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Canto'

e Co
Aingonadirat

Chnany
epanrion

Cmsboc
ct o
a his
o
eoD o0. shiEh dAA
vo4oo.b( o&T
o the, h vea0 no in he

oaD r0
ghi b (on b0drc that he tine i soot
o That
Then

he oiny din C nicn Can


comeutable
tb
ano. Can be 9eneaakd joll

enist a
shosed hat
h6hifcdy the wnoc.
ettt

heovem
Ha00
hnile.
Mue

have nbinite sets


HaQ0 eovemTmet
relattd
D irdy many elements

o0 CA

2
element
Cach
Dm x to Cx)
-6oncbon to Q
3 -Iunchm
Contained

for
A
tt

0-10-2
Pan hio0
Osdu
i Vaan eA aa
Are
aa ai
on

a
aet anh mmetn

Ye Bexve,toanitive
axt A oreladon that
is
is
bal dden On
gn
Mc CLofure propete
o
and ant'oymme
0e a anar
1o
sthosi
elemenlb
hey
A1, an

QUe t COm p oable


ih comp 0a obe
ihe
wJJAJUUJJ JL
JUOUJu
Hose diopan on d
ddes

oloeo a eaahaa J
tra nihla
anpmmeta20

o 1hae ( roo cle


eenent
67
element
O
the
ement a Coves

aa
a
duch fhat
C denokd 6

b
d by
o
Pop am e. Llee
Divids b ohould
Ort element no
hoiiooniny
oome
so loI
havni iy
The
hal b de
nole pa
Cven ome dianam

A chain in goset
aabial0,
xh that
Odened
any
2
et a
ele menb
net h
h'o ldey d
pa na
ne upnet
dldey

anu
dekined
Co.

S a vbxt oetemen h Hone dionam


oth h

Chan
MUbxt hat lte m a
och that
0 dishhct elementy he
in a gOe
n anhicham
abla
COmPan

Hon do-yam lanpuag to any othu.


oth bom any dement

ina ko,Thtm the laust Chain


6 danThe length ol
bhie poaha
ary poset an b
h omalont nD
o ael-ek anbchatn intojnich

an h honed
JUUOL
he
ong ne Pt

S net
O
ONihoned w

pnd
emen

eyest gath h adoeekd


each

roghagli
pAE
antchaino
to hos
e hen
at
an Cha
most
k CtaiNo

o oeS.

v nb
as
ha

ned
Rea

he oie ion anncham


i

one

m m
on

anttch ain
chain

the goet
then
min

lonea
no, o

Chain
antchaine tmto

noo length
ntch

he ot
pot

element ae
An

etem cntA
n m
imum (m aVa i
minim

cA
ol
asm-a=m
ihene
n o0l
is
thon
sosthí
That
ny

mdl Than
2uenhiN el
Can nave many mhomaQ
bot Onie
mioimum

the t nm o ad
M pe

wn Ov e a O hem TD ep
eterm ents
rmollust
the pOvet
POet
10nt
Janln >a cham
p0ah m mo
ho

hen
he Qeng
th o lonpet Chain
etbe
Cteh ol lon
edu ces
Chah)
by > hoo a eaatihio
he pot hon
b 4)
antichaino

ann'chai'ng

ooaihon mho
antChai
k mmla to DPS.

1hcdem
Ql-ooTh

aut annchain. >>3 a onh h0 mTD a Xchaino

O
iaca
AuY

Oi a
ai

Th e oyt anhch ain ha hen this T ati sitoHa0 Cond

CA One -one bunc


J J
JUU M M

n
fheden ob
an onhichain
d
ain

CDiladh
w ize onO hat
the
Ony biee roee n hioned
anticham

hieh he goc
cam

the e D The tayeot

mchaina
ugeoe m choind.
Qun Ahom m
AcP mn
e
ol

odd elemenb 0anhhb


iCan
22cho
on Can u
wt OeLe
e
Covekc(

elCa
fh middie
2 poabhona
elk
On

ai at 6unchoy
atg
hen te
eh m
Contain
ee
tomimate tD chain
the nan
OLSahinhies Ha00
then
uch y
it can 6epanhnoned
P he net etem en

polct

E t pes
tn
ld
Can' dehne Pan iha
This mts
-bC-
contain
4es S he nce

Sah'nrit 1Al
atmOs
m chain 10CX a02 ys ane dated
l attd to co

mn
Cabnhed
Then tt
elemenD
A n
xl hm+k

m
op ol,
elemenb

ot h X
elemenb

faare X,a
CSnriden
o X
x
ohok Copy

san
xm anhchain
im y-elmenb ho 003t

'ex
ohich a conbradct
chon to
seAhe an aatnide
0Theee tro eath ohen
o
Gen nave
ation
+o
Q
ta 90c
e
bronn
has
e
dement
on AUe tne.d
m D lak d ton y acoa
rani Je, aD ro
CxtimetriC.
A

ovaDid 0Det,
oh t s he t o on
t
T na
anhan
onnChain this
oo 2

DCan ta G)elem enb tD oanhc


rande elenedh Cnan anticha i
nOA 1 A
1 n101 dhaiy
ae
voy lement CBNugore tb
n onti chain oK'1e1 a element ot mto thatatchai
dh
hen chon lamM as
hupooK

h hn anicho

Oe COA X then 10Cxo1<1x

Oondsnd chi so.


boves
(bi.hi
ne bov inn de.
elhen kovi e

Shis debnes gon hal


edey

D
oxes
fola0 6den bee.au (hs wmt
t tehat
evey
Ptoted8d
fhe cham fom mat. 0ne oute
ao
Ohe
Chdh hm
folb tang eahabdd a om each othey

umih Sil8th e Can Ove Ha0D, theove toD

tHe00 Cerd
1hat tahsines

Guen elanon
o
have to geta oetpom Q aeB
No
Conaden a poiet on AUe dekîm ed y ac6
No element Dclak d tb
A
CAnhmemc
annh Je, ao A B
ot (h)
(bd+ Unduatauc

t
va0id 0Dkam an0 Chain
M this PO et 2
ile, ol
he
ohat ts ayeyt
en
This an h han
tal c
ete m ent
Chan
antniche

anticha
in
omde elembdh

n11 Chainy t a dha


nOA)1 1A).
>A evoy elemen
CBNugod
A mto thatchah
0l dt at dh
'Ie a element
chain
tenmMak
n anti chain on hu hen
upoDK

*hen 12Cx)1 < Ix


CAA=X
Condrad chi S).
e
)cote ()
L

and a t
Grouhs
o cde. ee Cath

o et
ob
vebGs
greh Pa
an undldenad

ve 6hect o venhie

wmeic vice-Ueme.
SoeRonive.
U t odjacent
to v

T Cuv an ede.
ae talled ede

flemen
t o he Te to 6e mcident Th vohceU &.
dunokd Uv isaid
Cu,v
An edye

endpoin bl ede Ov
U&V Oe
ic(somåphi¢
e tD O raph
eE
ualen agh Cy,e,
much that
UvEE i u)peu)

f:VV
bije ch6m

raph Propety
o pen That
smv0aiant Unddu

Ungunon.ol

ivomophi m be onela qaph

quivalenc
ckam te bhe ah
Honum
1COid td

t ith i

he na odyeo miden
he der oa vptea
ada cen
nO Or vahas
fhe, depues
o he vehe
The deree DegUcn
o a agh
ee non-\mOuain
onanyed
d zdz dn
a nevence, o og ddisd
a9en C
Addh one b the dyre, Ab o /eCaO
dfre.
eny tpe
Sdtmust a evevi

d nch-2
ch hov
ewtsh O th dopea xpuenca. d d ady

dero opvence da-, d- dd dn dy


thene
ph alth

0evice do tained b &leled

enb uc a oo Gl enish ra). m ohi dh

ady a Cen toAy deIy


vn
lex
h degvee
can be
di

jomed to 1e emainin g d highel


hMet degre, Ven lex
Ce
ven thi'
detrca e mduchon, on no. olUat'con

dayt)

thene

ada
Oungone thee

uch
d

Cent

adya cen
must

must
ot
1hat

to
be

be
di
A
eists. araph

di
adj a Cent to

othaulie
di
br o ve le a di,
hich s-dj- "ndt
dsdi
um

,

akubeh G ibV(l) Cv
CAD C
ph
ECG)
a uhaen o
VC)
t
et
o voph
oy

o
vttias
m
m
cdes
a
The Cod
CG)

CCG% ye oilh

roeh obtaned
by deleting

d ad01he edgeo
venhces
mtdant htrb
h

vnUst be
deleled

hend a delek
eve

0,y efCG)1
aubraph
HR an thducad
UH),
EC) u,yuv
FCHD
nduced6ubraphs
regbtaned b
vah 6nly
deletiny

3 Sndutad

Oot an. 2ubpraph.


9nduced dubvaph

H a oubgaph.
G Just
&
vetem oct Cn1 edper liis
oi th

Path Pn is he graph den


n ol gorah
oy oth
lenyth

Path 60m o n

a00 snphuT to

Con Ui l n
Oe 0e Coden
ith obelo
65 Convoniènde
denl oet Ln3
doen Lith vale ede

3 the aph
raph
o ength nz3,
Cn he Cycte
&aDvo 1,n 90. Ol
sren vetica

raph
tdea n nae 2 a ln)
Vn Complek a00 btb b
edte an

ComtavM
a yce t Thet
thati
no. o vem Ce
Min
Gdertrp
Grraph
Bipaak

ol=n
ed a,by aeA beB
Ten3gaty

Cveonent
a gaeh o momad Conedted aboph
fs and eropen
4 po

cme.ched meone btnnea Md o


G
n
aa
ohgvoph
a tha
hev Cmeeked tv
mavmae

(aa)
3a) e eatvh thrcox
ok ceu valence
Ca
a Cwnec.rcd Componenh 6aaph.
o CeUvalen o d n+he at d vene.

eive ymmec
A 9raph
oce mmetate
Tse
o n- eds
aro
Coneced 9oaph oith n vehicep

tre
h ch
The ea b o oniq ve gath evey

Gvragh C6mnected Grap 3ve a Sra)


m mimaQy Cm dvM an ede
Qulorera
Pt Connectedo
ot
venes
t that
S
uuhgrap
0panniy

MihimaO
pam thOt a0yCe
manmo0 ay qranh
venh ces
ago non-0djacenr
ede bls
A ddmy ony O duboaph
v a cycte
ph tnetng us

by dddiny cny
osa e scthng men thue dhould

d ke mneced
anoul

be no.ed
0o uch that iad acent
COm
Ohe vetice oih je
OY vJ
o cennected
ithh
Aoe the
A
d 31h-

dedmt ènt 8h cde d diCmneacd Cnot.


d)
th degr tuehde

Thene Caib a de Cnected


gvagh
dn h>
d 2d
ith iven degun puen
vdoh
ch thee exists.
&dh
d 2n-

o Cycle
ith n vent'cao nepes Conta t
vy eah gnaph
Jhen Convaiden an ample cotn
rom
a counlen excample
ugoose aast
ho vance vent 2m ed cla.
ede
fhe nograpntth
wust have n>l

There is nou o dere t aa gap ihn n


uUNe auch a UY dete tHh veñg

at least n edeD
e
one t n0 vonhiCe
Not a COOni eramle

iEhas a ycte G hos a Cycle, aCerradict

ave dpuee L ih G >G cs niain


a Gcle

Cn Evene v
oth n The ooph
t be the lonpest

an endo olnt obhe


aoh looat
looat
eath tmTne
the longat
coiden
o de6u
tmost
Thi

h
Ai
have

mst
poueUS
m us
anbthe heimbou

be
huu ettib othnsde
mthe patn
a ycle
e t a

Conpen ata
JJC
JLe JLUUULLJ

ueN dd d
edes
sithot
nCeews
cennec ed grne
di an-
Rd) di
P hee Cib a groe
Oamt h th
uenu then N 9a
onniden
a gvaph tt
the me iven
dre
n
a
orne
ttdroek n 1he

ep k >l.
a.
ou the
rouu, the min no. ok
C6mponenb
Oo Oredp,
pp 2n-

ot AE
EachoDUn
0o vsn e Comaonnt
t
COmOOni
ho
othuo se Dtau D. a ednk.hoo edpe n
most

s
2n cn
hune enist a

ee ab
edy m Cyde
douyh moeane 00.oy
Compörands

Tale any ofhen Component Cu iF gtCon tavm one e0c

a deyre Sven
Con oe splrt int 2. That 0e ndividuahDdegu
guenay
i
graph h
Csmponent

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