Where are all the people?

Terminology
★ Birth Rate: No. of Births per Thousand People per year
★ Death Rate: No. of Deaths per Thousand People per year
★ Infant Mortality Rate: Number of Deaths of children under the age of 1 per Thousand Life
Births
★ Life Expectancy: The expected average lifespan of people in a particular population
★ Natural Increase: The rate of population growth, calculated by subtracting the death rate
from the birth rate.
★ Population Density: The measure of the concentration of people in an area
★ Migration: The movement of people from one area to another
○ Immigration: The movement of people into a country
○ Emigration: The movement of people out of a country
○ International Migration: People migrating from one country to another
○ Internal Migration: People migrating within the same country
○ Rural-to-Urban Migration: Movement of people from the countryside to cities
○ Counter Urbanization: Movement of People out of cities into rural areas
Population Changes Pre-1800, 1800s and Post-1800s

Pre 1800
★ Stagnant Population with no Rapid Growth
★ Balanced Birth & Death Rate
★ Very High Birth Rate (4-8 Babies pr family)
○ Evolutionary Instincts
○ Creation of Workers
○ Lack of Contraception
★ Very High Death Rate & Infant Mortality
○ Low Medical Advancements & Lack of Healthcare
○ Bad Sanitation
○ Infant Mortality
○ Epidemics
○ Dangerous Professions
○ Famine & Drought
○ Slavery
★ Short Life Expectancies
In 1800s
★ Population hit 1 billion during industrial revolution
★ Led to increasing interconnectedness around the world due to colonialism and trade
★ Increased Life Expectancies due to developments in health care
○ Development of antiseptics & anaesthetics
○ Vaccinations
○ Improvement in Childbirth Procedure
★ Lack of Sanitation & Major Overcrowding
★ Unsafe jobs such as coal mining
★ Increasing Population & Falling Death Rates
1900s & Beyond
★ Massive Changes in the world Population
★ Population jump from 2 Billion in Early 1900s to 8 Billion in 2022
★ Continued Improvements in HEalth Care
★ Change in Family Sizes worldwide
★ Baby Boom after WWII
★ Recent Declining Fertility Rates
Birth Rates
● Directly Affects the Population
● High Birth Rates lead to Large Numbers of Young people needing Education * Work
● Low Birth Rates lead to Smaller workforce & Ageing Population

Why are birth rates decreasing?

★ Education about Family Planning & Birth Control
★ Changing Cultural Outlooks
★ Anti-Natalist Policies
★ Women Empowerment
★ Increased Living Costs & Urbanization
Risks of Ageing Populations: Need to redesign Infrastructure, Old Dependence bringing down Pays,
etc.

Death Rates
Reasons for Recent Fall in Death Rate
★ Higher Development Levels leading to Better Healthcare & Sanitation
★ Better Health Facilities & Doctor Patient Ratios
★ Peaceful and Safe Countries
★ Improved Diet & Lifestyle Changes
★ Improved Living & Working Conditions

Factors Affecting Death Rate

★ Conflict & War: Can Lead to Dramatic Loss of Life & Many Injries, affecting quality of Life
Ex. WWI & WWII leading to 38M & 60M deaths respectively
★ Epidemics: Outbreaks can kill people especially if sanitation & health care are poor
Ex. Spanish Flu Epidemic: 50M deaths
★ Natural Disasters: Floods, Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Volcanoes & Other Natural Disasters
Ex. Earthquake in Haiti in 2011, 316000 Deaths
★ Famine & Drought
Ex. Chinese Famine in 1950s Killing Many Millions
Migration
Push Factors
★ Lack of Economic Opportunities
★ Conflict & War
★ Refugees due to Political Oppression
★ Natural Disasters
Pull Factors
★ Educational Opportunities
★ Better Quality of Life
★ Family & Friends
★ Environment
★ Economic Opportunities

Ex. Displacement of Millions after WWII leading to significant population changes in many countries

Not Adding DTM & Pop. Pyramid as Questions are Analysis Based