvlis
inversia, iwyeba mezosfero da Termosfero, romlebsac ar SevexebiT (sur. 16.1).
mezosferosa da Termosferosken
stratopauza
stratosfero
ozonis
simaRle(km)
fari
tropopauza
Rrublebi
da amindi
troposfero dambinZu-
reblebi
temperatura
sur.16.1. atmosferos struqtura da temperaturis cvlis mrudi [1].
adamianis zemoqmedebam, anu anTropogenulma procesebma, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi

gamoiwvies atmosferoSi, romelTagan umTavresia sami movlena: mJave wvimebi, globaluri
daTboba da ozonis Sris (faris) daSla.

16.1. mJave naleqebi
es aris zedapirze mosuli yvela is naleqi (wvima, nisli, Tovli, setyva, cvari),
romelTa mJavianoba normaze metia _ 10-1000-jer aRemateba normas. maTi warmoSobis
Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva sur. 16.2.
gogirdmJava H SO
azotmJava HNO
2 4
wylis orTqlis da qimiuri

naerTebis Rrubeli
gogirdorJangis
da azotis Jange-
mSrali naleqi ulebis emisia
mJave Tovli
mJave wvima
mSrali naleqi mJave nisli mJave Tovlis

wylis nadnobi
kondensacia
wylis binadarTa daxocva
mJave nami
ziani mJave naJoni
mcenareulobas
aluminiT mowamvla
sur. 16.2. mJave naleqebi. haerSi gatyorcnili gogirdis orJangi da azotis Jangeulebi reagireben
wyalbadis radikalTan da wylis orTqlTan atmosferoSi, qmnian Sesabamis mJavebs da ubrundebian
miwis zedapirs mSrali mJavebis an wyalTan Sereuli naerTebis saxiT. cocxal organizmebze maTi
gavlena Zalze sazianoa [1].
mJavianobis xarisxi gapirobebulia wyalbadis ionebis koncentraciiT, rasac

aRniSnaven PH – niSniT (sur. 16.3).
a
ba
ob
a
vi
ba
ba
ba
ob
o
ti i
ian
ri
si m a l i
an o
an o
Ja v i
t u al i
tu mier
an o
ian
t u al i
si m a l i
ian
sim mier
neb
Ja v
ti
Ja v
ti
b
ma R
b
ma R
zo
da
bu
da
zo
pH masStabi
sur. 16.3. PH skala [1].
amrigad, anTropogenuli procesebis Sedegad, atmosferoSi gatyorcnil mJavaTa

Semadgeneli nivTierebebi ukanve ubrundeba miwis zedapirs mJave naleqebis saxiT da
udides materialur zarals iwvevs _ anadgurebs mcenareebs da sxva cocxal orga-
nizmebs (sur. 16.4), aqveiTebs niadagis nayofierebas, abinZurebs wyals. mecnierTa
PDF created
gamoTvliT, mJave naleqebis warmomqmneli nivTierebebis atmosferoSi 50%-iT naklebi
odenobiT gatyorcnis SemTxvevaSic ki, miRweul iqneba garemos degradirebis mniSvne-
lovani Semcireba. es 50% qvanaxSirze momuSave sawarmoebze modis, ris gamoc Zalze
Znelia am amocanis ganxorcieleba, Tumca ganviTarebuli qveynebi cdiloben am mxriv
efeqturi RonisZiebebis gatarebas, maT Soris sawvavis alternatiuli saxeobebis
moZebnas, energodamzogavi teqnologiebis danergvas, qvanaxSiris garecxvas an mis
gazur fazaSi gadayvanas da ise gamoyenebas warmoebaSi, wvis produqtebis gawmendas
sxvadasxvagvari filtrebiT da sxv. (sur. 16.5 da sur. 16.6).
sur. 16.4. mJave wvimebma mTlianad mospes mcenareuli safari.

gogirdorJanJi 100 tona/dR
mtveri 5 tona/dR
azotis Jangeulebi 100 tona/dR
sur. 16.5. qvanaxSirze momuSave 350 megavatiani elsadguris mier atmosferoSi

gatyorcnili mavne nivTierebebis tipiuri suraTi. emisiis maCveneblebi aseTia: 10%
ferfli, 2% gogirdi, 1,5% azoti. mravali sadguri bevrad ufro mZlavria da
emisiac bevrad metia [2].
ur. 16.6. mJave wvimebis gavlena tyeze, poloneTi [18].
PDF created
mJave wvimebis (naleqebis) odenoba gansakuTrebiT maRalia centralur evropaSi,
msoflios am Zalze industriul regionSi (sur. 16.7). am mxriv kavkasia, aseve
saqarTvelo, bednieri gamonaklisi iyo adrec, miT umetes, 90-ian wlebSi, mrewvelobis
TiTqmis sruli stagnaciis gamo.
naleqi
mJavianobis jamuri daleqva(keq/ha.w)
3-ze meti
2-3
1-2
0.5-1
0.25-0.5
0.25-ze naklebi
sur. 16.7. mJave wvimebis mTliani potenciali evropaSi 1990 w. [18].
16.2. globaluri daTboba

mzisgan modenili sinaTlis energia gaivlis atmosferos, STainTqmeba miwis
zedapiris mier da gadaiqceva siTbur energiad. es energia infrawiTeli sxivebis saxiT
ubrundeba atmosferos da iqidan kosmosur sivrces. atmosferos Semadgeneli airebi:
O2 da N2, ar akaveben aseT gasxivebas. maTgan gansxvavebiT, mTeli rigi airovani
nivTiereba ar atarebs infrawiTel sxivebs. aseTebs saTburis airebs uwodeben. maTi
damsaxurebaa is, rom troposfero inarCunebs mzis siTbos nawils. ase rom ar iyos,
maSin dedamiwis zedapiris saSualo temperatura 33°C–iT naklebi iqneboda, vidre
dRes aris, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida dRevandeli formiT dedamiwaze sicocxlis
arsebobas.
dedamiwaze atmosferos da sicocxlis arsebobis mravalmilioniani wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi saTburis airebs, romelTagan umTavresia CO2, bunebrivi wonasworoba hqondaT
damyarebuli, mzidan monadeni da kosmosur sivrceSi dabrunebuli radiaciis odenobebs
Soris. marTalia, cvlilebebic iyo, rac dedamiwis klimatis mniSvnelovan Secvlas
iwvevda (mag. gamyinvarebebi), magram procesi uaRresad neli tempiT, TandaTanobiT
mimdinareobda da koncentrirebuli iyo polarul zonebSi. bolo ramdenime aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi daiwyo bunebrivi wonasworobis mkveTri, swrafi rRveva, rac warmoebis
industrializaciis gamo moxda. dakvirvebebi naTelyofen, rom naxSirorJangis odeno-
ba atmosferoSi ganuxrelad izrdeba, rac asaxulia sur. 16.8. – 16.13.
355
CO2 koncentracia (ppm)
350
345
340
335
330
325
320
315
310
1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990

wlebi
sur. 16.8. atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis koncentraciis cvlis grafiki. rogorc

suraTidan Cans, mrudi cvalebadobs sezonurad fotosinTezis sezonuri variaciis gamo,
magram zogadad misi koncentracia ganuxrelad izrdeba [1].
360 1800
naxSirorJangi (CO2) meTani (CH4)
CH4 -is koncentracia
CO2 -is koncentracia
1600
340
1400
320
(ppmv)
(ppbv)
1200
300 1000
280 800
600
260
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
wlebi wlebi
310 0,3
CFC-11-is koncentracia
N2O -is koncentracia
azotis jangi (N2O) CFC-11
300 0,2
(ppmv)
(ppbv)
290 0,1
280 0
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
wlebi wlebi
sur. 16.9. saTburis efeqtis gamomwvevi airebis koncentraciis zrdis mrudebi atmosferoSi
1750 wlidan (CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC-11) [18].
PDF created
RrublebiT blokirebuli
siTbos nawili
dakarguli siTbo
CO2-iT daWerili
siTbos nawili
SesaZloa kvlav
gasxivdes atmosferoSi
infrawiTeli sxivebis
minis saxuraviT nawili daWerili
daWerili siTbos CO2-iT
nawili
saTburi
mzis Suqi
mzis Suqi
infrawiTeli radiacia (siTbo)
sur.16.10. saTburis efeqti [21]. haeric da minac gamWvirvalea xiluli

sinaTlisaTvis. CO2, saTburis minis msgavsad, akavebs infrawiTel sxivebs,
arekvlils dedamiwis zedapiridan.
mokletalRiani gamosxivebis
mze grZeltalRiani
nawili airekleba Rrublebis, gamosxiveba
mtvris da miwis zedapiridan ubrundeba
da ubrundeba kosmosur sivrces kosmoss
mokle da
grZeltalRiani
gamosxivebis
mokletalRiani nawili, STa-
nTqmuli Rru-
gamosxivebis
blebisa da
nawili saTburis ai-
rebis mier
mzis gamosxiveba gaibneva yvela
gaivlis mimarTulebiT.
misi nawili
gamWvirvale
gaaTbobs mi-
atmosferoSi wis zedapirs,
nawili daub-
rundeba kosmoss
mokletalRiani gamosxivebis grZeltalRiani gamosxiveba

nawili STainTqmeba miwis mier gamoiyofa dedamiwis mier
sur. 16.11. saTburis efeqti [18].

sxvadasxva naerTis wvlili saTburis efeqtSi (%)
meTani CH4
(15%)
azotis Jangi
N2O (6%)
sxva CFCs naxSirorJangi
(7%) CO2 (25%)
CFCs 11 da 12
(17%)
sur. 16.12. sxvadasxva naerTis wvlili siTbur efeqtSi (%).
SeerTebuli Statebi
yofili ssrk
CineTi
iaponia
germania
indoeTi
erayi
kanada
italia
safrangeTi
meqsika
poloneTi
samxreT afrika
koreis respublika
0 naxSirorJangis
5 metruli tona
10 15 1 sulze
20 25 30
sur. 16.13. sxvadasxva qveynis mrewvelobis wili 1 sul mosaxleze CO2 emisiaSi, 1991 w [16].
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saTburis efeqts sxva airebic qmnian. aseTebia: wylis orTqli, meTani, azotis
Jangi (N2O), qlorftornaxSirwyalbadebis, halogenebis da naxSirbadis sxva SenaerTebi.
varaudoben, rom saTburi airebis gaormagebis SemTxvevaSi temperaturis globaluri
cvla 1-5° farglebSi iqneba (saSualod 3°C). es TiTqos bevri ar aris, magram Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ukanaskneli gamyinvarebis dros (18 000 wlis win) temperatura
sul 5°C naklebi iyo, vidre amJamad, davrwmundebiT, rom es arcTu ise umniSvnelo
sididea. dedamiwis zedapirze klimatis ramdenime gradusiT Secvla _ daTboba gamoiwvevs
Crdilo yinulovani okeanis da antarqtikis, agreTve maRalmTiani qedebis yinulebis
swraf, intensiur dnobas, amis Sedegad sanapiro da dablobi teritoriebis wyliT
dafarvas da mraval sxva saziano cvlilebas, Sesabamisad, uzarmazar materialur
zarals.
16.3. ozonis faris daSla

16.3.1. ozonis faris buneba da mniSvneloba
stratosferoSi Tavmoyrili ozonis molekulebi mzidan modenili ultraiisferi
sxivebis mxolod 1% atareben dedamiwis zedapiramde, riTac icaven sicocxles gana-
dgurebisagan, vinaidan didi doziT ultraiisferi sxivebi momakvdinebelia cocxali
organizmebisaTvis. am Tvisebis gamo stratosferos ozonian nawils ozonis fari
ewoda.
ozoni stratosferoSi warmoiqmneba Jangbadis molekulebis daSliT, ultraiisferi
sxivebiT zemoqmedebisas. am dros O2 iSleba atomebad. Jangbadis atomis Jangbadis
molekulasTan SeerTebis Sedegad miiReba O3-ozoni. imis gamo, rom Jangbadis Tavisu-
fal atoms SeuZlia SeuerTdes ozons, warmoiqmneba Jangbadis 2 molekula (O3+O=2O2)
– procesi dinamiuria da stratosferoSi bunebriv pirobebSi damyarebulia wonasworoba
ozonis daSlasa da xelaxla warmoSobas Soris. magram sxva qimiuri nivTierebebis
gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, mosalodnelia bunebrivi wonasworobis darRveva. aseT qimiur
nivTierebebs miekuTvneba qlorftornaxSirbadebi, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba
macivrebis, kondicionerebis da sxva msgavsi xelsawyoebis Sesaqmnelad, agreTve sxva-
dasxva plastmasebis, eleqtroxelsawyoebis da sxv. warmoebaSi. dedamiwis zedapirze
arsebul pirobebSi es naerTi ar aris reaqtiuli, aalebadi, toqsikuri, magram strato-
sferoSi moxvedrisas, ganicdis ra ultraiisferi sxivebis zemoqmedebas, igi iSleba,
warmoiSoba Tavisufali qlori, romelic Sedis reaqciaSi stratosferos ozonTan da
warmoqmnis qloris Jangs (ClO) da Jangbadis molekulas (O2). imavdroulad, qlori
katalizatoria da misma erTma atomma SeiZleba 100 000 ozonis molekulis daSla
gamoiwvios, miT umetes, Tu iq ar aris sxva qimikati, romelsac SeuZlia daabandos
qloris atomi (sur. 16.14 da 16.15).

CrdiloeT amerika
10
0
gadaxra %
-5
-10
-15
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
evropa
10
0
gadaxra %
-5
-10
-15
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Soreuli aRmosavleTi
10
0
gadaxra %
-5
-10
-15
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
sur. 16.14. ozonis koncentraciis cvla regionebis mixedviT bolo 30

wlis ganmavlobaSi. naTlad Cans misi Semcirebis tendencia [18].
PDF created
sur. 16.15. atmosferoSi ozonis
5
CH3Cl faris damSleli qlorinebis ga-
moTvlili koncentraciebi 1950-
qlorinebis koncentracia
CC4
4 CH3CCl3 1990 wlebs Soris. naTlad Cans
CFC-11 maTi umravlesobis mniSvnelovani
CFC-12 zrda droTa ganmavlobaSi [18].
3
CFC-113
sxva
2
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
wlebi
16.3.2. ozonis xvreli

e.w. ozonis xvreli aRmoCenil iqna 1985 w. britaneli mkvlevrebis mier antar-
qtidaSi, samxreT polusis Tavze (sur. 16.16), sadac, daaxloebiT aSS teritoriis
tol farTobze, ozonis odenoba normaluri odenobis 50% naklebia. am movlenam
SesaZloa mZime gavlena moaxdinos antarqtidis ekosistemaze (nanoplanqtonis ga-
nadgureba, sakvebi jaWvis dazianebis gamo delfinebis da veSapebis warmomadgenelTa
masobrivi daRupva), agreTve avstraliis da samxreT amerikis mosaxleobis janmrTelobaze
(gansakuTrebiT saSiSia kanis kibos farTo gavrceleba).
5 oqtomberi, 1989 w.
dobsonis erTeulebi
samxreTi polusi
sur. 16.16. ozonis Sris mdgomareoba 1989 w. oqtomberSi

samxreT naxevarsferoSi [21].
Semdgomi wlebis gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom ozonis faris daSlis procesebi ar

ifargleba mxolod samxreTi polusiT, is SeimCneva planetis sxva regionebSic (sur.
16.17). am faqtma didi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia mTels msoflioSi. Seiqmna ozonis Sris

kvlevis da misi degradaciisagan gadarCenis saerTaSoriso programebi. 1987 w. monrealSi,
gaeros wevrma qveynebma xeli moaweres e.w. `monrealis protokols~, romelic
avaldebulebs SeTanxmebis monawile qveynebs 2000 wlisaTvis 50%-iT Seamciron
qlorftornaxSirbadebis warmoeba (sur. 16.18). xelSekrulebas msoflios saxelmwifoTa
umetesoba SeuerTda, maT Soris saqarTveloc. SemdgomSi, roca gairkva, rom ozonis
Sris daSlis saSiSroeba ufro didia, vidre moelodnen, miaRwies SeTanxmebas qlorf-
tornaxSirbadis SenaerTebis warmoebis sruli aRkveTis Sesaxeb 2000 wlisaTvis
ganviTarebul qveynebSi da 2010 wlisaTvis ganviTarebad qveynebSi. Tumca isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom msoflioSi ukve aris damzadebuli da amoqmedebuli uamravi xelsawyo-
danadgari, romlebic sistematurad gaafrqveven atmosferoSi ozonis faris damSlel,
zemoT aRniSnul naerTebs.
sur. 16.17. qloris monoqsidis ganawileba 1992 w. 11 ianvars arqtikasa

da CrdiloeT evropis Tavze (wiTeli feriT aRniSnulia minimumi).
CFC-11 msofl io warmoeba (mln kg.)
sur. 16.18. sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso

4
arasruli
monrealis oqmi SeTanxmeba (kopenhagenis, monrealis, londo-
3 nis) iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifoTa valdebu-
monrealis oqmi lebebs Seamciron ozonis Sris damSleli
2 nivTierebebis warmoeba da gamoyeneba, amis
Sedegad maTi atmosferoSi gafrqveva. su-
londonis
1 Sesworeba
raTze naCvenebia aRniSnuli SeTanxmebebis
kopenhagenis
Sesworeba
Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi rogori iqneba CFC
0 (a) da qloridebis (b) wliuri warmoeba
1900 1950 2000
wlebi
2050 2100 da emisia [18].
20
qloridis koncentracia (ppbv)
15 arasruli
monrealis oqmi
10
monrealis oqmi
londonis
5
Sesworeba
kopenhagenis
Sesworeba
0
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
wlebi
PDF created
Tavi 17. dabinZurebis ekonomikuri Sedegebi da
dabinZurebis riskis Sefaseba
naTlad Cans, Tu raoden mniSvnelovan problemebs uqmnis garemos, cocxal orga-

nizmebs, maT Soris adamianebs, haeris, wylisa da niadagis dabinZureba. amis gamo
saxelmwifoebi, maTi Sesabamisi dawesebulebebi, sazogadoebrivi arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciebi da, saerTod, sazogadoebrioba iRebs valdebulebebs am problemaTa mosawe-
srigeblad sakanonmdeblo aqtebis SemoRebis da maTi aRsrulebisaTvis saWiro meqanizmebis
Seqmnis gziT. saqarTvelos magaliTze, am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba aRiniSnos parla-
mentis mier miRebuli kanonebi garemos dacvis, wiaRiT sargeblobis, ekologiuri
eqspertizis Sesaxeb da sxv., agreTve araerTi kanonqvemdebare aqti, SemuSavebuli
garemos da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros mier. sazogadoebriobis azris
gaTvaliswineba nebismieri saqmianobisas, romelsac SeuZlia daazianos garemo, saval-
debulo unda gaxdes xelisuflebis yvela donisaTvis, mewarmeebisaTvis. magram sakiTxis
amgvari dayeneba gulisxmobs, rom dabinZurebiT mosalodneli ziani da misi sidide –
mniSvneloba, dadasturebuli unda iqnes sarwmuno faqtebiT, saimedo mecnieruli
monacemebiT, vinaidan garemosdacviTi saqmianobis ganxorcieleba didi xarjebis gawevas
moiTxovs. arasworma Sefasebebma SesaZloa didi ekonomikuri zarali moitanos, xeli
SeuSalos mewarmeobas an saerTod CaaxSos igi.
rogor ganvsazRvroT garemos dabinZurebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis saWiro dana-
xarjebis efeqturoba, rogoria danaxarjebis maqsimumi, romlis zeviT saqmianoba
wamgebiani xdeba da rogor unda moiqces sazogadoebrioba aseT SemTxvevebSi. qvem-
debare Tavic am sakiTxebis ganxilvas eZRvneba.
17.1. xarji-sargeblis analizi

garemosdacviTi saqmianobis sawyis etapebze sazogadoebrivi politika nakleb
yuradRebas uTmobda saqmianobis ekonomikur mxares, gabatonebuli iyo sakomando
Semowmeba-akrZalvis meTodebi. industrializaciis swrafma ganviTarebam aucilebeli
gaxada am saqmianobis ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswineba.
17.1.1. xarji-sargeblis analizis Sefardeba

nebismieri samewarmeo saqmianoba gulisxmobs garkveul danaxarjebs, Semosavlebs,
mogebas. saqmianoba ekonomikurad mizanSewonilia, Tu Semosavali faravs danaxarjebs
da iZleva mogebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aseTi saqmianoba wamgebiania, ekonomikurad
gaumarTlebelia. dabinZurebisagan garemos dacva aseve gulisxmobs garkveul danaxarjebs
gamwmendi danadgarebis SeZenis, maTi dayenebis da gamoyenebisaTvis. am danaxarjebis
sidide izrdeba gawmendis xarisxis zrdis Sesabamisad ise, rogorc es naCvenebia sur.
17.1. am naxazidan Cans, rom gawmendis xarisxi ver aRwevs 100%, garkveuli %-is
Semdeg gawmendisaTvis saWiro xarjebi Zalian swrafad izrdeba.

sur. 17.1. xarji-sargeblis
dabinZurebis Semcirebis
Sefardeba dabinZurebis Sem-
fasi dolarebSi (%)

cirebis RonisZiebebis ganxor-
cielebis SemTxvevaSi [1].
a - dabinZurebis marTvis
xarjebi izrdeba eqsponencia-
lurad (eqsponer – Cveneba, laT.),
gawmendis xarisxis zrdis mixed-
viT, anu warmoadgens gawmendis
xarisxis funqcias; b – gawmen-
didan miRebuli sargeblis mrudi
dabinZurebis zRvrulad dasa-
0 20 40 60 80 100 Svebi zRvris Semdeg umniSvnelo
dabinZurebis Semcireba (%) sididisaa; g - danaxarjebis da
a Semosavlebis (sargeblobis)
mrudebis Sedarebidan irkveva,
rom danaxarjebis efeqturobis
sargebeli (dolarebSi)
maqsimumis miRweva xdeba 100%-

iT gawmendamde da xarjis Sem-
dgomi zrda ar iZleva damatebiT
sargebels.
0 20 40 60 80 100
dabinZurebis Semcireba (%)
b
amoRebuli
sargebelobis fasi
sargeblis fasi -
(dolarebSi)
fasi efeqtu-
robis
dabinZurebis
optimumi
Semcirebis
fasi
0 20 40 60 80 100
dabinZurebis Semcireba (%)
g
aSS-Si, garemos dacvis saagentos monacemebiT, am qveyanaSi dabinZurebisagan

garemos dacvis mTeli xarjebi, 1980-iani wlebis dasasrulidan, weliwadSi 100
miliard aSS dolars aRemateba da 2000 wlisaTvis weliwadSi 150 miliard aSS
dolars gadaaWarbebs (sur. 17.2.), rac qveynis sruli erovnuli produqtis 2,0% -ze
mets Seadgens.
17.1 diagramebis analizi SesaZleblobas iZleva davaskvnaT, rom: (1) dabinZurebisagan
garemos (haeri, wyali, miwa) gawmendisaTvis danaxarjebis zrdis optimaluri mniSvneloba
gawmendis 50-80% diapazonSia, roca xarjebis da sargeblis mrudebi maqsimalurad
arian erTmaneTs dacilebuli; (2) gawmendisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis zrda, garkveuli
zRvris Semdeg, saWiro Sedegs ar iZleva, mizanSewonili ar aris da Tu am zRvris
miRwevisas gawmendis xarisxi aRwevs dabinZurebis zRvrulad dasaSveb dones, gawmendis
PDF created
200
qimikatebi da sxvadasxva
miliardi dolari 1986 w. kursiT

wyali
150 haeri da radiacia
miwa
50
1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

wlebi
sur. 17.2. dabinZurebis sawinaaRmdego xarjebi aSS-Si [1].
xarisxisadmi Semdgomi gamodevneba unda Sewydes; (3) Tu gawmendis xarisxis maqsimumis

miRwevis Semdegac dabinZureba zRvrulad dasaSvebze metia, aseTi warmoeba ar aris
mizanSewonili, unda Sewydes, unda gamoiZebnos gawmendis sxva, ufro efeqturi
teqnologiebi. magram problemis amgvarad mowesrigebas araerTi winaaRmdegoba xvdeba,
maT Soris konkurencia mewarmeTa Soris. zogi mewarme Segnebulad da keTilsindisierad
iqceva da xarjavs saWiro Tanxebs dabinZurebis Sesamcireblad, an Tavidan asacileblad.
amis gamo man produqcia unda gaaZviros, an dakmayofildes ufro naklebi mogebiT,
xolo arakeTilsindisieri, uweso mewarme, romelic ar xarjavs sakmaris Tanxebs
dabinZurebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebisaTvis, ukeTes konkurentul pirobebSi eqceva.
aseTi movlenebis mosawesrigeblad saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven sxvadasxvagvar sanqciebs:
mag., gadasaxadebSi SeRavaTebs im mewarmeTaTvis, romlebic naklebad abinZureben garemos.
magram saerTaSoriso masStabiT amgvarad problemis mogvareba ar aris martivi,
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebis met-naklebad srulyofilad
mowesrigebis gamo. am xarvezebis Sesavsebad saWiro xdeba saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis
miRweva.
17.2. xarji-sargeblis analizis siZneleebi

mTel rig SemTxvevaSi savsebiT SesaZlebelia dabinZurebis Sesamcireblad, Tavidan
asacileblad gasawevi xarjebis odenobis gamoTvla. agreTve is, Tu ra odenobis
iqneba amis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli. magram aranakleb xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca
aseTi Sefasebis dadgena Znelia, an SeuZlebelic. mag., TanxebSi gaangariSeba imisa, Tu
ra Rirs adamianis janmrTelobis an misi sicocxlis SenarCuneba, an saerTod cocxali
organizmebisa (mcenareTa, cxovelebis, mikroorganizmebis da sxv.). problemas arTu-
lebs isic, rom Zalze Zneli an SeuZlebelia winaswar ganWvreta, Tu ra daujdeba
sazogadoebas, fuladi ganzomilebiT, ozonis xvrelis zrda, mJave wvimebi, globaluri
daTboba. miT umetes, rom es movlenebi did droSia gaWimuli, Sromis, sagnebis da
masalebis fasi ki cvalebadia. aseT SemTxvevebSi mecnierulad ufro gamarTlebulia

riskis analizi da misi Sefaseba, rac gulisxmobs prognozirebas – Tu ra Sedegebi
SeiZleba mohyves garemos dabinZurebas da aris Tu ara Sedegebi ise mniSvnelovani, rom
sazogadoebriobam gaiRos saWiro Tanxebi maTi Tavidan acilebisaTvis.
garemos dacva ar aris mxolod fulis xarjva, igi ar emyareba marto Teoriul
princips, eTikur-moralur normebs, SiSs SesaZlo ekologiuri katastrofebis Sesaxeb
da sxv., aramed garemos dacva Zalze momgebiani biznesia. ekologiurad sufTa produq-
ciis warmoeba, mrewvelobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi, mSeneblobaSi, energetikasa da
adamianis saqmianobis mraval sxva dargSi axali, ekologiurad gamarTuli teqnologiebis
danergva did mogebas aZlevs biznesmenebs, razec naTel warmodgenas iZleva sur. 17.3.
1992 2010
bazari mTlianad 210 miliardi bazari mTlianad 570 miliardi
dolari dolari
aRm. evropa da axali
Cr.amerika das.evropa iaponia damoukidebeli aRm. da samxreT
saxelmwifoebi aRmosavleTi azia
samxr.amerika CineTi indoeTi sxva
sur. 17.3. msoflios environmentalisturi bazari - èkologiuri~ saqonlis

Rirebuleba qveynebis mixedviT da misi zrdis prognozi [16].
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nawili V. bunebrivi resursebi: biota, narCenebi,
energia, miwa da wiaRiseuli
Tavi 18. bunebrivi resursebi
buneba, bunebrivi simdidreebi, adamianis rogorc materialur, aseve sulier

moTxovnilebebs unda akmayofilebdes. bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis gareSe Seu-
Zlebelia sicocxlis SenarCuneba dedamiwaze. amavdroulad, uamravi adamiani did
sulier sazrdos Rebulobs bunebis simSvenierisagan (sur.18.1). bunebrivi simdidreebi
araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli Cvens planetaze. kacobriobis istoria kargad icnobs
maTi gadanawilebisaTvis atexil lokaluri Tu globaluri masStabebis omebs da maT
Sedegebs. sul ufro naTeli xdeba imis aucilebloba, rom TiToeulma adamianma
gaiTviTcnobieros bunebrivi resursebiT gonivruli sargeblobis aucilebloba, auci-
lebloba imisa, rom igi aris am resursebis gankargvazec da movla-patronobazec
pasuxismgebeli. bunebrivi resursebiT gonivruli sargebloba ki gulisxmobs biomra-
valferovnebis SenarCunebas, narCenebis xelaxal gamoyenebas, ganaxlebadi energoresursebis
gamoyenebaze gadasvlas, miwis nayofierebis SenarCunebas. resursebis gamoyenebiT garemoze
zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva sur. 18.2.
sur. 18.1. bunebis simSveniere.

sur. 18.2. resursebiT sargeblobis gavlena garemos mdgomareobaze [2].
18.1. gareuli saxeobebi: maTi mravalferovneba da dacva

mcenareebis, cxovelebis da mikroorganizmebis daaxloebiT 1,5 milioni saxeoba
aris cnobili dRes mecnierTaTvis fiqroben, rom Seudareblad ufro metia dReisaTvis
ucnobi saxeobebis ricxvi (sur. 18.3)
8 000 000
1 000 000
500 000
virusebi
baqteriebi
sokoebi
umartivesni
wyalmcenareebi
umaRlesi mcenareebi
xerxemlianebi
nematodebi
moluskebi
krustaceebi
araqnidebi
mwerebi
sur. 18.3. aRweril saxeTa ricxvi naCvenebia TeTri svetebiT, xolo savaraudo saxeTa ricxvi –
Savi svetebiT. diagramaze SedarebisaTvis motanilia cocxal organizmTa mxolod is jgufebi, sadac
saxeTa odenoba aRemateba 100 000 [19].
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2000 wlisaTvis yovelwliu-
rad daaxloebiT 50 000 saxe
gadaSendeba
wlebi 1600 1800 1900 2000
sur. 18.4. saxeobaTa gadaSenebis mrudi [16].
cocxali organizmebis bunebrivi saxeobebi, anu biota, aris is, rac aucilebelia
sicocxlis SenarCunebisaTvis dedamiwaze. es organizmebi, maTi ekosistemebi warmoadgenen
Cveni planetis biologiur dovlaTs, mis simdidres. daaxloebiT 10 000 wlis win,
dRevandeli adamianis winaprebma daiwyes cocxali organizmebis moSeneba, maTi moSinaureba,
ramac mniSvnelovnad Secvala bunebrivi suraTi. droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianma tyeebis
da velebis uzarmazari farTobi gadaaqcia saZovrebad, yanebad, sxva sasoflo-sameurneo
Tu industriuli sargeblobis teritoriebad, ris gamo mravali cxoveluri Tu
mcenareuli saxeoba gadaSenda maTi sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvlis gamo, bevri
saxeoba gadaSenebis piras aris misuli (sur. 18.4).
yvela organizmi, mwerebi

yvela saxeoba: 1 413 000 751 000
sxva
cxovelebi
s ok
281 000
oeb
protozoa 30 800
umaRlesi
i 6
mcenareebi
9
248 400
000
virusebi
1 000
baqteriebi
wyalmcenare
da maTi
26 900
msgavsi
formebi
sur. 18.5. dRes cnobili cocxali organizmebis saxeobaTa raodenoba [16].

18.2. buneba
bunebrivi saxeobebis mniSvneloba xSirad filosofiuri gansjis sagani xdeba.
rogoria maTi mniSvneloba, maTi Rirebuleba ganizomeba mxolod im midgomiT, Tu ra
materialuri sargebloba moaqvT maT adamianisaTvis, Tu isini TavisTavad warmoadgenen
garkveul Rirebulebas? azri am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ar aris erTmniSvnelovani da
kamaTis sagans warmoadgens.
18.3. bunebriv saxeobaTa gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba

bunebrivi saxeobebi maTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT 5 kategoriad SeiZleba davyoT:
1. sasoflo-sameurneo da satyeo, wylis kulturebis da samecxoveleo mniSvnelobis;
2. samkurnalo saSualebaTa;
3. rekreaciuli, esTetikuri da samecniero mniSvnelobis;
4. komerciuli mniSvnelobis;
5. TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis.
18.3.1. sasoflo-sameurneo da satyeo, aqvakulturis da samecxoveleo

mniSvnelobis bunebriv saxeobaTa Rirebuleba
aRniSnul jgufSi CamoTvlili saxeobebis mniSvneloba udidesia da kargad aris
cnobili. jer erTi, rom am kategorias ekuTvnis sakvebad gamoyenebuli mcenareuli da
cxoveluri organizmebi. meore _ adamianma, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi xelovnuri moSenebiT,
SejvarebiT da seleqciiT, bunebrivi saxeobebidan Seqmna kulturuli mcenareebis da
Sinauri cxovelebis specialuri Tvisebebis mqone saxeobebi (sur. 18.6). bunebrivi
saxeobebi kulturuli saxeobebis `genetur banks~ warmoadgenen. maTi gadaSeneba `geneturi
bankis~ daSretis saSiSroebas Seqmnis.
yurZeni soio
xorbali
qeri
kombosto,
salaTa,
zeTisxili,
Svria
cercvi
rezina, brinji
Sokoladi
citrusebi
pamidori
simindi
Saqris
sorgo, lerwami
xorbali, yava
bamba
banani,
araqisi iami,
kartofili qoqosi
sur. 18.6. umTavresi kulturuli mcenareebis geneturi saxeobebis centrebi

r. primakis mixedviT [15].
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18.3.2. samedicino mniSvnelobis saxeobebis Rirebuleba
bunebrivi saxeobebi qmnian agreTve samkurnalo medicinaSi gamoyenebuli saxeobebis
`genetur banks~. aTaseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili codnis meoxebiT, mravali
mcenareuli Tu cxoveluri organizmi, maTi nawilebi, an maT mier gamomuSavebuli
nivTierebebi, araerTi sneulebis gankurnebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. futkris Tu qvewarmavlebis
Sxami, mcenareTa foTlebis, ylortebisa Tu fesvebis eqstraqtebi da sxva mravali,
kargad aris cnobili saxalxo medicinaSi da aramarto saxalxo medicinaSi. mcenare-
uli Tu cxoveluri organizmebis meSveobiT Seqmnili medikamentebis realizaciiT
miRebuli Semosavlebi yovelwliurad aTeuli miliardoboT aSS dolars aRemateba.
1 8.3.3. rekreaciuli, esTetikuri da samecniero Rirebulebis mqone

bunebrivi saxeobebi
sur 18.7-ze Zalze gamartivebulad, magram xatovnad aris warmodgenili cocxali
organizmebis saxeobebis mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba ekologiuri turizmis _ (saxeTa
fotografireba, mzera, TevzWera, turizmi, alpinizmi, kldeze cocva sxvadasxvagvari
garToba, dasveneba) _ Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT.
sur 18.7. bunebrivi saxeobebi (biota) mravalnairi rekreaciuli, esTetikuri da samecniero

Rirebulebis wyaros warmoadgenen [1].

18.3.4. TavisTavadi Rirebuleba
mravali adamiani, maT Soris gamoCenili pirovnebebi _ mecnierebi, xelovnebis
moRvaweebi, poetebi, mwerlebi, filosofosebi, religiuri moRvaweebi _ miiCnevdnen
da miiCneven, rom cocxali organizmebi, imis miuxedavad gamodgebian isini saWmelad,
sasmelad Tu raime sxva moxmarebisaTvis, TavisTavadve warmoadgenen Rirebulebas da
maTi umizezod mospoba sruliad gaumarTlebelia.
18.4. biomravalferovneba
biomravalferovnebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ekosistemebis mdgradobis SenarCunebaSi,
wina TavebSi (ix. mag., Tavi 4) sakmaod vrclad iyo msjeloba. aq kidev erTxel
mivaqcevT yuradRebas biomravalferovnebis mdgomareobas globaluri masStabiT, agre-
Tve saqarTvelosa da rigi sxva qveynebis magaliTze.
bolo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mravali saxeoba gadaSenda. am mxriv mZime suraTia
okeanur kunZulebze, sadac, teritoriis simciris gamo, populaciebi ar iyo mraval-
ricxovani da ver gauZles adamianTa zewolas. tropikuli zonebis gautyeurebis gamo,
weliwadSi 4 000-mde saxeobis gadaSenebas aqvs adgili. zogi mkvlevaris monacemebiT
am saukunis bolosaTvis gadaSenebul saxeobaTa ricxvi 750 000 miaRwevs. Tumca unda
SevniSnoT, rom amgvar Sefasebas yvela mecnieri ar iziarebs.
sur. 18.8. warmodgenas iZleva aSS-Si 1800 -dan 1986 wlamde saxeobaTa gadaSenebis
odenobaze.
x er x emli an cx o velT a jguf eb i s gad aS eneb a
110
100
saxeTa da qvesaxeTa jamuri raodenoba
90
80
70
Tevzebi
60
frinvelebi
50
ZuZumwovrebi
40
30
20
10
0
1800
1820
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
1986
sur 18.8. naCvenebia 1800-1986 ww. xerxemlianTa sxvadasxva jgufis

gadaSenebis masStabebi aSS-Si. wiTeli feri _ ZuZumwovrebi, lurji _
frinvelebi, yviTeli _ Tevzebi [1].
saqarTveloSi saxeTa gadaSenebis masStabebi sakmaod mniSvnelovania. didia

gadaSenebis piras misul saxeobaTa ricxvi, ris Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva sxvadasxva
specialuri naSromi, maT Soris saqarTvelos wiTeli wigni, gamocemuli 1989 wels.
Sav zRvaSi sarewao mniSvnelobis mqone Tevzebis ricxvi, bolo aTwleulebSi, 25
saxeobidan 5 saxeobamde Semcirda. gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSea delfinismagvari
ZuZumwovrebi, iSviaTobas warmoadgens atlanturi zuTxi (sur. 18.9 da sur. 18.10).
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sur. 18.9. Savi zRvis qveynebis daaxloebiT
150 000 meTevze damokidebulia ekonomikurad
TevzWeris SesaZleblobebze [23].
sur. 18.10. Savi zRvis delfinebi [23].
18.4.1. mosaxleobis zrdis gavlena

biomravalferovnebis Semcirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria saxeobaTa
sacxovrebeli garemos moSla, maT adgilas sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis obieqtebis
Seqmna, industrializacia, Waobebis daSroba, samxedro mSenebloba, iaraRis gamoc-
dis poligonebis Seqmna, tyeebis gaCexva, samigracio gzebis gadaketva-moSla. SeimCneva
ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba mosaxleobis zrdasa da saxeobaTa raodenobas
Soris (sur. 8.11).

sur. 18.11. ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba mo-
msoflio mosaxleoba
darCenili saxeebi (%) saxleobis ricxovnobasa (wiTeli) da bunebriv saxeo-
baTa raodenobas Soris (lurji). lurji zolis si-
(miliardi)
gane aRniSnavs albaTobis diapazons [1].
adamianebi
1000 1500 2000

wlebi
18.4.2. dabinZurebis gavlena

dabinZurebis Sedegad cocxali organizmis ganadgurebis araerTi magaliTia cnobili
msoflioSi. haeris, wylis, niadagis dabinZureba radikalurad cvlis saxeobaTa Cveul
garemos da aiZulebs maT eZion sxva, maTTvis Sesaferisi sacxovrebeli adgili.
saxeobebi, romlebic amas ver axerxeben, iRupebian. gansakuTrebiT mZime Sedegs iZleva
garemos dabinZureba navTobiTa da navTobproduqtebiT (sur 18.12).
miwis ekosistemebi
narCeni zeTebi (navTobi)
gaJonva da garRveva gaJonva da gadamuSavebis
narCenebi
WaburRilebi
xmeleTze gaTboba,
milsadenebi transporti, atmosfero
mrewveloba,
soflis meurneoba
milsadenebi
rezeruarebi tankerebi
sawvavis
gamoyenebiT
navTobgadamuSaveba haeris
gaWuWyianeba
gadineba, gaJonva daqceva, gaJonva da gadamuSavebis narCeni

gaJonva_ gaskdoma avariebi narCenebi navTobi
wylis ekosistemebi
okeane
sur. 18.12. haeris, wylis da niadagis dabinZurebis ZiriTadi gzebi [2].
18.4.3. klimatis globaluri cvlis gavlena

klimatis globaluri cvla, rac ramdenime gradusiT daTbobaSi SeiZleba
gamoixatos, iqneba imdenad swrafi, rom mravali saxeoba ver moaswrebs axal pirobebTan
Seguebas, verc migracias (mag. mcenareebi), amitom isini gadaSenebis saSiSroebis
winaSe aRmoCndebian.
18.4.4. sxva faqtorebi

saxeobaTa gadaSenebis kidev araerTi faqtoria: Warbi moxmareba (barbarosuli
nadiroba, Tevzaoba), ucxo cxovelebis da mcenareebis introducireba da sxv., romelTa
Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas iZleva sur 18.13.
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mo s
a xl
a eo b
vl a
Sec sacxovrebeli garemos
u ri danawevreba samSeneblo
struqturebiT
z ik
fi
mJave
s
emo
wvimebi
ga r
bu
a d nebr i
a m i vi
b el i
a ni
s ga re
d a bin
s aW mo
ir s g sa Tb ur is air
ebi
oe ad
o vr e
bi s a k e
Zu r e
a T Teb
vi s a
s ac x
ba
rTuli bunebrivi
garemos gamartiveba mo mw am
l a vi
biologiuri a ir eb i
ev Tr o
dovlaTi fi ka ci
a, nal
eqeb i
uzomod gaCexva
gadaWarbebuli
Tevzaoba kuZu gadametZoveba
gadaWarbebuli
nadiroba
ga
va
da
rg
Wa
ne
rb
Ca
eb a
ul b aT
ad x eo
s ar sa
geb xo
lo uc
ba
sur. 18.13. biomravalferovnebis Semcirebis gzebis jamuri suraTi [1].
18.5. RonisZiebebi saxeobaTa SenarCunebisaTvis

saxeobaTa gadaSenebis sawinaaRmdegod, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi garemos-
dacviTi organizaciebi, mTel rig RonisZiebebs mimarTaven. samecniero dawesebulebebi,
mecnierTa jgufebi Tu calkeuli pirebi axdenen dakvirvebas saxeobaTa ricxovnobaze,
maTi sacxovrebeli adgilebis mdgomareobaze da sxv. adgenen e.w. `wiTel wignebs~,
sadac aRniSnulia gadaSenebis piras myofi saxeobebi. kanoni krZalavs maTze nadirobas,
Tevzaobas, bunebidan amoRebas. araerTi organizacia da saxelmwifo gadaSenebis piras
myofi saxeobebisaTvis qmnian daculi teritoriebis sistemebs: nakrZalebs, rezervatebs,
erovnul parkebs, aRkveTilebs da sxv. (sur 8.14).

islandia
SvedeTi
norvegia
fineTi
dania
belgia
niderlandebi
luqsemburgi
irlandia
safrangeTi
germania
estoneTi
poloneTi
ungreTi
bulgareTi
rumineTi
ukraina
albaneTi
saerTaSoriso dacva
Sveicaria erovnuli da
avstria saerTaSoriso dacva
saberZneTi
italia bunebrivi rezervatebi
portugalia da erovnuli parkebi
espaneTi landSaftis da
sxvaTa dacva
sul
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
procenti
sur. 18.14. daculi teritoriebis farTobebis procentuli

odenoba evropis saxelmwifoebSi [18].
sur.18.15. saqarTveloSi erovnuli parkebis Seqmnis suraTze warmodgenili proeqti, SemuSavebulia

pirvelqmnili bunebis msoflio fondis (WWF) da am fondis saqarTvelos biuros mier. ganzraxulia
Semdegi parkebis Seqmna: I _ kolxeTis, II _ centraluri kavkasionis, III _ aRmosavleTi kavkasionis,
IV _ ivris zegnis, V _ borjomi-xaragaulis, VI _ eruSeTis da VII _ aWara-imereTis. am proeqtis
ganxorcieleba `kornukopialistTa~ mZafr winaaRmdegobas awydeba.
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Tavi 19. ekosistemebi _ bunebrivi resursebi
wina, 18 TavSi saubari gvqonda bunebriv saxeobebze, romlis gareSe SeuZlebeli

iqneboda adamianis arseboba dedamiwaze. magram, rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli me-3
TavSi, nebismieri saxeoba SeiZleba iyos mdgradi mxolod saerTo ekosistemis konteqstSi.
saxeTa gadarCenisaTvis aucilebelia ekosistemebis SenarCuneba. ekosistemis gareSe ar
arsebobs da verc iarsebebs biosfero, romelic Tavad warmoadgens ekosistemebis
erTobliobas. samwuxarod, rogorc viciT, ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs saxeobaTa ga-
daSeneba _ ekosistemebis degradacia, rac sul metad aRaribebs dedamiwis biologiur
simdidres.
19.1. biologiuri sistemebis globaluri perspeqtiva

19.1.1. mTavari sistemebi da maTi mniSvneloba
biotis mier gaweuli biotis mier gaweuli

samsaxuri: samsaxuri:
ra aris misi fasi? ra aris misi fasi?
dabinZurebis STanTqma
asufTavebs haersa
da wyals
dabinZureba
klimatis
Serbileba klimatis gamkacreba
CaJonva Svelis gruntis

gruntis wylis wylebis niadagis
Sevsebas gamoleva Carecxva
da erozia
icavs
eroziisagan
narCenis daSla da
asimilacia xels
icavs bunebrivi uwyobs azotis
ekosistemis damagrebas, niadagis
produqtiulobas aeracias, wylis
gawmendas
b un e br i vi e ko s is -
t e me b i s pr o d u q t i u -
lo bis da ce ma
sur.19.1. bunebrivi ekosistemebi daufasebel samsaxurs gviweven, maT Soris iseTs, rogoric aris
haeris da wylis gawmenda, qimiuri ciklebis ganxorcieleba, niadagis Seqmna da misi dacva eroziisagan,
klimatis formireba, mavneblebisagan Tavis dacva [1].
wina Tavidan viciT, rom dedamiwaze mravalgvari ekosistema arsebobs, romelTagan

yvelaze mTavaria tyis, savanis da stepis, Waobis, udabnos, tundris da sasoflo-
sameurneo moxmarebis ekosistemebi (xmeleTze); okeaneTa sanapiroebisa da ubeebis,
marjnis rifebisa da gaSlili zRvis, msoflio okeanis farglebSi. ZiriTadad es

ekosistemebi iZlevian adamianis arsebobisaTvis aucilebel yvela sakvebs, sawvavs,
xe-tyes, samSeneblo nedleuls, tyavs, bewveuls, zeTs, alkohols da mraval sxvas.
ekosistemebi gamoimuSaveben energias, uzrunvelyofen sxvadasxva nivTierebis cirku-
lacias. ekosistemebis mier Sesrulebuli `momsaxurebidan~ yvelaze mniSvnelovania
Semdegi:
1. hodrologiuri ciklis (wylis brunvis) uzrunvelyofa;
2. klimatis Camoyalibeba;
3. dabinZurebis STanTqma;
4. Sxamqimikatebis gardaqmna;
5. niadagis Seqmna da misi dacva eroziisagan;
6. mavneblebis gavlenis marTva;
7. Jangbadis da azotis brunvis uzrunvelyofa;
8. naxSirbadis dagroveba da misi brunvis uzrunvelyofa.
yvela es sakiTxi ganxiluli iyo wignis sawyis TavebSi. sur. 19.1 da 19.2
SesaZleblobas mogvcems gavixsenoT es masala.
adre
Semdeg
sur. 19.2. zRvis sanapiro zolis Waobebi bevr sasargeblo samsaxurs uwevs
adamians. mecnierTa gamoTvliT, 1 akri (akri _ 0,405 ha) Waobisa wliurad 100 000
aSS dolaris Rirebulebas qmnis. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania wylis gasufTaveba
da Tevzis gamravleba. adamianis Careva, Waobebis saxecvlis TvalsazrisiT (daSroba,
mSenebloba, gardaqmna da sxv.), zaralis momtani ufro aris, vidre mogebis [1].
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19.1.2. ekosistemebi _ bunebrivi simdidre
bunebrivi biotis mTeli sikeTe is aris, rom igi ganaxlebadi (Tu adamiani ar
SeuSlis xels) resursia. gavixsenoT mexuTe Tavi imis Sesaxeb, rom yovel saxeobas
aqvs Tavisi sasicocxlo potenciali, rac gulisxmobs misi ricxovnobis zrdas
wonasworobis donemde _ gawonasworebuli ekosistemis Camoyalibebamde. wonasworobis
darRveva xdeba maSin, roca moxmareba gadaaWarbebs aRwarmoebas. mecnierebis dRevandeli
done iZleva imis saSualebas, rom gamovTvaloT biotiT sargeblobis iseTi optimaluri
done, roca ar moxdeba moxmareba-ganaxlebis balansis darRveva.
19.1.3. ganaxleba-aRdgena
wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, rom msoflio masStabiT SeimCneva biomravalferovnebis
da saxeobaTa Semcirebis Zalze SemaSfoTebeli tendencia (ix. Tavi 18, qveTavi 18.3).
amis sapasuxod bunebis qomagebma xeli mihyves gadaSenebis piras misul saxeobaTa
xelovnur moSenebas (sur. 19.3), im saxeobaTa aRwarmoebas, romelTa eqspluataciis
zrdis tempebi Warboben am saxeobaTa bunebrivi momravlebis SesaZleblobebs. samwuxarod,
es yvelgan da yovelTvis ver xdeba sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. gansakuTrebiT Zneli
xdeba samTamadno warmoebis mier mitovebul ubnebSi adre arsebuli ekosistemebis,
maTi biotis aRdgena.
sur. 19.3. hovard gilmanis rezervati aSS floridis StatSi (uait ouki).
19.2. zewola ekosistemebze

19.2.1. gautyeureba
gansakuTrebiT mZimea zewola msoflio masStabiT tyis ekosistemebze. Tavdapirvelad
tyiT dafaruli farTobis 1/3 dRes gautyeurebulia (tyis gaCexvis,xanZrebis da
sxvaTa Sedegad). tyeebis gaCexvis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi iyo da aris saZovrebisa da
saxnav-saTesisaTvis, agreTve sxvadasxva mSeneblobisaTvis axal-axali farTobebis
mopovebis saWiroeba, mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdis proporciulad. gautyeurebam
araerTi saziano Sedegi moitana. mag.:

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azia
laTinuri amerika afrika

tropikuli wvimebis zonis tyeebis
winandeli gavrceleba
tropikuli wvimebis zonis tyeebis
amJamindeli gavrceleba
aseTi iqneba maTi gavrceleba 2000 w.
Tu SenarCundeba tyeebis gaCexvis
dRevandeli tempi
sur. 19.4. tropikuli wvimebis zonis tyeebi Tavdapirvelad faravdnen samxreT amerikis, afrikisa da indoneziis ekvatoruli zonis
umetes nawils. maTi farTobebi Zalze Semcirda gautyeurebis gamo [1].
1. miwis farTobebis didi nawilis produqtiulobis Semcireba;
2. biomasis moculobis Semcireba;
3. biomravalferovnebis Semcireba;
4. niadagis eroziis gaZliereba;
5. hidrologiuri ciklis Secvla gauaresebisaken.
tyiT dafaruli farTobebis Semcirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria agreTve
xanZrebi,xelovnuri Tu bunebrivi.
sur 19.5. tyekafi.
70 1.2
evropa (yofili ssrk-s gareSe)
evropa (yofili ssrk-s gareSe) evrogaerTianeba
60 evrogaerTianeba 1.0
farTobi (mln ha)
50 0.8
(aTasebi)
40 0.6
ricxvi
30 0.4
20 0.2
10 0
1980 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
0 wlebi
1980 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
wlebi
sur. 19.6. evropaSi 1980-90 ww. damwvari tyis odenoba [18].

19.2.2. okeanuri TevzWera
TevzWera bolo aTeul wlebSi Zalze gaizarda, razec metyvelebs sur 19.7
(diagrama). TevzWeris saerTo moculobis zrda, pirvel rigSi, okeanur TevzWeraze
modis.
TevzWeris tempebis swrafi zrda bolo aTwleulebSi ganapiroba axali sanaosno
da teqnikuri saSualebebis Seqmnam. am saSualebebidan bevri metad sazianoa, maT Soris
aris fskeris dragebi, romlebic iwveven wylis binadarTa sacxovrebeli adgilebis
ngrevas, mravali saxeobis mospobas. gaerom, amis gamo akrZala aseTi xelsawyoebis
gamoyeneba, magram amas yvela ar emorCileba. fskeris dragis gamoyeneba akrZalulia
saqarTveloSic.
saokeano TevzWeris intensifikaciis Sedegad mZime viTareba SeeqmnaT zRvis ZuZu-
mwovrebs: veSapisnairebs, delfinebs da sxv., romelTa araerT saxeobas gadaSeneba
emuqreba. maTi dacvis mizniT gaeros garemos dacvis organizaciebma SeimuSaves zRvis
ZuZumwovarTa dacvis saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, romelTagan erT-erTia Savi zRvis
delfinebis dacvis konvencia.
TevzWeris odenoba (milioni tona)
100
80
60 mTliani
40 zRvis
20
mtknari wylis
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
wlebi
sur 19.7. TevzWeris odenobis zrdis mrudi [18].
viwrozurga veSapi
daWerili veSapebis ricxvi
30 000
20 000
10 000
cisferi veSapi
1937 1947 1957 1967
wlebi
sur 19.8. cisferi da viwrozurga veSapebis Weris mrudi 1930-1967 wlebSi [2].
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19.2.3. TevzWera mtknar wylebSi
TevzWera mtknar wylebSic (mdinareebi, tbebi, estuariebi) xSirad barbarosul
xasiaTs atarebs. yofili ssrk-s qveynebSi brakonieroba Cveuli movlena iyo, aseve
saqarTveloSic. mdgomareoba dResac ar aris mogvarebuli, Tumca nabijebi ukve ga-
daidga sakanonmdeblo aqtebis SemoRebis gziT. aseTia mag., TevzWerisaTvis licenzirebis
aucilebloba.
wylis binadrebis saarsebo garemos Zalze auaresebs wylis dabinZureba sxvadasxva
qimikatiT, navTobproduqtiT, Camdinare gauwmendavi wylebiT. dabinZurebuli Sida
wylebis Tevzi xSir SemTxvevaSi sakvebad uvargisi xdeba.
19.2.4. Waobebi da Warbteniani adgilebi

bevr qveyanaSi gabatonebuli iyo azri Waobebis uvargisobis, misi mavneblobis
Sesaxeb adamianTaTvis, rom Waobebi da Warbteniani adgilebi mxolod koRoebis da
qvewarmavlebis budea, amitom saWiroa maTi daSroba da sxv. dRes, sabednierod,
civilizebul qveynebSi eWvs gareSea Waobebis da Warbteniani ekosistemebis didi
mniSvneloba da sasargebloba, maTi SenarCunebisa da dacvisaTvis SemoRebulia
saerTaSoriso da erovnuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi. aseTebia:
1. 1982, 1985 da 1986 ww. aqtebi, mimarTuli Waobebis daSrobis iniciativebis
sawinaaRmdegod;
2. 1990 w. aqti fermerebisaTvis Waobebis dacvis Sesaxeb;
3. 1986 w. aqti Waobebis dacvis fondis Sesaxeb;
4. 1985 w. aqti Waobebis aRdgenis da dacvisaTvis waxalisebis fondis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRi kanoni kolxeTis WaobebisaTvis daculi teritoriis
statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb. (sur. 19.10-19.12).
javaxeTis zegnebis tbebi da Warbteniani adgilebi warmoadgens gadamfreni fri-
nvelebis droebiT an mudmiv sacxovrebel ekosistemebs. saqarTvelo SeuerTda sae-
rTaSoriso konvencias maTi dacvis Sesaxeb.
a)

b)
sur 19.9 (a,b). kolxeTis erovnuli parki: kolxeTis Warbteniani ubnebi q. foTis
samxreTiT [23].
sur. 19.10. migrirebadi frinvelebis dacvis konvenciis miRebis procedura. saqarTvelos saxeliT
konvenciaze xels awers garemos dacvis ministri SoTa adamia.
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sur 19.11. kolxeTis erovnuli parkis samxreTi nawilis ruka [23].
19.3. wiaRiseuli mineraluri resursebi

wiaRiseuli, mineraluri resursebi miwis ekosistemebis ZiriTadi abioturi
Semadgeneli nawilia. misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb araerTxel aRvniSneT da momdevno
TavebSic gveqneba saubari (mag. energiis wyaroebi). cnobilia, rom wiaRiseuli sabadoebi
ganuaxlebadi resursebis jgufs miekuTvneba, radganac maTi warmoSobisaTvis Zalze
xangrZlivi droa saWiro, xolo moxmareba-xarjva bevrad ufro swrafad xdeba.
mineraluri resursebi, maTi gavrcelebis masStabebis mixedviT, farTo gavrcelebis
da iSviaTi gavrcelebis saxeobebad iyofa (sur. 19.12).
mineraluri
nedleuli
liTonuri araliTonuri
mineralebi mineralebi
farTod iSviaTi ganamar- saSeni sasuqi

warmodgenili liTonebi: xebuli masala: qimikatebi:
liTonebi:
spilenZi,
sawvavi: xvinWka, nitratebi,
rkina, bunebrivi qviSa, fosfatebi
manganumi, kala, tyvia, airi,
oqro, urani Tixa, da sxv.
alumini da navTobi, kirqva da
sxv. da sxva torfi sxv.
sur.19.12. mineraluri resursebis tipebi.
mniSvnelovania agreTve is, rom zogi maTgani adamianis mier gamoyenebisas

radikalurad icvleba: iSleba sxvadasxva Semadgenlad an iZleva sxvadasxvagvar SenaerTebs,
magram, rogorc wesi, TiTqmis mTlianad ixarjeba da gamodis ekosistemis Semadgen-
lobidan – ikargeba. nawili ki nakleb saxecvlas ganicdis da rCeba ekosistemaSi (mag.,
qviSa).

Tavi 20. narCenebi, rogorc nedleuli
narCenebis problema, iqneba es myari, Txevadi Tu airovani, sayofacxovrebo,

samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameurneo Tu samxedro, erT-erTi urTulesTagania Tanamedrove
kacobriobisaTvis. problema dRiTi dRe mZimdeba narCenebis swrafi tempiT dagrovebis
gamo, rac garemos mzard dabinZurebas ganapirobebs. magram, imavdroulad, narCenebi
nedleulsac warmoadgenen, maT TavisTavad sakmaod didi Rirebuleba gaaCniaT da maTi
racionalurad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi mewarmeebma sakmaod mniSvnelovani sargebeli
SeiZleba miiRon.
20.1. myari narCenebi

mrewvelobis, mecxoveleobis, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad warmoqmnili
narCenebis problemebi 13-16 TavebSi ukve ganvixileT. gakvriT SevexeT sayofacxovrebo
narCenebis sakiTxsac (sur.20.1).
sayofacxovrebo narCenebis odenoba bolo wlebSi Zalze gaizarda, pirvel yovlisa,
msoflios mosaxleobis swrafi zrdis gamo. narCenebs Soris yvelaze metia qaRaldi
da misi nawarmi, sakvebis narCenebi, mina, liToni, plastikatebi, mcenareuli. narCene-
bis odenoba erT sul mosaxleze dRe-RameSi ramdenime kg aRwevs, amrigad, maTi
saerTo raodenoba msoflio masStabiT yovelwliurad 3-5 miliard tonas
Seadgens (sur. 20.2).
myari narCenebis did nawils civilizebuli qveynebi specialurad Seqmnil
nagavsayrelebSi ganaTavseben, Tumca bevria iseTi qveyanac, sadac maT yrian iq, sadac
moexerxebaT: mindvrebSi, xeobebSi, mdinareebSi, tyeSi, zRvaSi.
Tanamedrove nagavsayrelis agebulebis principuli sqema mocemulia sur 20.3.
samarxi gruntis wylis donis (freatuli zedapiris, wylis sarkis) zeviT unda
iyos. miwisqveSa wylisagan mas wyalgaumtari qanebi unda yofdnen. samarxis fuZeSi,
misi wylisagan saimedod ganmxoloebis mizniT, Tixis an sxva wyalgaumtar apks qmnian.
wyalgaumtar Tixis Sreebs Soris qviSa-xvinWkis fens aTavseben, romelSic sadrenaJo
milia Catanebuli imisaTvis, rom nagavsacavisagan SemTxveviT CaJonili wylis mocileba
uzrunvelyon. nagvis mosaTavseblad ormoebs (ujredebs) ageben, romlebic SesaZloa
ramdenime sarTuls qmnidnen. yoveli sarTuli ganmxoloebulia erTmaneTisagan miwis
nayariT. gruntis wylis mdgomareobaze dakvirvebisaTvis gayavT WaburRili, saidanac
sistematurad iReben da ikvleven wylis sinjebs.
mraval qveyanaSi myari narCenebis Tavidan mosacileblad mimarTaven maTi cecxlSi
dawvis sxvadasxva xerxs. civilizebul saxelmwifoebSi amisaTvis specialuri qarxnebia
aSenebuli. magram arc nagavsayrelebi (samarxebi) da arc nagvis sawvavi qarxnebi ar
aris narCenebis problemebis racionalurad mogvarebis gza. dawvisas binZurdeba atmo-
sfero, araerTi toqsikuri nivTiereba ar iwvis da isev gadasawyveti rCeba maTi
gauvneblobis sakiTxi. nagavsayrelebi, did danaxarjebTan erTad, moiTxoven sul axal-
axali teritoriebis gamonaxvas. did xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli narCenebis dawvac,
Tumca am xarjis nawilobrivi anazRaureba xerxdeba wvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbos
gamoyenebis Sedegad, misi eleqtroenergiad gardaqmnis gziT.
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sur. 20.1. myari komunaluri narCenebis gadamuSaveba-aRdgenis sqema [2].
161
sur. 20.2. sayofacxovrebo narCenebi, Tbilisi.
nagvis manqana damtkepni manqana gruntis wylis damcavi

nagvis dacla nagvis datkepna saSualebebi axal
nagavsayrelze
nagvis ormo
nagvis ormo miwis nayari

6-8” miwis nayari
6-8” d
at kepni niadagis wyali
Tixa li
plastiki
ormo naJonis
gamonaJoni drenirebis
wylisaTvis sistema
sur. 20.3. Tanamedrove nagvis samarxis sqema [1].
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20.2. problemis gadawyvetis gzebi
myari narCenebis problemis gadawyvetis ramdenime gza arsebobs: 1. narCenebis
masis Semcireba; 2. narCenebis xelaxali gamoyeneba; 3. narCenebisagan nedleulis miReba
maTi gadamuSavebis Sedegad. magram, am RonisZiebaTa cxovrebaSi gatareba yvelgan da
yovelTvis ar xerxdeba, gansakuTrebiT ki Znelad gansaxorcielebelia kulturulad
CamorCenil, ekonomikurad ganuviTarebel qveynebSi. narCenebis xelaxali gamoyenebisaTvis
didi mniSvneloba aqvs maT daxarisxebas TviT mosaxleobis mier: organuli nivTiere-
bebis gancalkevebas liTonisagan, aseve minisagan da sxv., vinaidan SemdgomSi maTi
erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba rTul teqnologiebs da did danaxarjebs moiTxovs (sur.
20.4 da 20.5.).
daumuSavebeli
nagavi
danaku- qaRaldi
weba
haeris
SeberviT
daxaris-
xeba
haeri
rkina-
foladi magnituri
separireba
vibratoriT daxarisxeba
mina alumini
alumini
rkina-foladi
qaRaldi mina
sur. 20.4. sayofacxovrebo narCenebis separirebis sqema [1].
sur. 20.5. narCenebis pirveladi daxarisxeba.

miRebuli meoreuli nedleuli Semdeg gamoiyeneba liTonis, minis, qaRaldis da
sxv. warmoebaSi. aseve SesaZlebeli xdeba plastikuri nakeTobebis xelaxali gamoyeneba,
xolo organuli nivTierebebidan _ sakvebis narCenebidan _ kompostis miReba (kompos-
ti _ organuli sasuqi, ingl.), eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba, risi teqnologiuri
sqema naCvenebia sur. 20.6.
eldenis gadacema
narCenebisagan momxmareblisadmi
eleqtroenergiis
miRebis sistema
orTqlis misawodebeli
mili generator
turbinaSi
saqvabe
turbina
amwe krani orTqlis generatori
nagvis Casayreli cilindri
Zabri eleqtrostatikuri
amaCqarebeli
CanarTebis
mimRebi adgili hidravlikuri
mimwodebeli vibraciuli gamamdid-
saqvabis rebeli sakva-
sawvavis ormo gadamcemebi muri
masalis ferfli marao
aRdgenis
sistemisken
sur. 20.6. sayofacxovrebo narCenebidan eleqtroenergiis miRebis sqema. am danadgaris SesaZlebloba

aris dReSi 2000 tona daunawevrebeli narCenis gadamuSaveba, rac iZleva 60 megavats, rac sakmarisia
eleqtroenergiiT 60000 binis dasakmayofileblad.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi myari narCenebis marTvis mraval, integrirebul xerxs

iyeneben, maT Soris narCenebis aRdgenas da xelaxal gamoyenebasac, rac sakmaod momgebian
biznesad iqca, gansakuTrebiT im SeRavaTebis da waxalisebis gamo, rasac saxelmwifo-
ebi axorcieleben aseTi saqmianobiT dakavebuli mewarmeebisaTvis (sur 20.7.)
200
sur. 20.7 1970
wels narCenebisagan
mokle tonebi (1000000)
aRsadgenad
150 5 SesaZlebeli aRdgenili masalebi.
aRdgenili
4
100
3
2
50
1
0 0
spilenZi
alumini
rezina
uJangavi foladi
tyvia
nikeli
TuTia
qsovili
foladi
qaRaldi
iSviaTi liTonebi
n e dl e ul i
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Tavi 21. energoresursebi; namarxi sawvavi
ukve didi xania rac namarxi (ganamarxebuli) sawvavi _ qvanaxSiri, mura naxSiri,
torfi, nedli navTobi da bunebrivi sawvavi airi, warmoadgenen sawvav-energetikuli
resursebis ZiriTad saxes, miuxedavad imisa, rom es nivTierebebi warmoadgenen garemos
ZiriTad gamWuWyianebels, maTi maragebis ganaxleba praqtikulad ar xdeba. kacobriobis
winaSe ori gzaa, an ganagrZos Cveuli tempebiT maTi gamoyeneba, daabinZuros garemo,
amowuros namarxi sawvavis maragebi, an eZios energiis alternatiuli saxeobebi,
pirvel rigSi iseTebi, romlebic ganaxlebadia da ar azianebs garemos.
21.1. energiis ganawileba

namarxi sawvaviT miRebuli energiis yvelaze didi momxmarebelia transporti,
mrewveloba, sayofacxovrebo sfero (gaTboba-gagrileba, ganaTeba da sxv.) da
eleqtroenergiis warmoeba. maTgan avtotransporti TiTqmis mTlianad Txevad da
airovan sawvavs moixmars; sayofacxovrebo sfero _ gazs, qvanaxSirs; eleqtroener-
giis warmoeba ki _ birTvul sawvavs, wylis energias da sxv. (sur. 21.1) am suraTidan
kargad Cans isic, Tu raoden didia danakargebi.
energiis pirveladi energiis wyaroebi

moxmareba Sesrulebuli samuSao
wyaroebi da moxmareba
(jamuri %) narCeni
(jamuri%)
sul 100%
(kvadri-
lioni/w) transporti
27.2
navTobi
mrewveloba
23.7
bunebrivi
sayofacxovrebo
airi
komerciuli (binebis
da wylis gaTboba,
ganaTeba da sxva)13.2
eleqtruli denis
qvanaxSiri
gamomuSaveba
35.9
birTvuli
energia
wylis energia
sxva 2.0 energiis konversia
sur. 21.1. energiis ganawileba-moxmarebis da danakargebis sqematuri suraTi [1].
21.2. namarxi sawvavis maragebi da maTi amowurvis problema

namarxi sawvavis maragebi savsebiT gansazRvrulia, SezRudulia. am sawvavis
gaCenas milionobiT da aTeul milionobiT wlebi dasWirda. mopovebis tempi milionjer
ufro swrafia, vidre Seqmnis. aseTsave mdgomareobaSia bunebrivi airis da qvanaxSiris

sabadoebi (sur. 21.2). mopovebis aseTi tempis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi namarxi sawvavis
maragebi daaxloebiT 100 w. gveyofa.
mzis energia
CO2
T wlebi
milionobi
is dagroveba
detritus
T wlebi
milionobi
bs daSl as
zi Wa rbo
fotosinTe
marxva
masalis da
organuli
qveS
naleqebis
o, wneva
dro, siTb
T wlebi energia
milionobi siTbo
navTobi qvanaxSiri CO2
i
naturalur
gazi
w el i
bi T 10 0
da a x l oe
sur 21.2. ganamarxebuli sawvavi, rogorc energiis wyaro. qvanaxSiri, navTobi da gazis sabadoebi
organuli nivTierebebis dagrovebis, maTi wiaRSi ganamarxebis da Sesabamisi gardaqmnebis Sedegad
warmoiqmnen, rasac milionobiT wlebi dasWirda. maTi maragebi gansazRvrulia da maragebis amowurvis
Semdeg ganaxleba, drois adamianur masStabSi, aRar moxdeba [1].
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Tavi 22. birTvuli energia
ganamarxebuli sawvavis (qvanaxSiri, navTobi, sawvavi airi, torfi, sawvavi fiqlebi

da sxv.) maragebis amowurvis realobis, agreTve am sawvavis moxmarebis Sedegad
garemos dabinZurebis, klimatis globaluri cvlis, ozonis faris dazianebis gamo,
kacobrioba iZulebuli xdeba saTbob-energetikuli problemebis mosagvareblad sawvavis
alternatiuli wyaroebi moZebnos. erT-erTi maTgania birTvuli energiis wyaroebis
gamoyeneba. igi ar iwvevs globalur daTbobas. imavdroulad, miwis wiaRSi sakmao
odenobiT aris uranis maragi, rac didi xniT uzrunvelyofs kacobriobis moTxovnebs
energetikis sferoSi. am saukunis 90-ni wlebisaTvis atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi
gaCnda 31 saxelmwifoSi (moqmedi da mSenebare). maT wilad modis am saxelmwifoebSi
gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis mniSvnelovani nawili.
safrangeTi
belgia
taivani
SvedeTi
germania
Sveicaria
fineTi
bulgareTi
iaponia
espaneTi
ungreTi
samxreT korea
aSS
Cexoslovakia
kanada
argentina
ruseTi
niderlandebi
iugoslavia
italia
brazilia
0 20 40 60 80
sur. 22.1. atomur eleqtrosadgurebSi gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis %

sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi 1980 wlisTvis [1].
9% 12%
10%
35% 34%
15%
evrogaer- yofili ssrk
Tianeba
37% 9% 14% 25%

7% 3%
12% 1%
6% 7%
8% 26%
birTvuli avstria, fineTi,
centraluri islandia, norvegia,
ganaxlebadi evropa SvedeTi, Sveicaria
myari sawvavi da lixtenSteini
airi
navTobi 67% 63%
sur. 22.2. sxvadasxva wyaroebidan eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis wili evropis qveynebSi [18].

birTvuli elsadgurebis
ganlageba
saerTo maqsimaluri
simZlavre
5000 2500-ze meti
1000-2500
500-1000
2500 0-500
1000
0 km 1000
sur. 22.3. evropaSi birTvuli elsadgurebis ganlagebis da maTi maqsimaluri simZlavris sqe-
maturi suraTi [18].
300 mTlianad evropa yofili ssrk-s CaTvliT

evrogaerTianeba
250 yofili ssrk
EFTA
birTvuli energia
centraluri evropa
200
150
100
50
0
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990
sur. 22.4. birTvuli energiis wilis zrda eleqtroenergetikaSi 1970-1990 wlebSi [18].
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22.1. birTvuli energetikis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi
birTvuli energiis praqtikuli gamoyeneba meore msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave
daiwyo, atomuri bombis Seqmnis da misi xirosimasa da nagasakSi gamocdebiT. amas,
SemdgomSi, mohyva aSS da ssrk gamalebuli SeiaraReba, birTvuli iaraRis, axal-axali,
sul metad da metad damangreveli Zalis mqone bombebis da maTi gasrolis saSualebebis
warmoeba. paralelurad daiwyo saqmianoba atomuri energiis sxva, maT Soris energetikaSi,
gamoyenebis mxrivac, atomuri eleqtrosadgurebis proeqtireba da mSenebloba
ekonomikurad mowinave an militarizebul saxelmwifoebSi. amis gamo meoce saukunis
meore naxevars `birTvul xanas~ uwodeben.
atomur energetikas, myar wiaRiseul sawvavTan SedarebiT, mravali upiratesoba
aRmoaCnda. cnobilia, rom 0,5 kg uranis sawvavisgan SeiZleba miRebul iqnes imdeni
energia, rasac iZleva 1000000 kg qvanaxSiri. Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs 1000 megavatian
atomur eleqtrosadgurs aseTive simZlavris qvanaxSirze momuSave eleqtrosadgurTan
1 wlis muSaobis ganmavlobaSi, davinaxavT atomuri elsadguris did upiratesobebs,
rac gamoxatulia sur. 22.5-ze.
qvanaxSiri mJave
wvimebi
globa-
sxva dambinZureblebi luri
daTboba
CO2
nacari
niadagis
moxsna
landSaftis dazianeba
mJave wylebi
birTvuli
siTbos
araviTari gamoyofa
sakvamuri
uranis
mopoveba
radiaqtiuri
narCenebi
sur. 22.5. atomuri elsadguris da qvanaxSirze momuSave elsadguris

garemoze zegavlenis suraTi [1].

1. suraTze motanili elsadguri weliwadSi moixmars ~3,5 mln tona qvanaxSirs.
Tu misi mopoveba xdeba Ria karieruli wesiT, es iwvevs miwis didi farTobebis
mniSvnelovan dazianebas, wylis dabinZurebas da sxv. Tu mopoveba miwisqveSa
SaxtebiT xdeba, maSin xSiria ubeduri SemTxvevebi da adamianTa msxverpli.
atomuri elsadguri moixmars weliwadSi 1,5 tona urans, risTvisac 1000
tona madnis mopovebaa sakmarisi.
2. qvanaxSiris elsadguri (qes) weliwadSi atmosferoSi gamoyofs 10000000
tona CO2, rac xels uwyobs globalur daTbobas, maSin, roca atomuri
elsadguri (aes) naxSirorJangs saerTod ar gamoyofs.
3. qes atmosferoSi gamoyofs 400000 tona SO2 da sxva mJavis momcem dam-
binZurebels. aes mJavis momcem nivTierebebs ar gaafrqvevs atmosferoSi.
4. qes muSaobis Sedegad wliurad ~ 100000 tona nacari grovdeba. aes nar-
Cenebi ~ 2 tonas udris, magram es aris maRali radiaqtiurobis mqone, Zalze
saSiSi nivTierebebi.
5. katastrofuli movlenebis mxriv, riski aes-ze Seudareblad ufro didia,
vidre qes-ze.
6. qes mcire odenobiT gaafrqvevs qvanaxSirSi bunebrivad arsebul radiaqtiur
nivTierebebs, aseve aes.
22.1.1. radiaqtiuri gamosxiveba

atomuri elsadgurebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli uaryofiTi Tvisebebidan erT-erTia
radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis emisia garemoSi (emisio _ gaSaveba, gasxiveba, laT.). rogorc
birTvuli fizikidan cnobilia, uranis an sxva elementis gaxleCvis Sedegad warmoiq-
mneba ufro msubuqi elementebi (iodini, ceziumi, stronciumi, kobalti da sxva
mravali elementi). axladwarmoqmnili atomebi warmoadgenen Sesabamisi elementis
arastabilur izotopebs, anu radioizotopebs, romlebic iswrafvian ra stabilurobisaken
(stabilos - mdgradi, laT.), spontanurad (spontanos _ Tavisdauneburad, laT.)
gamoyofen subatomur nawilakebs, an maRali energiis radiacias, an orives, anu
radiaqtiur gamosxivebas. es aris radiaqtiuri daSlis pirdapiri produqti. magram
arsebobs arapirdapiri produqtebic , romlebic warmoiSoba aqtiuri daSlis
(gaxleCvis) Sedegad warmoSobili neitronebis sxvadasxva nivTierebis mier STanTqmis
SemTxvevaSi (mag. reaqtoris kedlebi, xelsawyo-danadgarebi, cocxali organizmebi da
a.S.). es procesi ilustrirebulia sur. 22.6-ze. orive erTad _ pirdapiri da arapirda-
piri produqtebi _ Seadgenen radiaqtiur narCenebs.
radiaqtiur sxivebs unari aqvT SeaRwion cocxali organizmebis ujredebSi da
daSalon isini, misi Semadgeneli molekulebi, gamoiwvion cocxali organizmebis, maT
Soris adamianebis mZime daavadeba da sikvdili. radioaqtivobis mavne zemoqmedeba
adamianebze misi dozis, dasxivebis xangrZlivobis pirdapir proporciulia (cxrili
22.1.).
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pirdapiri gaxleCvis arapirdapiri
produqti gaxleCvis
reaqtoris produqtebi
araradiaqtiuri
komponentebi araradiaqtiuri
neitronebi elementi
urani-235
neitronebi +
gaxleCva
235
U
radioizotopebi radiaqtiuri
gamosxiveba
radiaqtiuri
stabiluri
gamosxiveba
izotopebi
araradiaqtiuri
sur 22.6. radiaqtiuri narCenebi da radiaqtiuri emisia. birTvuli gaxleCva iwvevs

mravali arastabiluri izotopis, anu radiaqtiuri narCenebis warmoSobas [1].
cxrili 22.1
bunebrivi wyaroebis maionizebeli radiaciis saSualo

wliuri efeqturi doza axalgazrdebisaTvis
wliuri efeqturi doza (mSv)

radiaqtiuri gamosxiveba
normaluri aweuli fonis
fonis areSi areSi
kosmosuri sxivebi 0.38 2.0
kosmogenuri radionukleidebi 0.01 0.01
miwieri radiacia: garegani
0.46 4.3
gamosxiveba
miwieri radiacia: Sida
0.23 0.6
gamosxiveba (radonis garda)
miwieri gamosxiveba: Sida
gamosxiveba radonisagan da misi
daSlis produqtebisagan
Rn-222 SesunTqva 1.2 10
Rn-220 SesunTqva 0.07 0.1
Rn-220 ineqcia 0.005 0.1
2.4
sul

22.1.2. radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis daSlis xangrZlivoba
arastabiluri radiaqtiuri izotopebi gaxleCva-gamosxivebis Sedegad gadadian
stabilur izotopebSi. gardaqmnis siCqare sxvadasxva izotops sxvadasxva aqvs da
meryeobs did farglebSi. magram nebismieri radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis daSlas, garkveuli
dro sWirdeba. drois aseTive odenobaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom daiSalos darCenili
nivTierebebis naxevari da a.S. amis gamo am sidides naxevardaSlis dros uwodeben.
sxvadasxva izotopis naxevardaSlis dro (periodi) gansxvavebulia. ganasxvaveben xan-
mokle da xangrZlivi naxevardaSlis periodian radiaqtiur izotopebs (cxr. 22.2).
cxrili 22.2
naxevardaSlis
xanmokle periodis
dro (dRe)
stronciumi - 89 54
itriumi _ 91 59.5
cirkoniumi _ 95 65
niobiumi _ 95 35
molbdeniumi _ 99 2.8
rubidiumi _ 103 39.8
iodini _ 131 8.1
qsenoni _ 133 15.3
bariumi _ 140 12.8
ceriumi _141 32.5
prazeodimiumi _ 143 13.9
neodimiumi _ 147 11.1
naxevardaSlis
xangrZlivi periodis
dro (wlebi)
kriptoni _ 25 10.27
stronciumi _ 90 28
rubidiumi _ 106 1.0
ceziumi _ 137 30
ceriumi _ 144 0.8
promeTiumi _ 147 2.6
neitronuli bombardire-
naxevardaSlis
bis damatebiTi produq-
dro (wlebi)
tebi
plutoniumi _ 239 24 000
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22.1.3. radiaqtiuri narCenebi
22.2. cxrilidan Cans, rom mravali radiaqtiuri izotopi swrafad iSleba, zogi
ki nela an Zalze nela. amitom, maT mier Seqmnili problemebic sxvadasxva sirTulisaa.
xanmokle naxevardaSlis periodis mqone nivTierebebis usafrTxod Senaxva did sirTules
ar warmoadgens da ar moiTxovs did danaxarjebs. farTod gavrcelebuli teqnologiuri
sqemis mixedviT, maT aTavseben wyliT savse cisternebSi, sadac isini swrafad iSlebian.
ramdenime wlis Semdeg maTi mcire nawiliRa rCeba, romelsac uwylo kasrebSi aTavseben
da inaxaven specialur saTavsebSi. rac Seexeba naxevardaSlis xangrZlivi periodis
izotopebs, maTi Senaxva rTul teqnologiur nagebobebs moiTxovs, did xarjebTan
aris dakavSirebuli da maRali riskis obieqtebs warmoadgens. aseTi samarxis sqema
mocemulia sur. 22.7.
narCenebis sawyobi
mTavari Senoba
maRlivi
Senoba saoperacio da
administraciuli
Senobebi liftis Senoba
liftis Senoba
mTavari Saxta
kirqvebi done 1024 futi
saventilacio gvirabi
Rrma Saxta
fiqlebi
marili
gvirabi haeris sarqveli

mTavari Saxta
sur. 22.7. radiaqtiuri narCenebis samarxis sqema. es narCenebi mravali aTeuli wlis
ganmavlobaSi unda iqnen ganmxoloebuli garemoze zemoqmedebis Tavidan asacileblad [1].
imis miuxedavad, rom atomuri elsadgurebis mqone mravali qveyana did yuradRebas
uTmobs da Sesabamisad xarjebs swevs radiaqtiuri narCenebis movla-patronobis da
SenaxvisaTvis, problema globaluri masStabiT mainc mougvarebeli rCeba. gansakuTre-
biT mouwesrigebelia es problema yofil ssrk-Si da axlandel ruseTSi, saerTod, im
saxelmwifoebSi, sadac radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi farTod gamoiyeneba samxedro Tu
samrewvelo miznebisaTvis da amis Sedegad didi odenobiT radioaqtiuri narCenebia
dagrovili. cnobilia, rom nebismieri qveynis Tu regionis mosaxleoba ibrZvis
radioaqturi narCenebis samarxebis maT teritoriaze ganTavsebis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan
ar arsebobs garemos radioaqtiuri nivTierebebidan dacvis garantiebi, ragind saime-
dodac ar unda avaSenoT samarxebi.

22.1.4. katastrofebis riski
atomuri eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobisas udidesi yuradReba eTmoba mis
usafrTxo funqcionirebas. dRevandeli aes-ebi maRali saimedoobiT xasiaTdeba, magram,
amis miuxedavad, ar aris gamoricxuli avariebis da katastrofebis SesaZlebloba.
amis samwuxaro, magram Wkuis saswavlebeli magaliTia Cernobilis aes-ze 1986 wlis
26 aprils momxdari katastrofa, ramac mravali adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, udidesi
materialuri zarali moitana, mosaxleoba aiZula daetovebina sacxovrebeli adgilebi
aes-idan 30 km radiusis teritoriaze. sadguridan gatyorcnilma radiaqtiurma
nivTierebebma daabinZura ara mxolod axlomdebare teritoria, aramed sakmaod Soreuli
raionebi evropasa da aziaSi (sur 22.8 da 22.9).
sur. 22.8. Cernobilis reaqtoris saer-

To xedi [18].
Cernobilis katastrofis
Sedegad daleqili
ceziumis odenoba
100-ze meti
32-100
10-32
3.2-10
1-3.2
0.32-1
0.10-0.32
0.10-ze naklebi
0 km 1000
sur. 22.9. Cernobilis atomuri sadguris katastrofis Sedegad evropaSi CS-137 gamoleqvis
jamuri mniSvnelobebi [18]. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb monacemebi ar aris gamoqveynebuli.
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narCenebis mier Seqmnili problemebis da aes-ebis maRali riskianobis gamo,
mravali qveynis mosaxleoba maTi sacxovrebeli adgilis maxloblad Sesabamisi mSeneb-
lobebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs, amitom, bolo aTwleulebSi, mkveTrad Semcirda,
mravalgan ki saerTod Sewyda aes-ebis mSenebloba.
1960-70-ian wlebSi atomuri eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba aSS-Si swrafi
tempiT mimdinareobda (sur. 22.10.) da 1975 wlisaTvis am qveyanaSi 53 sadguri
muSaobda, romlebic mTeli eleqtroenergiis 9% iZleodnen. dagegmili iyo, an mimdi-
nareobda kidev 170 aes-is mSenebloba. varaudobdnen, rom maTi ricxvi am saukunis
dasasrulisaTvis 1000 miaRwevda. sxva qveynebic gegmavdnen Tavis teritoriaze aes-is
agebas, magram 1975 wlidan suraTi mkveTrad Seicvala. aSS-Si Sewyda maTi mSenebloba,
iseT SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mSeneblobaze ukve iyo daxarjuli milionobiT dolari.
1991 w. dasasrulisaTvis mxolod 113 aes funqcionirebda (mTeli energiis 21%).
225
200 moqmedis da
sadgurebis raodenoba
175 savaraudos jami

150
125
100 moqmedi
75
50
25
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990
weli
a)
moqmedi reaqtorebi
mSenebare reaqtorebi
b)
sur.22.10. aSS-Si atomuri eleqtrosadgurebis dagegmva-mSeneblobis da

funqcionirebis maCvenebeli mrudebi da sadgurebis ganlagebis sqema 1990 wli-
saTvis [1].

1970_1980 ww. saqarTvelos imdroindeli xelisufleba gegmavda atomuri el-
sadguris agebas da eqsplotaciaSi gaSvebas. arsebobda Sesabamisi sakavSiro-samTavrobo
gadawyvetileba, mSeneblobisaTvis saWiro xarjTaRricxva da Tanxebi, mSeneblobis
proeqti. ganixileboda 2 SesaZlo raioni mSeneblobisaTvis: 1. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi,
iorisa da mtkvris SesarTavis _ azerbaijanis sazRvris maxloblad, 2. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi _ galis raionSi. geologebis da geofizikosebis uaryofiTi daskvnebis
miuxedavad, xelisufleba mainc miiCnevda saWirod aes-is mSeneblobas. proeqti CaiSala
Cernobilis katastrofis gamo.
saqarTveloSi aes-is mSeneblobis mowinaaRmdegeTa argumentebidan, qveynis teri-
toriis maRali seismuri riskis garda, sayuradRebo iyo, upirveles yovlisa, teritoriis
sakiTxi: sad SeeZlo wasvla saqarTvelos mosaxleobas sacxovreblad aes-is katast-
rofis SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo (an aRmosavleTi) sacxovreblad
uvargisi gaxdeboda? samwuxarod, saqarTvelos xelisufleba da maTi mxardamWeri
mravali mecnieri Tu mSenebeli am problemas saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobda.
birTvuli energiis gamoyenebis sargeblobis da riskis Sedarebaa naCvenebi suraTze
22.11.
sargebloba
medicinaSi x sxivebi (diagnozi,
mkurnaloba)
radioizotopebi (diagnozi,
mkurnaloba, gulis aparatebis
energowyaro)
birTvuli energia riski

(eleqtrodeni, haeris
dabinZurebis Semcireba, genetikuri mutacia
ganmarxebuli sawvavis dazogva) (daavadebebi, sikvdilianoba,
fizikuri simaxinjeebi)
samrewvelo x sxivebi
kibo, leikomia, karcinoma
(liTonebSi defeqtebis aRmoCena)
feradi televizia
(garToba, ganaTleba, informacia)
mikrotalRuri Rumelebi Tvalebis kataraqta

(kulinaria, radarebi)
radarebi Canasaxis dazianeba, moniloidizmi
(frenis usafrTxoeba) da sxva damaxinjebani
lazerebi
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis
(komunikaciis srulyofa)
Semcireba
sur. 22.11. adamianis mier radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebis sargebloba da riski [2].
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Tavi 23. energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi
bunebrivi resursebidan kacobrioba dRes mraval iseT saxeobas moixmars, romelTa

ganaxleba praqtikulad ar xdeba, aseTebia: qvanaxSiri, navTobi, bunebrivi airi, sawvavi
fiqlebi, torfi da radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi, romelTa wili energetikaSi TiTqmis
90% aRwevs (ix. sur.21.1). Sedegad, energiasTan erTad viRebT am bunebrivi simdidris
maragebis sakmaod mokle droSi amowurvas, atmosferuli haeris, wylis, niadagisa da
wiaRis dabinZurebas, mJave wvimebs, globalur daTbobas, ozonis fenis daSlas, bir-
Tvul SeiaraRebas, wiaRiseulisaTvis omebis saSiSroebas, ekosistemebis degradacias,
aramdgrad garemos. aseTia realoba, ase gamoiyureba momavali, Tu ar gamoinaxa
energoresursebis sxva, alternatiuli wyaroebi, anu, ufro swored rom vTqvaT, ar
SevqmeniT Sesamamisi politika da teqnologiebi iseTi, gansxvavebuli resursebis
gamosayeneblad, rogoric aris mzis, wylis, qaris, miwis siTbos da organuli
nivTierebebis.
23.1. mzis energia

mzis energia, romelic mzeze mimdinare TermobirTvuli sinTezis Sedegad
warmoiqmneba, praqtikulad amouwuravia, ganaxlebadia, ar azianebs da ar abinZurebs
garemos da sayovelTaod aris gavrcelebuli. mis, rogorc energoresursebis, gamoyenebas
samrewvelo-sayofacxovrebo saqmianobisaTvis abrkolebs is, rom mzis energia gabneulia
mTel sivrceSi da ara koncentrirebuli, warmodgenilia sinaTlis sxivebis formiT
da ara myari, Txevadi an airovani saxiT da misi modena SezRudulia droSi: ar modis
RamiT, mniSvnelovnad Semcirebulia Rrublian amindSi, cvalebadobs sididiT wlebis,
sezonis da klimaturi zonebis Sesabamisad. amitom, misi mrewvelobaSi, transportSi,
sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebiT gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelia: 1. misi koncentrireba _
Tavmoyra; 2. mosaxmareblad vargisi formis micema; 3. dagroveba (akumulireba).
23.1.1. mzis energia sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis

mzis sxivebiT miRebuli siTbos gamoyeneba sasaTbure meurneobaSi farTod aris
danergili msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic.
saTburebSi mzis energiis gamoyenebis teqnologia martivia, iafi da iolad
gansaxorcielebeli, ris sailustraciod SeiZleba mivmarToT sur. 23.1.-ze mocemul
sqemas.
mzis sinaTle sur. 23.1. saxuraviani saTburis principi
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mzis sxivebi, gaivlian
ra minis saxuravs, STainTqmebian iatakis zeda-
piriT. minis saxuravi kargad atarebs SigniT
mzis sxivebs, magram, imavdroulad, xels uSlis
wyliT savse avzi SigniT dagrovili siTbos gabnevas. amrigad, Se-
saZlebeli xdeba saTburSi haeris, wylis an
cxeli wyali sxva nivTierebebis gaTboba [21].
dguSi
cxeli wylis baki

cirkulacia dRisiT fardebi:
Riaa mzian amindSi,
cirkulacia RamiT daxurulia umzeo
dros
sarqvlis
sasule mdgomareoba RamiT
sarqvlis
mdgomareoba
br dRisiT
ty
el
cxeli i
qvebis ko
l
saTavsi eq
to
izolacia ri
sur. 23.2. mziT binis gasaTbobad SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes damgrovebeli qvebi, vinaidan
isini advilad SeiTviseben siTbos da iaf masalas warmoadgenen [1].
sur. 23.3. binis gaTboba mzis energiiT.
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cxadia, rom sacxovrebeli da administraciuli Senobebis, sayofacxovrebo mox-
marebisaTvis saWiro wylis gaTbobisaTvis aucilebelia am nagebobaTa daproeqteba _
mSeneblobis procesSive gaTvaliswinebul iqnes Sesabamisi arqiteqtura, saTanado
izolacia siTbos SesanarCuneblad.
cxeli wylis WurWeli
koleqtori
i
al
wy
i
el
cxeli wylis
cx
sadinari
wyali cirkulirebs
konveqciiT
i
al
wy
i
il
civi wylis miwodeba

gr
sur. 23.4. mzis sxivebiT wylis gamacxelebeli (Tbili qveynebisaTvis) [1].
23.1.2. mzis sxivebidan eleqtroenergiis miReba

mzis sxivebidan eleqtroenergiis pirdapiri gziT, ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli
odenobis misaRebad sxvadasxva meTods mimarTaven. aseTia mag., fotogalvanuri meTodi,
romelic farTod gamoiyeneba mikrokalkulatorebisaTvis, kosmosur aparatebSi (mzis
batareebi), sxvadasxva daniSnulebis observatoriebsa da laboratoriebSi da sxv.
magram didi odenobiT aseTi gziT energiis miReba Zviri jdeba. mag., 1991 wels 1
kilovatsaaTi eleqtroenergia Rirda 30 aSS centi, rac 4-6-jer Zviria tradiciuli
gzebiT miRebuli eleqtroenergiis fasTan SedarebiT. Tumca bolo wlebSi, teqno-
logiebis gaumjobesebasTan erTad, gamoikveTa gaiafebis mkafio tendencia (sur. 23.5.).
a
sur. 23.5. (a) fotogalvanur elementebze momuSave msoflioSi pirveli elsadguri kaliforniaSi,
aSS, romlis piki 6,5 megavatis tolia da yofnis 2400 saxls. (b) jeneral-motorsis mier Seqmnili
mzis batareebze momuSave avtomanqana [1].

mzis sxivebis eleqtroenergiad gadaqcevisaTvis gamoyeneba, agreTve, mzis Suqis
koleqtorSi (SemgrovebelSi) Tavmoyris meTodi, romlis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnis
sur. 23.6. da 23.7.
sur. 23.6. Cazneqili formis amreklavebiT Tavmoyrili mzis sxivebi

damiznebulia milze, romelic savsea siTxiT. gacxelebuli siTxe gamoiyeneba
wylis asaduReblad da orTqlis misaRebad. orTqli amuSavebs
turbogeneretors, romlis Sedegad miiReba eleqtrodeni [1].
sur. 23.7. mzis elsadguri. amreklavi sarkeebi mimarTaven mzis sxivebs koSkze
damagrebuli boilerisaken. wylis gaxurebis Sedegad warmoqmnili orTqli amuSavebs
turbogenerators da miiReba eleqtrodeni [1].
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samxreT kaliforniaSi (aSS) aseTi elsadgurebis mTeli rigia aSenebuli, romelTa
jamuri simZlavre 350 megavats udris, rac atomuri elsadguris 1/3-s tolia.
Tanamedrove mzis elsadguris mier gamomuSavebuli 1 kilovatsaaTi eleqtroenergiis
Rirebuleba aSS-Si 8 centia, rac odnav mcirea aes-is an qvanaxSiris elsadgurebis
mier gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis fasze, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mzis
Suqidan eleqtroenergiis miReba ar abinZurebs garemos, ar qmnis mavne narCenebs da
a.S., saboloo jamSi misi fasi mniSvnelovnad naklebi gamodis. gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic, rom mzis elsadgurebi SeiZleba aigos Senobebis saxuravebze (e.i. ar saWiroebs
miwis nakveTebs), udabno, naxevarudabno an soflis meurneobisaTvis uvargis
teritoriebze. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, imavdroulad SesaZlebels xdian, dRisiT,
dagrovili siTbos meSveobiT, mzis eleqrtosadgurebma RamiTac mogvcen saWiro odenobis
eleqtroenergia.
23.1.3. mzis energiis meSveobiT sawvavi airis miReba

mzis energiis gamoyenebiT SesaZloa wyalbadis miReba wylis wyalbadad da
Jangbadad daSlis Sedegad. es procesi ilustrirebulia suraTiT 23.8.
wyalbadis Jangbadis sur. 23.8. wyalbadis airis miRebis sqema.

buStulebi buStulebi wyalSi gamavali eleqtrodeni Slis wyals
Jangbadisa da wyalbadis molekulebad, rom-
lebic airebs warmoadgenen, gamoiyofa buS-
tebis saxiT, romelTa koncentrireba da
wyalbadis sawvavad gamoyeneba xdeba. aRniS-
nuli reaqciisaTvis saWiro eleqtroenergia
mzis Suqis gardaqmnis gziT miiReba.
2H2O
(xsnari)
2H2 2H2
airi airi
energiis
wyaro
wyalbadis sawvavi SesaZlebelia gadaizidos milsadenebiT, dagrovil iqnes sacavebSi

da gamoyenebul iqnes satranspotro saSualebebSi saTbobad, eleqtroenergiis misaRebad
da sxv. ekonomikuri gaTvlebi gviCvenebs, rom wyalbadis sawvavis warmoeba daaxloebiT
imdenive dajdeba, rac benzinis. amasTan, misi maragebi praqtikulad amouwuravia,
wyalbadis wvisas miiReba isev wyali, romelic ubrundeba bunebas, wvisas ar Cndeba
mavne airebi an sxva produqtebi, ar binZurdeba garemo.

23.2. mzis energiidan energiis arapirdapiri gziT miReba
mzis energia ganapirobebs dedamiwis atmosferosa da mis zedapirze mraval
process, iseTebs, rogoric aris: wylis brunvis cikli, atmosferoSi masebis moZraoba,
fotosinTezi. amis Sedegad SesaZlebeli xdeba moZravi wylis, qaris da biomasis
gamoyeneba eleqtroenergiis gamosamuSaveblad da sawvavad. wylisa da haeris energiis
gamoyeneba eleqtroenergiis misaRebad kargad cnobili procesia. igive iTqmis biomasis,
mag., SeSis, xis naxSiris sawvavad gamoyenebaze. bolo wlebSi bevr qveyanaSi dainerga
e.w. biogazis miReba organuli nivTierebisagan. am procesis martivi sqemebi aris
mocemuli sur. 23.9 da 23.10.
siTbos gamoyeneba:
binebis gasaTbobad,
wylis gasacxeleblad,
energiis misaRebad
tye pirdapiri
dawva
biogazi
meTani
baqteriebis mier ga
cxovelTa mo (bunebrivi
eqskrementi anaerobuli sunTqva xd
a airi)
alkoholi
Txevadi
sawvavi
marcvleuli, fermentacia siTbo
lerwami, da sxva safuariT
sur. 23.9 biomasa SeiZleba pirdapir sawvavad iqnes gamoyenebuli sawvav

airSi (meTani) an siTxeSi (alkoholi).
sur. 23.10. qaris meSveobiT eleqtroenergiis miReba (kalifornia) [21].
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23.3. miwis SigneTis siTbo _ geoTermuli energia
cnobilia, rom miwis siRrmeSi temperatura TandaTan matulobs. gansakuTrebiT
swrafia temperaturis zrda axalgazrda vulkanuri aqtivobis regionebSi (islandia,
iaponia, italia, kamCatka, axali zelandia da sxv.), maT Soris kavkasiaSi, sadac
uamravi Camqrali vulkania cnobili (ialbuzi, yazbegi, yelis plato, javaxeTi da
sxv.). dedamiwis wiaRis siTbos gamoyenebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli xerxia miwisqveSa
cxeli wylebiT sargebloba, iseTisa, rogoricaa mag., geizerebis gamoyeneba axal
zelandiaSi, cxeli wyaroebi kamCatkaze, Tbilisis gogirdis wyaroebi da sxv. cxeli
wylebi wiaRidan SesaZloa xelovnuradac amoviyvanoT burRvilebis meSveobiT. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi (kolxeTis dablobi) aseTi daniSnulebis araerTi burRili arsebobs,
romelTa meSveobiT ≈1000C wyalia amoyvanili zedapirze. Tbilisis zogi ubani (mag.,
saburTalos raionSi) maragdeba burRilebiT amoyvanili cxeli wyliT, romelsac
binebis gasaTbobad iyeneben. geoTermuli siTbos misaRebad aseTi xerxic gamoiyeneba:
WaburRilis meSveobiT CaburRaven wyals wiaRSi, iq igi cxeldeba da mere, meore
WaburRiliT amoyavT zedapirze. Termuli wylebis uaryofiTi Tvisebebidan aRsaniSnavia
maTSi gaxsnili marilebis gamoleqva niadagSi, zedapirze, milebSi an sxva danadgarebsa
da mowyobilobebSi (sur. 23.11 - 23.14).
sur. 23.11. geoTermuli WaburRili da geizerebi

kaliforniaSi.
dguSi sur. 23.12. geoTermuli siTbos miRebisa

da gamoyenebis sqema.
cxeli wylis
amomyvani burRili
wylis Casatumbi
burRili

sur. 23.13. Termuli wylis abanoebi TbilisSi.
sur. 23.14. pamukkale _ Termuli wylebis cnobili kurorti TurqeTSi.
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Tavi 24. cxovrebis wesi da garemos mdgradoba
garemos yvela problema, romelic am wignis wina TavebSia ganxiluli, momdinareobs

adamianebisagan, anu cxovrebis im wesisagan, rac saerTod axasiaTebT adamianebs. magram
aris ki es wesi imdagvari, rom ar SeiZlebodes misi Secvla-gaumjobeseba imdenad, rom
Tavidan aviciloT garemos degradacia? es Tavi am sakiTxisadmia miZRvnili.
24.1. urbanizacia da avtotransportze damokidebuli cxovrebis

wesi
Tanamedrove civilizebuli saxelmwifoebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa
adamianTa cxovrebis wesi, uaRresad damokidebuli avtotransportze, rac kidev
ufro gaizrdeba urbanizaciasTan erTad (urbanus _ qalaquri, laT.). gamowveulia es
imiT, rom adamianis sacxovrebeli adgili, Cveulebriv, didad aris dacilebuli misi
saqmianobis adgilebidan, iqneba es samsaxuri, skola, umaRlesi saswavlebeli, maRaziebi,
gasarTobi adgilebi (stadionebi, kino-Teatrebi da sxv.). statistikuri monacemebis
Tanaxmad, aSS-s moqalaqe kviraSi saSualod 300 km manZils gadis avtotransportiT.
aseTive intensiuria avtotransportiT sargeblobis maCvenebeli evropaSi, iaponiaSi
da sxva regionebSi, pirvel yovlisa did qalaqebSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, Zalze did
teritoriebze arian gaSenebuli. mSenebloba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda,
im droidan, roca garemos mdgradobis problemebi ase mwvaved ar idga da amitom arc
aravin iTvaliswinebda, Tu ras gamoiwvevda qalaqebis aseTi zrda.
24.2. avtotransportze damokidebuli cxovrebis wesis gavlena

garemoze
saerTod transportis da kerZod avtotransportis didi masStabiT gamoyenebis
cxovrebis wesis mTavari uaryofiTi Sedegebia ganuaxlebadi bunebrivi resursebis
(navTobi, airi) ganiaveba da maTi maragebis daSreta, haeris, niadagis da wylis
dabinZureba, globaluri daTboba, sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis farTobebis Semcireba
saavtomobilo gzebis da sxva komunikaciebis mosawyobad, gareuli cxovelebis sacxo-
vrebel garemoSi cxovrebis pirobebis gauareseba da biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis
riskis zrda, xmauri da sxv. mravali (sur. 24.1).
24. 3. mdgradi qalaqebi

adamianebSi amJamad gabatonebuli cxovrebis wesiT, garemoze miyenebuli ziani
SeiZleboda mniSvnelovnad Segvemcirebina, Tu momavalSi qalaqebisa da sxva dasaxlebuli
punqtebis daproeqteba-mSeneblobisas savaldebulo iqneboda e.w. mdgradi qalaqebis
(susteinvili) ideis ganxorcieleba, romlis mixedviT es unda iyos adamianis normalurad
cxovrebisaTvis yvela aucilebeli saSualebebis mqone, mcire teritoriaze kompaqturad
ganlagebuli qalaqi ise, rom sacxovrebeli adgilidan fexiT an velosipediT SesaZlebeli
iyos misvla samuSao adgilamde, saswavleblamde, saavadmyofomde, maRaziamde, dasveneba-
garTobis adgilamde da sxv., ise, rogorc es sur. 24.2-zea warmodgenili.

miwis zedapiris energiis meti mZime Sedegebi:
Secvla xarjva wylis ciklis moSla
sasoflo-sameurneo energoresursebis Cadinebis CaJonvis

miwebis dakargva gamoleva gazrda Semcireba
gareuli cxovelebis haeris mzardi wylis maragebis

saarsebo garemos wyaldidoba
mospoba da Secvla
gaWuWyianeba Semcireba
biomraval- napirebis
ferovnebis miwis
erozia problemebi
Semcireba
gzebze gareuli
wylis xarisxis mariliani wylis
cxovelebis
daRupva gauareseba moWarbeba
sur. 24.1. urbanizaciis zrdis jamuri gavlena garemoze [1].
susteinvilebis aSeneba, jerjerobiT, momavlis da, SesaZloa, Soreuli momavlis

saqmea, magram ukve axla mraval qveyanaSi mTeli rigi qalaqebi velosipedebis intensiur
gamoyenebazea gadasuli. aseTebia mag., tokio da sxva didi qalaqebi iaponiaSi, pekini
da sxv. CineTSi, holandia, dania da sxv. mravali (sur. 24.3).
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sur. 24.2. susteinvilis (mdgradi qalaqi) modeli [1]. misTvis mTavari damaxasiaTebelia is, rom
nebismier adgilamde advilad SeiZleba fexiT, an velosipediT misvla. avtotransporti mxolod
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba. sacxovrebeli, samuSao, saswavlo, savaWro da sxva nagebobebi
erTmaneTTan axlos aris ganTavsebuli. farTod gamoiyeneba eleqtrotransporti sxva dasaxlebebTan
dasakavSireblad. energiis wyarod, ZiriTadad, mzisa da sxva ganaxlebadi resursebia gamoyenebuli.
cifrebiT aRniSnulia: 1. sacxovrebeli binebi, 2. skola, 3. maRazia, matareblis sadguri, fosta, 4.
religiuri centri, 5. sastumro da dasvenebis centri, 6. daxmarebis centri, 7. profesiuli ofisebi,
8. samkiTxvelo, 9. sawyobebi, 10. jandacvis centri, 11. saxerxi, xis masala, 12. qaRaldis warmoeba da
aRwarmoeba, 13. gazeTebi, televizia, kavSirgabmuloba, 14. fabrika, 15. naqsovi tansacmlis nawarmi, 16.
sakvebis warmoeba, minis taris miReba-wmenda, 17. tyavis nawarmi, 18. kvleva, mecniereba, 19. saxanZro
razmi, 20. sasamarTlo, marTlmsajuleba, 21. xelmZRvaneloba, 22. saTamaSo moednebi, 23. parki, 24.
wylis sacavi da gasawmendi, 25. sasmeli wylis sacavi, 26. wylisgamwmendi, 27. baRi, skebi, 28. tye,
29. qaris elsadguri, 30 mcenareuli kulturebi, patara cxovelebi, 31. marcvleuli, bamba, xorbali,
33. brinji, 34. Camdinare wylis gawmenda, xelovnuri Waobi, irigacia, 35. saZovrebi, beReli, mewveli
cxovelebi, 36. narCenebisagan sawvavis miReba, 37. qvis karieri, 38. Sida saqalaqo eleqtromobilebis
sistema.

sur. 24.3. velosipedebis dasayenebeli adgili tokioSi [1].
24. 4. landSaftebis dazianeba.

bunebrivi landSaftebis (landSafti – adgili miwis zedapirze, damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebis mqone: reliefi, niadagi, klimaturi pirobebi, mcenareuli safari da sxv.
germ.) SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimaluri SenarCuneba garemos mdgradobis erT-erTi umni-
Svnelovanesi saSualebaa, romlis ganxorcieleba xSirad ver xerxdeba. gamalebuli
urbanizaciis da industrializaciis procesSi (sur. 24.4.) bunebrivi ekosistemebis
adgils ikavebs xelovnuri landSaftebi: qalaqebisa da dabebis, giganturi fabrika-
qarxnebis, hidroeleqtrosadgurebis, xelovnuri wyalsatevebis, satransporto Tu
milsadeni magistralebis, eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis, samxedro poligonebis da sxv.
nagebobebi (sur. 24.5 da 24.6). landSaftis barbarosuli dazianebis araerTi, SemaSfoTe-
beli suraTis naxva SeiZleba saqarTveloSic. ase, mag., qvemo qarTlSi, bolnisis
raionSi madneulis karieri, sadac spilenZis da sxv. liTonis erTi muWa madnis
mosapoveblad, miwisqveSa mopovebis meTodis nacvlad, mopovebis Ria wesi arCies
èkonomiurobis~ sababiT (sur. 24.7.). landSaftis uxeSi dazianebis sxva magaliTebic
bevria saqarTveloSi, maT Sorisaa, isev qarTlsa da javaxeTSi talkis, dolomitis
da bazaltis mopoveba karierebiT, yovelgvari rekultivaciis gareSe, mitovebuli
sangrevebiT da nageboba-danadgarebiT (sur. 24.8-24.9). gansakuTrebiT farTo masStabiT
aris dazianebuli landSaftebi qvanaxSiris karierebiT (sur. 24.10).
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sur. 24.4. binaTmSenebloba, birminhemi [18].
sur. 24.5. madnis mopoveba Ria karieruli wesiT. avstria.

a)
b)
sur. 24.6. madneulis karieri (a) da karieridan monadeni wyali, dabinZure-
buli mZime liTonebiT (b).
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sur. 24.7. bazaltis mitovebuli karierebi walkasTan. javaxeTi.
sur. 24.8. dolomitis karieri qarTlSi, sof. abano.

a)
b)
sur. 24.9. talkis karieri. qarTli, qvaSava (a,b).
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sur. 24.10. qvanaxSiris karieri. germania [18].
sur. 24.11. qvanaxSiris

karieri. aSS [26].

nawili VI. dedamiwis ganviTareba da garemos
bunebrivi cvlilebebi
planeta dedamiwis ganviTarebis istoria 4,5-5 miliard wels iTvlis. am xnis

ganmavlobaSi man mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada: gaikeTa myari gare garsi –
liTosfero da am sferos zeda nawili – qerqi; Sida garsebidan (mantia, birTvi)
gamoyofili nivTierebebis saTanado evoluciis gziT Seiqmna wylis sfero (hidrosfero)
da haeris sfero (atmosfero); araorganuli nivTierebebis sinTeziT warmoiSva organuli
naerTebi; ukve 3-3,5 miliardi wlis win organuli naerTebis evoluciiT gaCnda
pirveli umartivesi mikroorganizmebi, romlebic yvela Semdgomi maRalganviTarebuli
organizmis, maT Soris adamianebis, sawyisad iqcnen. mniSvnelovani saxecvla ganicada
dedamiwis zedapirmac kontinentebis da okeaneebis konfiguraciis, adgilmdebareobis
da zomebis cvalebadobis gamo, yvela cvlileba uwyvetliv, magram sxvadasxva siCqariT
xorcieldeboda: ZiriTadad neli tempiT, zogjer ki swrafad, cocxali organizmebis
da garemosTvis katastrofuli SedegebiT.
Tavi 25. neli cvlilebebi
25.1. dedamiwis qerqis da misi zedapiris neli cvlilebebi.

dedamiwis zedapiri mudmiv cvlilebebs ganicdis, romelTagan aq aRvniSnavT
zedapiris vertikalur moZraobebs (aweva-daweva), miwis qerqis calkeuli monakveTebis
(filebis) horizontul gadaadgilebebs, brunvas, sxvadasxva sididiT daxras da sxva
deformaciebs. es moZraobebi, rogorc wesi, neli tempiT mimdinareobs. ase mag.,
liTosferuli filebis urTierTgadaadgilebis siCqare weliwadSi 2-12 sm udris,
xolo vertikaluri moZraobisa weliwadSi milimetrebiT ganisazRvreba. adamianisaT-
vis Cveuli drois masStabiT es umniSvnelo sidideebia da `SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT~
amas verc vamCnevT, magram geologiuri drois masStabiT (aTeuli milionobiT weli)
es moZraobebi miwis zedapirze mniSvnelovan kvals toveben, maTgan umniSvnelovanesia
kontinentebis da okeaneebis globaluri ganawileba, asaxuli sur. 25.1. da 25.2.
mezozuris dasawyisSi yvela kontinenti erTad iyo Tavmoyrili, qmnida ra
erTian kontinents – pangeas. okeanec erTiani iyo (panTalasa). Sua iurul droSi
(∼170 mln wlis win) daiwyo erTiani kontinentis daSla, atlanturi da indoeTis
axali okeaneebis Casaxva da ganviTareba, rasac mohyva Zveli okeane _ teTisis Seviw-
roeba (kavkasias teTisis centraluri nawili ukavia). evraziis kontinentTan afrikis
kontinentis da indoeTis kontinenturi blokis Sejaxebis Sedegad warmoiSva axalgazrda
mTebis alpur-himalauri sartyeli. filebis urTierTgadaadgilebis gamo miwis qerqi
mniSvnelovan deformaciebs ganicdis: Cndeba Sua okeanuri qedebisa da riftebis
sistema, naoWa mTebis sistemebi, sxvadasxva sididis zRviuri auzebi maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli reliefiT. filebis moZraoba amJamadac mimdinareobs, dResac aqvs
adgili zedapiris nel deformaciebs, romelTac teqtonikur moZraobebs uwodeben.
dedamiwis zogi ubani maRla iwevs, zogi piriqiT – iZireba, amis gamo zogan zRva
PDF created
ikavebs xmeleTis adgils, zogan zRvis napiri ukan ixevs. aseT moZraobebs adgili aqvs
saqarTveloSic. cnobilia, rom kavkasioni maRla iwevs daaxloebiT 20 mm/weli siCqariT,
xolo kolxeTis dablobi iZireba daaxloebiT 5 mm/weli siCqariT. maRla iwevs
samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTic, dabla – mtkvris dablobi. kaspiis zRvis donis
meryeoba, rac ukanaskneli aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeimCneva, am regionis miwis
qerqis vertikaluri moZraobiT unda iyos gamowveuli.
kavkasiis reliefis cvlilebebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs regionis klimatur
Taviseburebebsa da, maSasadame, mis ekosistemebze, ganapirobeben Zlier erozias mTian
mxareebSi, daWaobebas dablobebSi (kolxeTi) da sxv.
aq aRwerili movlenebi globaluri gavrcelebiT sargeblobs, kavkasia gamonakliss
ar warmoadgens (sur. 25.3. da sur. 25.4).
sur. 25.1. paleogeografiuli

lavrazia rekonstruqciebi bolo 200 mln
wlisaTvis. suraTze asaxulia li-
Tosferuli filebis da maTi Se-
madgeneli kontinentebis da okea-
neebis urTierTganlageba mezo-
zour da kainozour droSi.
gondvana
evrazia
Crd.amerika
samxr.
afrika indoeTi
amerika
avstralia
antarqtida

evraziis
fila
Cr. amerikis
evraziis fila
fila anatoliis
xuan de fila
filipinebis fukas karibis
fila fila arabeTis
fila afrikis
fila
fila
qoqosis
wynari
fila
okeanis
fila
naskas somalis
indoeT- fila samx. amerikis subfila
avstraliis fila
fila
antraqtikis
fila
sur. 25.2. kontinentebis da okeaneebis, maTi mTavari morfologiuri da teqtonikuri erTeulebis

reliefuri ruka [21].
Cr.amerika-wynari okeane wynari okeane-avstralia-indoeTi
Cr.amerika-avstralia-indoeTi wynari okeane-samxreT amerika
Cr. amerika-samxreT amerika avstralia-indoeTi-samx.amerika
sur. 25.3. liTosferos filebis dRevandeli SefardebiTi horizontuli

gadaadgilebebi. marcxena zeda kuTxeSi – gadaadgilebis siCqare lazeruli
monacemebiT, marjvena kuTxeSi – igive xazovani magnituri anomaliebis mo-
nacemebiT [9].
PDF created
sur.25.4. Tanamedrove vertikaluri moZraobebis gamartivebuli
suraTi aRmosavleTi evropisaTvis. pirobiTi niSnebiT aRniSnulia
moZraobis mimarTuleba da siCqare (milimetri/weliwadSi). aweva +,
daweva – niSani [9].
25.2. klimatis cvla

dedamiwis klimatis formirebaSi mravali faqtori iRebs monawileobas, maT
Soris umTavresia kosmosuri, damorCilebuli-miwieri, kosmosuridan ki umTavresia
mzis energia, razec araerTgzis gvqonda msjeloba am wignis wina TavebSi. miwieri
faqtorebi, umTavresad, regionul da lokalur klimatur movlenebs ganapirobeben,
kosmosuri faqtorebi – globalurs.
dedamiwis istoria gviCvenebs, rom iseT mniSvnelovan globalur klimatur
cvlilebebs, rogoric aris daTboba da aciveba, amiT gamowveuli gamyinvarebis periodebis
monacvleobas daTbobis periodebTan, araerTgzis hqonda adgili. ase mag., cnobilia
e.w. gondvanuri gamyinvareba paleozouri eris dros, daaxloebiT 300-330 mln wlis
win. am gamyinvarebisas samxreTi polusi gondvanis kontinentze mdebareobda, kontinentze,
romelic pangeis (ix. sur. 25.1.) Semadgenels warmoadgenda.

ne
ea
ok
sur. 25.5. meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis Crdilo polusi
a ri
wyn zRva da myinvarebis gavrcelebis are [26].
yinuli
xmeleTi
yinuli moskovi
Cikago
niu- londoni
iorki
at l
a
oke antik is
ne
globaluri mniSvnelobis gamyinvarebaTagan ukanasknelT SedarebiT axlo geologiur

warsulSi hqondaT adgili, daiwyo daaxloebiT 2 milioni wlis win da dasrulda
10000 wlis, e.w. holocenuri drois win (sur. 25.5). mTel am periodSi ramdenimejer
moxda gamyinvareba da daTboba. am movlenis naTelsayofad mogvyavs cxrili 25.1.
cxrili 25.1.
bolo 2 milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi gamyinvarebis da gamyinvarebaTaSorisi
periodebis monacvleoba
aRmosavleTi CrdiloeTi mln

britaneTi alpebi
evropa amerika wlebi 0
holoceni holoceni holoceni holoceni 0,01
devensuri viurmuli kalininuri viskonsuri 0,1

r/v
ipsviCuri mekulinuri sangamonuri 0,2
interglaciali
uolstonuri risuli iliniuri 0,4
m/r inter-
hoqsnuri lixvinuri iarmuTianuri 0,5
glaciali
angluri mindeluri okauri kanzanuri 0,8
qromeriuli
g/m
biistonuri morozovuli aftonuri 1,0
interglaciali
pastonuri
guncuri odesuri nebraskuli 1,2
d/g inter-
1,4
glaciali
baventuri dunauri kriJanovuli 1,6
antiuri
b/d
Turniuli 1,8
interglaciali
ludhamiuri
ualtonuri bozeruli naporatuli 2,0

gamyinvarebis periodi – nacrisferi zolebi.
klimatis globalur mdgomareobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda kontinentebis

(xmeleTis) da okeaneebis sivrcobrivi ganlageba, maTi konfiguracia, zomebi da saSualo
PDF created
simaRle zRvis donidan. erTiani kontinentis – pangeas arsebobisas farTo gavrcele-
biT sargeblobda kontinenturi hava, mSrali da udabno areebi, xolo danawevrebuli
kontinentebis periodebis klimati ufro zomieri iyo, rasac xels uwyobda dinebebi
okeaneebSi (msgavsad imisa, romelsac dRes asrulebs golfstrimi).
klimatis cvlis sxva miwieri faqtorebidan unda aRiniSnos zRvis da xmeleTis
farTobebis Sefardeba (rac metia zRvis wili, miT zomieria hava) da reliefis
Taviseburebebi (maRalmTiani da dablobi areebis Sefardeba).
klimatTan mWidro korelaciur damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda msoflio okeanis
donis cvalebadoba. acivebis (gamyinvarebis) periodebSi wylis masis dabandeba yinulis
saxiT iwvevda msoflio okeanis donis dawevas, gamyinvarebaTaSorisi periodebi ki
xasiaTdeboda okeanis donis aweviT, xmeleTis didi teritoriebis zRvis wyliT
dafarviT.
25.3. sicocxlis evolucia

cocxalma organizmebma Casaxvidan dRemde, 3,5-3,0 miliardi wlis ganmavlobaSi,
ganviTarebis rTuli gza ganvles umartivesi organizmebidan _ adamianamde. es procesi
umTavresad neli, TandaTanobiTi iyo. paleontologiur mecnierebas (paleo _ Zveli,
onTos _ arseba) – geologiuri mecnierebis dargs – uaRresad mdidari faqtobrivi
masala gaaCnia. adamiani mxolod ramdenime milioni wlis win Camoyalibda xangrZlivi
da rTuli evoluciis Sedegad.
sur. 25.6. cxovelTa samyaros evoluciis zogi fragmenti: a _ 80 mln wlis win gadaSenebuli
giganturi reptilia; b _ Tanamedrove adamianis winaprebi.

Ta vi 26 . swra fi cvlil ebebi , b unebri vi ka tastr ofebi
26.1. miwisZvrebi, cunami.

kacobriobisaTvis kargad aris cnobili liTosferos swrafi, myisieri deforma-
ciebis katastrofuli gamovlinebebi miwis zedapirze: xmeleTze miwisZvrebis, xolo
okeaneTa sanapiroebze damangreveli Zalis talRebis – cunamis saxiT. aseuli aTasobiT
adamianTa msxverpli, uzarmazari materialuri zarali, garemos gaCanageba – aseTia am
stiqiuri bunebrivi movlenebis Sedegebi. miwisZvrebi globaluri gavrcelebiT sargeblobs,
Tumca misi kerebi mkacrad aris lokalizebuli garkveul regionebSi – liTosferuli
filebis sazRvrebTan, razec naTel warmodgenas iZleva sur. 26.1.
00 600 1200 1800 1200 600 00
600 evraziis fila Cr. amerikis

600
fila
anatoliis fila
filipinebis karibis
300 300
arabeTis fila fila
fila qoqosis fila
0 wynari okeanis fila
0 00
naskas
afrikis samx. amerikis
fila
fila fila
indoeT-avstraliis
300 fila 300
600 antarqtikis 600

fila
600 1200 1800 1200 600

sur. 26.1. bolo wlebSi momxdari ∼ 30000 miwisZvris epicentrebis ganlagebis ruka [22].
rukidan naTlad Cans miwisZvrebis kerebis kavSiri dedamiwis zedapiris SedarebiT viwro zolebTan –
liTosferuli filebis sazRvrebTan. aseTebia: wynari okeanis sanapiroebi amerikis kontinentebTan,
aziasa da okeanesTan (konvergentuli da transformuli sazRvrebi, sur. 26.2.), agreTve Sua okeanuri
qedebis RerZuli nawilebi (divergentuli sazRvrebi). seismurad aqtiuria agreTve koliziuri sazRvrebi,
iseTebi, rogoricaa alpur-himalauri axalgazrda mTebi, warmoSobili ramdenime milioni wlis win,
Zveli okeanis daxurviT, rac gamoiwvia evraziis kontinentis Sejaxebam (kolizia), afrika (arabeTi)
da indoeTis kontinentur masivebTan.
PDF created
sur.26.2. san-andreasis seismurad aqtiuri transformuli rRveva.
kavkasia, rogorc sur. 26.1 Cans, ganlagebulia seismurad aqtiur koliziur

zonaSi. amis gamo misTvis, iseve rogorc mTeli wina aziisaTvis (TurqeTi, irani),
damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri miwisZvrebi. mexsierebaSi jer kidev cocxalia bolo wlebSi
kavkasiaSi momxdari damangreveli miwisZvrebis Sedegebi, spitakisa _ somxeTSi (1989
wlis 7 dekemberi) da raWa-imereTisa saqarTveloSi (1991 wlis 29 aprili). orive
miwisZvram, romelTa magnituda Sesabamisad iyo M=6,8 da M=7,0-7,2, (daaxloebiT 10-
12 baliani) gamoiwvia udidesi ngreva, materialuri zarali, adamianTa msxverpli

(25000 kacze meti somxeTSi). garemoze miyenebuli zianis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gvaZlevs
am miwisZvrebis Sedegebis amsaxveli ramdenime suraTi 26.3.-26.8.
sur. 26.3. blokebiT nagebi Senobis nangrevebi. spitaki (somxeTi).
sur. 26.4. sacxovrebeli Senobis nangrevebi. stefanavani (somxeTi).
PDF created
sur. 26.5. samgzavro matareblis liandagidan gadavardnili vagonebi.
spitaki – giumris rkinigza.
sur. 26.6. miwisZvriT dangreuli taZari, gogarani. somxeTi.

sur. 26. 7. sacxovrebeli binis nangrevebi. saCxere. saqarTvelo.
sur. 26.8. taZris nangrevebi. saCxere. saqarTvelo.
PDF created
a)
b)
sur. 26.9. dangreuli saxlebi raWis (a) da imereTis (b) soflebSi.
miwisZvra, Senoba-nagebobaTa ngrevis garda, mniSvnelovnad cvlis landSafts:

maTi xSiri Tanmdevia ferdobebis Camoqceva da zvavebi, Rvarcofebi, mewyrebi, rac
anadgurebs adamianTa, aseve sxva organizmebis sacxovrebel garemos, cvlis mdinareTa
qsels, dinebas ucvlis gruntis wylebs, spobs arsebul wyalsatevebs an aCens axlebs,
anu myisierad ucvlis saxes arsebul, gawonasworebul ekosistemebs. magaliTisaTvis
SeiZleba isev raWa-imereTis miwisZvris Sedegebi moviSvelioT: ferdobidan mowyvetilma
zvavebma mTlianad damarxes sof.xaxieTa da misi macxovreblebi (sur. 26.9.).

sur. 26.10. nazvavi qva-RorRi, romelmac dafara sof. xaxieTa 1991 wlis
29 aprilis miwisZvris dros.
miwisZvris winaswarmetyveleba, rac gulisxmobs SesaZlo miwisZvris adgilis,

siZlieris da zusti drois gansazRvras, jerjerobiT mxolod nawilobriv xerxdeba.
sakmao miaxloebiT aris SesaZlebeli misi adgilmdebareobis da siZlieris prognozireba,
magram jerac miuRwevelia zusti drois gamocnoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomiurad
mdidari zogi qveyana (mag., iaponia da aSS) saamisod Tanxebs ar iSurebs.
26.2. vulkanizmi
bunebrivi stiqiuri movlenebidan garemoze mniSvnelovani zemoqmedebiT xasiaTdeba
vulkanuri amofrqvevebi. kacobriobis istoriam icis adamianebisaTvis da maTi saarse-
bo garemosaTvis vulkanizmis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis mniSvneloba. sakmarisia gavixsenoT
vulkan vezuvis ZirSi ganlagebuli qalaqebis _ pompeis, herkulaniumisa da stabiis
bedi: Cveni welTaRricxvis 79 wlis 24 agvistos vulkanuri amofrqvevis Sedegad es
qalaqebi myisierad dafara vulkanurma ferflma, mosaxleoba daiRupa. sxva msgavsi
SemTxvevebic aris cnobili, mag. vulkani mon-pele kunZul martinikaze (mcire antilis
kunZulebis arqipelagi vestindoeTSi) – 1902 wlis katastrofuli amofrqvevis
Sedegad qalaqi sen-pieri myisierad dafara vulkanuri ferflisa da lavis natexebisagan
Semdgarma gavarvarebulma Rrubelma, daiRupa qalaqis mTeli mosaxleoba, 25000 kaci.
vulkanuri procesebi swrafad da mniSvnelovnad cvlian dedamiwis zedapirs, mis
ekosistemebs. iseve, rogorc miwisZvrebi, vulkanizmic liTosferuli filebis sazRvrebTan
aris Tavmoyrili.
vulkanur procesebTan dakavSirebulia agreTve qva-RorRiT gajerebuli
Rvarcofebis, e.w. laxarebis movardna, romelTac damangreveli Sedegebi moaqvT
ekosistemebisaTvis (sur. 26.11-26.14).
PDF created
sur. 26.11. vulkani sakurajima. iaponia.
1982
galungungi
sur. 26.12. vulkani galungungi (indonezia). 1982 wels

amotyorcnilma ferflma dafara aremare, gaanadgura mcenareuli,
mospo ekosistema, didi ziani miayena garemos.
sur. 26.13. vulkanidan amoityorcneba lavis

gavarvarebuli, sxvadasxva zomis natexebi, romlebmac
vulkanis irgvliv didi farTobebi SeiZleba dafa-
ros, gaanadguros ekosistemebi.

sur. 26.14. wminda elenes mTis
vulkanidan (vaSingtoni) 1980 w.
amofrqvevis Sedegad namsxvrevma
vulkanurma masalam dafara aremare.
26.3. wyaldidoba, grigali, Stormi

atmosferoSi da hidrosferoSi mimdinare swrafi cvlilebebi, romelTa Sedegi
SeiZleba iyos moWarbebuli naleqianoba da Zlieri qarebi, gamoixateba wyaldidobebis,
grigalis, zRvaze Zlieri Relvis saxiT, romelTac didi ziani SeuZliaT miayenon da
ayeneben kidec garemos, ekosistemebs. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT maRali riskis qveS
imyofebian okeanuri kunZulebis, okeaneTa sanapiroebis da maRalmTiani regionebis
ekosistemebi. wyaldidobebis Sedegad vakeebze, dasaxlebul adgilebze gamotanili
lodnari da sxva masala did zians ayenebs midamos. wyaldidobis zogi epizodis
sailustraciod moviyvanT sur. 26.15 – 26.19.
sur. 26.15. wyaldidoba, datborili quCa, Senobebi [18].
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sur. 26.16. wyaldidoba mdinaris
adidebis Sedegad luizianaSi.
sur. 26.17. wyaldidobebis Sedegad mTidan Camotanili da vakeze dagrovili masebi xSirad
ramdenime aTeuli metris sisqis danagrovebs qmnian (iaponia).

sur. 26.18. wyaldidobebis Sedegad vakeze gamotanili lodnari saSinel zians ayenebs mcenareul
safars, naTesebs (md. kanatoko, iaponia).
sur. 26.19. lodnaris nazvaviT dangreuli gzis monakveTi. iaponia.
26.4. cocxali organizmebis swrafi gadaSeneba

cocxali organizmebis neli, TandaTanobiTi evoluciis garda, geologiur warsulSi
adgili hqonda organizmebis swraf, katastroful gadaSenebasac. gansakuTrebiT Tva-
lSisacemi da kargad Seswavlilia organizmebis gadaSeneba 65 milioni wlis win,
maastrixtuli (zeda carci) da daniuri (paleoceni) sarTulebis sazRvarze, roca im
dros arsebuli mcenareuli da cxoveluri organizmebis didi nawili gadaSenda. am
movlenis Sedegebi, cxoveluri organizmebis zogi ZiriTadi jgufisaTvis, warmodgeni-
lia sur. 26.20 da 26.21.
PDF created
gvarebis 120
odenoba triasi iura carci
100 dinozavrebi
rifuli Tanamedrove rifuli
marjnebi marjnebi
80
60 rifuli
marjnebi
rudistebi
40
globigerinebi
20
0
225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0
sur. 26.20. ganamarxebuli organizmebis jgufebis raodenobis maCvenebeli
mrudebi triasulidan dRemde.
era
ZuZumwovrebi
adamiani-maimunis
i
zour
gaCena
sur. 26.21. sicocxlis

kaino
evolucia da carcisa da pa-

leocenis sazRvarze (65 mi-
65 mln.w.win
dinozavrebis
lioni wlis win) cxovele-
gadaSeneba bis zogierTi ZiriTadi jgu-
fis erTdrouli gadaSeneba.
er a
ri
z ou
mezo
pirveli
primatiuli
ZuZumwovrebi
225 mln.w.win
pirveli reptiliebi
xmeleTis amfibiebi
era
xmeleTis pirveli
i
zour
mcenareebi
pirveli javSniani
Tevzebi
o
pale
600 mln.w.win

geologiur warsulSi gadaSenebis sxva magaliTebic aris cnobili, Tumca ver
vityviT, rom es movlenebi, gadaSenebis siCqaris TvalsazrisiT, damakmayofileblad
iyos Seswavlili. ar aris gadawyvetili movlenis mizezebic. zogi mkvlevari gadaSenebebs
mizezebis kompleqsiT xsnis, rogoric aris: klimati (gamyinvareba, daTboba), zRvis
donis cvalebadoba, vulkanizmi da sxv. erT-erTi aseTi warmodgenis sailustraciod
mogvyavs sur. 26.22.
sur. 26.22. fanerozoulis (ukana-

bioturi skneli 600 milioni weli) istoriis
krizisi ori supercikli. bioturi krizisebi
(danomrilia) aRiniSneba zRvis cxo-
velebis raodenobis SemcirebiT: N –
niuelis, C – kutbilis mixedviT. kli-
maturi cvlilebebidan naCvenebia gam-
klimati yinvareba (g) da daTboba (d); yoveli
g mdgomareobis SigniT aRniSnulia
g d g d ufro mcire gadaxrebic. myinvaruli
safaris gaCenis periodebi Savi feriT
myinvaruli myinvaruli aris asaxuli, zRvis donis cvale-
safari safari
badoba horizontulad daStrixuli
kambri- ordo- silu-devo- karbo- per- tri- car- kaino-
uli vikuli ruli nuri nuli muli asuli culi zouri areebiT: A – veilis, xolo B – helemis
mixedviT. vulkanizmis Sesaxeb cno-
datborva bebi emyareba amerikaSi granitebis gav-
rcelebas. naxazi aRebulia fiSeris
vulkanizmi naSromidan, Secvlilia mcired [11].
zRvis done
vulkanizmi
6108 wlis win
65 milioni wlis winandel gadaSenebaze aseTi monacemebi arsebobs: maastrixtulis

da daniuris sazRvarze msoflios bevr regionSi aRiniSneba Tixis Txeli Sre, e.w.
sasazRvro Tixa (boundary clay), romelic mTeli rigi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba: TixaSi
Zalze maRalia elementi iridiumis raodenoba, xSiria Zlieri dartymis Sedegad
gaCenili kvarcis mineralebis burTulebi. am monacemebis safuZvelze gamoTqmulia
mosazreba, rom 65 milioni wlis win dedamiwas Seejaxa iridiumis Semcveli mozrdili
ciuri sxeuli, ramac gamoiwvia afeTqeba, atmosferoSi mtvris nawilakebis didi
odenobiT gatyorcna. amis gamo swrafad da mkveTrad Semcirda mzis sxivebis dedamiwis
zedapiramde moRweva, Seicvala klimati, SeizRuda fotosinTezi, dairRva wonasworobebi
ekosistemebSi. yvela organizmma ver gauZlo swraf cvlilebebs da daiRupnen. gadarCnen
isini, romelTac axali pirobebisadmi Semgueblobis maRali unari aRmoaCndaT.
sasazRvro Tixa aRmoCenilia saqarTveloSic, qvemo qarTlSi, daba TeTri wyaros
midamoebSi (sur. 26.23). sasazRvro Tixis doneze SeimCneva makro-da mikroorganizmebis
masobrivi gadaSeneba: orsagduliani moluskebis 18 saxis, amonitebis (Tavfexiani
moluskebi) 16 saxis, belemnitebis (moluskebi) 5 saxis, zRvis zRarbebis 25 saxis,
foraminiferebis 6 saxis, planqtonuri foraminiferebis 9 saxis da juja planqtonis
60 saxis gadaSeneba. sasazRvro TixaSi iridiumis Semcveloba ∼ 50-jer metia, vidre
zeviT momyol qanebSi, TixaSi gvxvdeba zeZlieri dartymis Sedegad warmoSobili
kvarcis burTulebi.
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daniuri
maasrixtuli
sasazRvro Tixa (2 sm)
sur. 26.23. iridiumis animaliis matarebeli sasazRvro Tixa TeTri wyaros

midamoebis maastrixtul da daniur kirqvebs Soris.
carcisa da paleogenis sazRvarze, 65 milioni wlis win momxdaris msgavsi

katastrofebi SeiZleba aRar ganmeordes an ganmeordes mravali aTeul-aseul milion
weliwadSi erTxel. aseTi katastrofebis Sedegad cocxali organizmebis populacie-
bis met-naklebi ricxvis gadaSenebas eqneba adgili. geologiuri warsulis magaliTebi
naTelyofen, rom gadaSenebas ganicdian is organizmebi, romelTa brZolisunarianoba,
Semgueblobis xarisxi, axlad Camoyalibebuli pirobebisadmi, dabalia. dRevandeloba
amaze migviniSnebs, rom bunebriv katastrofebze ufro saSiSia is swrafi, adamianismieri
teqnogenuri zemoqmedebebi, rasac kacobrioba miayenebs Cvens planetas, Cvens sacxovrebel
garemos Tavisi yoveldRiuri kornukopiralisturi saqmianobiT.

literatura
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Pretince Hall, New Jersey, 1993, 630 p.
2. Tyler Miller G., Jr. Living in the Environment. Concepts, problems and alternatives.
Belmont, California, 1975, 595 p.
3. Банников А.Г., Рустамов А.К., Вакулин А.А. Охрана природы (изд. второе),
Москва, Агропромиздат, 1985, 287 с.
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Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1992, gv. 365.
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Дж. Ван Кауверинга). Москва `Мир~, 1986, 471 с.
12. Эйби Дж. И. Землятрясения. Москва, `Мир~, 1982.
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Тбилиси, Техн. университет, 1996, 423 с.
14. Plummer Gh., Mcgeary D. Physical Geology. Fifth edition, Wm.C.Brown Publishers,
USA, Dubuque, 1991, 543p.
15. Global biodiversity assessment (V.H. Heywood, exec. edit., R.T. Watson, chair). UNEP,
Cambridge, University press, 1995, 1140p.
16. Environmental assessement. Special publication 96. London, UK, 1994, 278p.
17. Bakuradze T., Gwilawa M., Lortkipanidze Z., Khurtsidze M., and Kutubidze M. Envi-
ronmental information system in Georgia. UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 1995, 42p.
18. Europe’s Environment. The Dobris Assessement (Ed. D.Stanners and Ph. Bondrean).
European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, 1995, 676p.
19. Sci. American, 1975, N91843, T-9.
20. Фарб П. Популярная экология. `Мир~, Москва, 1971, 190с.
21. Montgomery C.W. Environmental Geology. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, USA, Dubuque,
1992, 466p.
22. Press F., Silver R. Understanding Earth. W.H. Framan and Company, USA, New York,
1994, p.594.
23. Saving the Black Sea. New York, Nairobi, Washington DC, June 1993, 28p.
24. Pipkin B.W., and Trent D.D. Geology and Environment. 2 ed., 1977, West/Wadswort,
522p.
25. Lewis R. Behavior and Ecology of life. Wm.C. Brown Publishers, 1992, Ap. 666-760.
26. Derr A.H. Fundamentals of Geograpy. Wm. C. Brown Publishens. 1993, 372p.
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482p.
27. Одум Ю. Основы экологии. `Мир~, Москва, 1975, 742 с.
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S i n a a r s i
Sesavali ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
garemo; garemos mdgradi ganviTarebis principebi; politikuri
cvlilebebi dRevandel msoflioSi; garemoze mavne zemoqmedebis ZiriTadi
mizezebi; ra viRonoT; orgvari midgoma garemosadmi.
nawili I. dedamiwa ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Tavi 1. dedamiwis warmoSoba da asaki ......................................................................................................... 11
1.1. dedamiwis agebuleba, geosferoebi ....................................................................................................................................... 13
1.2. ekosfero, biosfero, noosfero ........................................................................................................................................ 13
nawili II. ra aris da rogor muSaoben ekosistemebi ................................................................. 16

Tavi 2. ekosistemebi
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
16
2.1. ekosistemebis struqtura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1.1. bioturi struqtura . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . 23
2.1.2. abioturi faqtorebi . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 32
2.1.3. ekosistemebis globaluri zonaloba .............................................................. 32
Tavi 3. rogor muSaoben ekosistemebi .......................................................................................................... 33

3.1. kvebiTi ciklebi ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
3.2. mze – energiis wyaro .............................................................................................................................................................................. 36
3.3. adamianis Careva .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Tavi 4. ekosistemebis mdgradoba ............................................................................................................................... 40

4.1. ekosistemebis wonasworoba (balansi) .................................................................................................................... 40
4.1.1. ekosistemebis balansi populaciebis balansia ................................................................. 40
4.1.2. bioturi potenciali da garemos winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari 40
4.1.3. populaciebis balansis meqanizmi ..... ........ ......... ........ ......... ........ ........ ......... ........ ..... 41
4.1.4. populaciebis gamravlebis ori mrudi da biomravalferovnebis
mniSvneloba ekosistemis mdgradobisaTvis ................................................................................... 41
4.1.5. ekologiuri monacvleoba (suqcesia) ................................................................................................. 42
4.1.6. uwonasworobis xarisxi da cvlilebebis siCqare: monacvleoba,
darRveva an daRupva . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 44
4.2. adamianis Careva . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 44
Tavi 5. ekosistemebis adaptirebis unari cvlilebebisadmi ... 45

5.1. geneturi fondi da misi cvla ........................................................................................................ 45
5.1.1. Tvisebebi da genebi . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 45
5.1.2. saxeobebi da genuri fondi (erTobebi) .................................................................. 46
5.1.3. genuri fondis da Tvisebebis cvlilebebi SerCeviTi zewolis
gam o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.1.4. saxeobebis da ekosistemis ganviTareba ................................................................ 48
5.1.5. cvalebadobis zRvrebi – adaptireba, migracia Tu gadaSeneba ............. 50

nawili III. wonasworobis povna populaciis, niadagis, wylisa
da sakvebis warmoebas Soris ................................................................................................................ 52
Tavi 6. populaciis afeTqeba: mizezebi da Sedegebi ................................................... 52

6.1. populaciis afeTqeba .................................................................................................................................................................................. 52
6.1.1. mxolod cifrebi .............................................................................................................................................................................. 52
6.1.2. mdidari da Raribi qveynebi ....................................................................................................................................... 53
6.1.3. afeTqebiTi gamravlebis Sedegebi ................................................................................................................... 55
6.2. mosaxleobis zrdis dinamika .................................................................................................................................................... 58
6.2.1. populaciis profili ........................................................................................................................................................... 58
Tavi 7. problemebi mosaxleobis zrdis gamo ........................................................................ 61

7.1. gamravlebis tempis cvalebadoba ...................................................................................................................................... 61
7.1.1. ratom mcirdeba gamravlebis tempi qveynis ganviTarebasTan erTad.... 61
7.1.2. ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da Sobadoba .............................................................................................. 62
7.1.3. ojaxis dagegmvis politika ...................................................................................................................................... 62
Tavi 8. sakvebis warmoeba da ganawileba ................................................................................................ 63

8.1. industriuli soflis meurneoba ...................................................................................................................................... 64
8.2. soflis meurneoba mesame samyaroSi............................................................................................................................... 64
Tavi 9. niadagi da niadagis ekosistema ..................................................................................................... 65
9.1. mcenareebi da niadagi.................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
9.2. gaudabnoeba, erozia ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 66
9.3. irigacia, damlaSeba ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
9.4. niadagis sasuqebiT ganoyiereba ............................................................................................................................................ 72
Tavi 10. mavneblebi da maTTan brZola .......................................................................................................... 73
10.1. mosavlis danakargebi mavneblebis gamo da pesticidebi .................................................. 73
10.2. pesticidebis daSlis unarianoba .................................................................................................................................. 74
10.3. alternatiuli meTodebi ............................................................................................................................................................... 76
10.4. sazogadoebrivi politika ........................................................................................................................................................... 76
Tavi 11. wyali, misi brunva da resursebis marTva .....................................................
78
11.1. wylis brunva ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
11.2. wyalmoxmareba ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79
11.2.1. resursebi da wyalmoxmareba ...................................................................................................................................... 79
11.2.2. wyalmoxmarebis regulireba ............................................................................................................................ 80
nawili IV. dabinZureba .............................................................................................................................................................................. 81
Tavi 12. naleqebi, sakvebi da evTrofikacia .................................................................................... 82
12.1. evTrofikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.1.1. Waobebi da evTrofikacia .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. .. 84
T a v i 1 3 . naxmari C a m d i n a r e w y l e b i 86
... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... ...
13.1. Camdinare wylebis gawmenda . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 86

13.1.1. gauwmendavi Camdinare wylebi da adamianis janmrTeloba .................... 86
13.1.2. Camdinare wylebis gadamuSaveba ..................................................................................... 87
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Tavi 14. narCenebis sa SiSi qim ikat ebi T da binZ ureb a ...................... 90
14.1. saxifaTo qimikatebi . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 91
14.2. saxifaTo qimikatebis wyaroebi da garemoSi moxvedris gzebi ......................... 93
14.3. mZime liTonebi da biologiurad dauSladi sinTezuri organuli
naerTebi ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93
14.4. saxifaTo narCenebis movla-patronoba .............................................................................................................. 101
14.5. sayofacxovrebo narCenebi ............................................................................................................................................................ 106
14.6. Savi zRva – evropis nagavsayreli ormo? ................................................................................................ 108
Tavi 15. haeris dabinZureba ....................................................................................................................................................... 111

15.1. dabinZurebis zRvruli done .................................................................................................................................................. 112
15.1.1. smogi ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 113
15.2. haeris ZiriTadi dambinZureblebi ................................................................................................................................. 114
15.3. haeris dambinZureblebis saziano zemoqmedeba cocxal organizmebsa da
sagnebze ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 120
15.4. haeris dabinZurebaze kontroli ................................................................................................................................ 122
Tavi 16. mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi atmosferoSi ......................................................... 125
16.1. mJave naleqebi .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126
16.2. globaluri daTboba ............................................................................................................................................................................. 129
16.3. ozonis faris daSla ........................................................................................................................................................................... 133
16.3.1. ozonis faris buneba da mniSvneloba ........................................................................................... 133
16.3.2. ozonis xvreli .......................................................................................................................................................................... 135
Tavi 17. dabinZurebis ekonomikuri Sedegebi da dabinZurebis
riskis Sefaseba ..................................................................................................................................................................... 137
17.1. xarji-sargeblis analizi ............................................................................................................................................................. 137
17.1.1. xarji-sargeblis analizis Sefardeba .......................................................................................... 137
17.2. xarji-sargeblis analizis siZneleebi .............................................................................................................. 139
nawili V. bunebrivi resursebi: biota, narCenebi, energia, miwa

da wiaRiseuli ................................................................................................................................................................ 141
Tavi 18. bunebrivi resursebi 141
.................................................................................................................................................
18.1. gareuli saxeobebi: maTi mravalferovneba da dacva .............................................................. 142

18.2. buneba ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 144
18.3. bunebriv saxeobaTa gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba ................................................................... 144
18.3.1. sasoflo-sameurneo da satyeo, aqvakulturis da samecxoveleo
mniSvnelobis bunebriv saxeobaTa Rirebuleba ............................................. 144
18.3.2. samedicino mniSvnelobis saxeobebis Rirebuleba ...................................... 145
18.3.3. rekreaciuli, esTetikuri da samecniero Rirebulebis mqone
bunebrivi saxeobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
18.3.4. TavisTavadi Rirebuleba . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 146
18.4. biomravalferovneba . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . 146
18.4.1. mosaxleobis zrdis gavlena .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 147
18.4.2. dabinZurebis gavlena . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . 148
18.4.3. klimatis globaluri cvlis gavlena .............. ............................. ............... 148

18.4.4. sxva faqtorebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
18.5. RonisZiebebi saxeobaTa SenarCunebisaTvis ............................................................................ 149
Tavi 19. ekosistemebi _ bunebrivi resursebi 151
.....................................................................................
19.1. biologiuri sistemebis globaluri perspeqtiva............................................................................. 151

19.1.1. mTavari sistemebi da maTi mniSvneloba ..................................................................................... 151
19.1.2. ekosistemebi – bunebrivi simdidre ................................................................................................... 153
19.1.3. ganaxleba – aRdgena ............................................................................................................................................................... 153
19.2. zewola ekosistemebze ........................................................................................................................................................................ 153
19.2.1. gautyeureba .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 153
19.2.2. okeanuri TevzWera ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 156
19.2.3. TevzWera mtknar wylebSi ..................................................................................................................................... 157
19.2.4. Waobebi da Warbteniani adgilebi ......................................................................................................... 157
19.3. wiaRiseuli mineraluri resursebi ......................................................................................................................... 159
Tavi 20. narCenebi, rogorc nedleuli ........................................................................................................ 160
20.1. myari narCenebi .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 160
20.2. problemis gadawyvetis gzebi ............................................................................................................................................. 163
Tavi 21. energoresursebi; namarxi sawvavi ..........................................................................................

165
21.1. energiis ganawileba .................................................................................................................................................................................... 165
21.2. namarxi sawvavis maragebi da maTi amowurvis problema ............................................... 165
Tavi 22. birTvuli energia 167
...........................................................................................................................................................
22.1. birTvuli energetikis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi................................................ 169

22.1.1. radiaqtiuri gamosxiveba ..................................................................................................................................... 170
22.1.2. radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis daSlis xangrZlivoba ................................................................ 172
22.1.3. radiaqtiuri narCenebi .. ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... .. 173
22.1.4. katastrofebis riski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
T av i 23 . en e r gi i s g a na x l eb a d i w y ar o e bi ................................ ................................ 177
23 .1 . mzis energia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

23.1.1. mzis energia sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis ............................................... 177
23.1.2. mzis sxivebidan eleqtroenergiis miReba ............................................ ...... 179
23.1.3. mzis energiis meSveobiT sawvavi airis miReba ........................................... 181
23.2. mzis energiidan energiis arapirdapiri gziT miReba ................................................. 182
23.3. miwis SigneTis siTbo – geoTermuli energia ..................................................................... 183
Tavi 24. cxovrebis wesi da garemos mdgradoba 185 ...........................................
24.1. urbanizacia da avtotransportze damokidebuli cxovrebis wesi............. 185

24.2. avtotransportze damokidebuli cxovrebis wesis gavlena garemoze.. 185
24.3. mdgradi qalaqebi . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 185
24.4. landSaftebis dazianeba . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 188
nawili VI. dedamiwis ganviTareba da garemos bunebrivi cvli-

l e b e b i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Tavi 25. neli cvlilebebi . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .
194
25.1. dedamiwis qerqis da misi zedapiris neli cvlilebebi ........................................... 194
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25.2. klimatis cvla . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
25.3. sicocxlis evolucia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 199
Tavi 26. swrafi cvlilebebi, bunebrivi katastrofebi 200

....................................
26.1. miwisZvrebi, cunami ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 200

26.2. vulkanizmi .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 206
26.3. wyaldidoba, grigali, Stormi .......................................................................................................................................... 208
26.4. cocxali organizmebis swrafi gadaSeneba ................................................................................................. 210
literatura ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 214

gamomcemlobis redaqtori: eTer xurcia
koreqtori: c. molodini
sabeWdi qaRaldi: 70X108 1/16
pir. nabeWdi Tabaxi 33,14
saaRr.-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi 21,12
tiraJi SekveTa #
fasi saxelSekrulebo
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 380028,

Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamz., 14
firma
stamba
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aiwyo da dakabadonda garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis
dacvis saministros wiaRis dacvisa da samTo
saqmis departamentis kompiuterul centrSi
damkabadonebeli: T. qurdagia
operatorebi: n. narozauli
m. axsabaZe
n. maxaraZe

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SoTa adamia

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

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redaqtori profesori givi TumaniSvili

recenzentebi: profesori irakli xomeriki

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2000

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garemos dacvis panevropuli konferencia, sofia, 1995 w. 23-25 oqtomberi.

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garemoze mavne zemoqmedebis ZiriTadi mizezebi. garemos mdgomareobis mzardi

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Tavi 1. dedamiwis warmoSoba da asaki

mzidan daSorebis mixedviT dedamiwa mesame planetaa mzis sistemaSi da moTavsebulia

sur. 1.1. `erTaderTi~ dedamiwa.

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mantia birTvi birTvi

sur. 1.2. dedamiwis warmoSobis da ganviTarebis stadiebi [19].

dedamiwis asakis Sesaxeb informaciis sxvadasxva wyaro arsebobs, maT Soris

sur. 1.3. geosferoebi.

1.2. ekosfero, biosfero, noosfero

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0.01 Cveulebrivi sunTqva

208 m.w. 245 m.w. 290 m.w.

363 m.w. devoni

en 1.6 m.w. ganmarxebuli

sur. 1.5. dedamiwis istoriis zogi umTavresi movlena

sur. 1.6. ekosfero (biosfero), warmoadgens liTosferos (liTos-qva), hidrosferos

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sityva `ekologia~, romelic mecnierul terminologiaSi Semoitana germanelma

ekosistemebis arsis gageba SedarebiT iolad SeiZleba magaliTebis gacnobis

muxnari da masTan ekosistema

muxnari qvetyiT, mcenareTa

mcenareTa, cxo- saxeobebi

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sur. 2.2. sicocxlis sivrcobrivi ganawileba

sazRvrebi ekosistemebs, biomebs Soris SeiZleba mkveTri iyos, magram ufro

sur. 2.3. ekotonis magaliTi [1].

sur. 2.4. zRvis (okeanis) ekosistemebis zonaloba hedgraftis mixedviT [2].

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mwarmoeblebi (mimagrebuli mcenareebi)

gaxsnili mesame momxmarebeli

gamxrwnelebi (baqteriebi da sokoebi)

sur 2.6. xmeleTis (mdelo) da wylis (tbori) ekosistemebis Sedareba

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2.1. ekosistemebis struqtura

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pirveli meore mesame rigis

sur. 2.9. Cveulebrivi kvebiTi urTierTdamokidebulebani sakvebis mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs

mwarmoeblebi momxmareblebi detritusis mWa-

sokovnebi da baqteriebi, romlebic ikvebebian detritusiT, Tavis mxriv kvebaven

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pirveli makromomx- gamxrwnelebi an mikro-

kvebiTi jaWvebi, kvebiTi qseli da trofuli (kvebiTi) doneebi. cocxali

sur 2.12. martivi kvebiTi jaWvi. sakvebi

siTbo siTbo siTbo siTbo

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marcvleuli mozveri adamiani

sur 2.15. zogi tipuri kvebiTi jaWvi [2].

sur 2.16. xmeleTis organizmebis Zalze gamartivebuli kvebiTi jaWvi [2].

piramidis yoveli monakveTi

sur 2.17. biomasis piramida [1].