Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2YB

TCWD111: BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022

Coverage for Final: • There will then be 50 times as many elderly, but only five times
• Global Demography× as many children; thus, the ratio of elders to children will have
• Global Migration ✓ risen by a factor of ten. The length of life, which has already
• Sustainable Development ✓ more than doubled, will have tripled, while births per woman
• Global Food Security will have dropped from six to two.
• Global Citizenship
Years Bearing And Rearing Young Children Of Women
THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY • In 1800, women spent about 70 percent of their adult years
Discussed by Prof. Guillermo bearing and rearing young children, but that fraction has
• Demography - is the- study of human populations – their size, decreased in many parts of the world to only about 14 percent,
-

composition and distribution across space – and the process due to lower fertility and longer life.
-

through which populations change. Births, deaths and

-
① Mortality Declines
migration are the ‘big three’ of demography, jointly producing • The world’s demographic transition started in northwest
population stability or change. Europe, where mortality began a secular decline around 1800.
• The first stage of mortality decline is due to reductions in
• Demographics – of
8
the world include population

8800
density, ethnicity, education level, health measures, economic
status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the human
population of the planet Earth.
Population Trends
The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries of
Fundamental Change
• Before the start of the demographic transition: life was
short, births were many, growth was slow and the population
was young
• During the transition: First mortality and then fertility
declined, causing population growth rates first to accelerate
and then to slow again, moving toward low fertility, long life
and an old population.
Transition Began Around 1800
• The transition began around 1800 with declining mortality in
Europe. It has now spread to all parts of the world and is
projected to be completed by 2100.
• This global demographic transition has brought momentous
changes, reshaping the economic and demographic life cycles
of individuals and restructuring populations.
Global Population Size
• Since 1800, global population size has already increased by a
factor of six and by 2100 will have risen by a factor of ten.
contagious and infectious diseases by air or water.
• Preventive medicine, small pox vaccine, played significantly
in the mortality decline in the eighteenth century.
• Improved personal hygiene also helped as income rose.
• The gem theory of diseases became more widely known and
accepted.
• Another major factor in the early phases of growing life
expectancy is improvement in nutrition.
• Famine mortality was reduced by improvements in storage and
transportation
• Secular increases in incomes led to improved nutrition in
childhood and throughout life
• Life expectancy is positively associated with height in the
industrial country populations (Fogel, 1994; Barker, 1992.)
• In recent decades, the continuing reduction in mortality is due
to reductions in chronic and degenerative diseases, notably
heart disease and cancer (Riley, 2001).
- In the later part of the century, publicly organized and
funded biomedical research has played an increasingly
important part, and the human genome project and stem
cell research promise future gains.
- In India, life expectancy rose from around 24 years in
1920 to 62 years today, a gain of .48 years per calendar
year over 80 years. In China, life expectancy rose from 41
in 1950–1955 to 70 in 1995–1999, a gain of .65 years per
year over 45 years.
• On the optimistic side, Oeppen and Vaupel (2002) offer a
remarkable graph that plots the highest national female life
expectancy attained for each calendar year from 1840 to 2000.
• The points fall close to a straight line, starting at 45 years in
Sweden and ending at 85 years in Japan, with a slope of 2.4
years per decade. If we boldly extend the line forward in time,
it reaches 97.5 years by mid-century and 109 years by 2100.
• Less optimistic projections are based on extrapolation of
trends in age-specific death rates over the past 50 or 100 years.
This approach implies more modest gains for the high-income
nations of the world, with average life expectancy approaching
90 years by the end of the twenty- first century (Lee and
Carter, 1992; Tuljapurkar, Li and Boe, 2000).

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Fertility Transition
- Between 1890 and 1920, marital fertility began to decline in
most European provinces, with a median decline of about 40
percent from 1870 to 1930 (Coale and Treadway, 1986, p. 44).
- Most economic theories of fertility start with the idea that
couples wish to have a certain number of surviving children,
rather than births per se.
- Some of the improvement in child survival is itself a response
to parental decisions to invest more in the health and welfare
of a smaller number of children (Nerlove, 1974).
- These issues of parental investment in children suggest that
fertility will also be influenced by how economic change
influences the costs and benefits of childbearing.
- Bearing and rearing children is time intensive.
- Technological progress and increasing physical and human
capital make labor more productive, raising the value of time
in all activities, which makes children increasingly costly
relative to consumption goods.
- Since women have had primary responsibility for childbearing
and rearing, variations in the productivity of women have been
particularly important.
- Rising incomes have shifted consumption demand toward
nonagricultural goods and services, for which educated labor
is a more important input.
- Overall, these patterns have several effects: children become
more expensive, their economic contributions are diminished
by school time and educated parents have higher value of time,
which raises the opportunity costs of childrearing.
- Furthermore, parents with higher incomes choose to devote
more resources to each child, and since this raises the cost of
each child, it also leads to fewer children (Becker, 1981;
Willis, 1974, 1994).
Population Growth
• The combination of fertility and mortality determines
population growth.
• Between 1950 and 2050, the actual and projected trajectories
for the More, Less and Least Developed Countries are plotted.
• One is a trajectory for Europe from 1800 to 1950. The end
point of this trajectory in 1950 is quite close to the start point
for the more developed countries.
• The starting points of these demographic paths differ
somewhat.
• India had higher initial fertility and mortality than Europe, as
did the Least Developed Countries relative to the Less
Developed Countries in 1950, which in turn had far higher
mortality and fertility than the More Developed Countries in
that year.
• Except for India, the starting points all indicate moderate (for
Europe) to rapid (for Least and Less Developed Countries)
population growth.
• There has been rapid global convergence in fertility and
mortality among nations over the past 50 years, although
important differences remain.
• This convergence of fertility and mortality is in marked
contrast to per capita GDP, which has tended to diverge
between high-income and low-income countries during this
time.
• Today, the median individual lives in a country with a total
fertility rate of 2.3—barely above the 2.1 fertility rate of the
United States—and a median life expectancy at birth of 68
J.A.K.E 2 of 9
years compared to 77 years for the United States (Wilson,
2001).
Some Consequences of the Demographic Transition
• The three centuries of demographic transition from 1800 to
2100 will reshape the world’s population in a number of ways.
• The obvious changes are the rise in total population from 1
billion in 1800 to perhaps 9.5 billion in 2100—although this
long-term estimate is highly uncertain due largely to
uncertainty about future fertility.
• The average length of life increases by a factor of two or three,
and the median age of the population doubled from the low 20s
to the low 40s.
• Many More Developed Countries already have negative
population growth rates, and the United Nations projects that
the population of Europe will decline by 13 percent between
now and 2050.
• But many other changes will also be set in motion in family
structure, health, institutions for saving and supporting
retirement and even in international flows of people and capital.
• At the level of families, the number of children born declines
sharply and childbearing becomes concentrated into a few years
of a woman’s life. When this change is combined with greater
longevity, many more adult years become available for other
activities.
• The joint survivorship of couples is greatly increased, and kin
networks become more intergenerationally dense, while
horizontally sparser.
• These changes appear to be quite universal so far. However,
whether childbearing is concentrated at younger ages or at
older ages and whether age at marriage rises or falls seems to
vary from setting to setting, and patterns are still changing even
in the populations farthest along in the transition.
• Parents with fewer children are able to invest more in each
child, reflecting the quality-quantity tradeoff, which may also
be one of the reasons parents reduced their fertility (Becker,
1981; Willis, 1974).
Additional notes:
• Birth Rate – number of births per 1000 individual per year
• Death Rate (Mortality): The percentage of people who die
relative to the country's population (annual)
• Fertility Rate – Total number of children borne by a woman at
a point of time during her child-bearing age (15 to 45 years)\
• Family size depends upon:
- Duration of marriage
- Education of couple
- No of live birth
- Contraception
- Current population in the world
- Current population in the Philippines
• Age Dependency Ratio
- The ratio of dependents--people younger than 15 or older
than 64--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64.
Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100
working-age population.
• Immigration - permanent arrival of an individual to the
population.
o Act of entering a foreign country, often for permanent
residency
o Entering a foreign country
 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022

o Movement into a different country Internal Migration International Migration

• Emigration - leave the group for different reasons. - Semi-skilled and unskilled - Mostly, professional and
o Act of leaving one's own country often to settle workers. skilled people.
permanently in another country - Government may or may not - Government provides

[ F-
o Leaving the home country take care about the internal security to the international
• Expectation of life - at a given age is the average number of migrations. migrants. - Money sent by
years which a person of that age may expect to live, according - Money sent by the migrants the international migrants to
to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country. to their families is less when the home country is very
• Japan - leading length of lives expectancy. compared to the international high
• Median age – the age that divides a population into two migrants.
numerically equally sized groups - that is, half the people are Departure OF educated workers

younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index Brain Drain to another country
.

that summarizes the age distribution of a population. - Brain drain is a slang term indicating a significant 0
emigration
• Malthusian Theory of educated or talented individuals.
- Overpopulation and Massive Poverty. - A brain drain can result from turmoil within a nation, the
- Thomas malthus (1766-1834) thoerized pessimistically
that population was uncontrollable.
② existence of favorable professional opportunities in other

- Population is growing faster than the resources we can use -

Ior from a desire to seek a higher standard of living
countries -

In addition to occurring geographically, brain drain may occur

that can result into a calamity. at the organizational or industrial levels when workers
• Demograph Transition Model perceive better pay, benefits or upward mobility within
- This model predicts that, as a country develops, high birth another company or industry.
rates and high death rates will fall. Purpose of Migration
- This model also predicts that countries will pass through • Employment
I Education ④
periods of industrialization and urbanization on the way to
reduced birth and death rates.
• HiqnerPaW_ ¥
• / Better conditions
§ Temporary
• The Good News of Overpopulation • Business Purposes labor migrants
✓ B
- Better economy

-
- Efficient utilization of resources Division of International Migrants Temporary Labor migrants
- Medical, agricultural and industrial growth - Who migrate for a limited period of time in order to work and
- Better Labour Force send remittances to families in the country of origin.

•
- Greater Investment in capital Formation
The "Perils" of Over Population
It ①
- Highly skilled and business migrants
• - People with qualifications such as the managers,
- Shortage of Food and land
-

executives, professionals, technicians, and the like, who

- Environmental Problems move within the internal labor markets of transnational
- -

- Problem of Unemployment corporations and international organizations.

l
- Poverty and Low Standard of Living
- Inflation
②
- Irregular migrants
• - (Undocumented or illegal migrants). They enter the
- Conflict and war country in search for employment with no necessary
-
Idocuments and permits.
THE GLOBAL MIGRATION
Discussed by Prof. Guillermo
R③ - Refugees

→
• Those who are unable or unwilling to return to their
• Migration
country because of a ‗well-founded fear or persecution
•
- means crossing the boundary of a political or
↑ A
on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
°

administrative unit for a certain minimum period (Boyle particular social group or political opinion.
⑨
-

et al. 1998)
national• Internal Migration %iÉi%r%Tiang province district municipality
- Asylum seekers

#
within
• Those who move across borders in search protection.
, ,

bounden.es
- the movement of people from one area like a province, a
district, or municipality to another within one country. Forced Migration
, - Do not pose a problem of brain drain - In a broader sense, this includesgnot only refugees and asylum
www.m,•

÷
International Migration ,mg,m
, , seekers but also people forced to move by environmental
boundenei- the @ crossing the frontiers which separate one of the catastrophes or development projects like new factories, road
worlds approximately 200 states from another. or damns.
0
←
- Pose a serious problem of brain drain of highly educated - Family Members – Also known as family reunion or family
people working for other country ‘s progress. reunification migrants.
- Note: Internal and international migration are part of the - Return Migrants – Those who return to their countries of
same process; they should be analyzed together. The origin after a period in another country.
great majority of border crossings do not imply Causes of Migration
migration: most travelers are tourists or business visitors

¥-
• Disparity in levels of income
who have no intention of staying in the country for good. •
•
Employment
Social well-being PEG
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A THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022
M 3

{-¥¥¥É
__
4 • Differences in demographic patterns with regard to fertility, Sustainable Development Goals
mortality, age-structure, and labor-force growth
s • According to neoclassic theory, the main cause of migration is End
poverty in
individual‘s effort to maximize their income by moving from all its
low-wage to high-wage economies. forms
everywher
"• Migration decisions are made not just by individuals- they e
often represent family strategies to maximize income and
survival chances (Hugo, 1994)
② Reasons for Migration
- Push factors - the reason why people leave an area.
• 1. Lack of services
-

• Lack of safety
• : High crime
] <
§É
'

• 4. Flooding
• t Poverty
.

• 6. War
]¥w • There was a strong impression that the global economy
- Pull factors - the reason why people move to a particular area. became the sphere of extreme uncertainty and risk during the
• Higher employment
-

first decade of the twenty first century. It can be recalled that

• More wealth
• Better services
]"¥ M
• Good Climate
• Safer, less crime
• Politically stability
¥ •
The Volume of Contemporary Migration
• The United Nations figures show that the global migrant stock
grew from 75 million in 1965 to 120 million in 1990
• The 1990 figure was roughly equal to 2% of the world‘s
population
• The number of migrants grew slightly faster than the world
population
• International Migrants remain a fairly small minority.
• Internal migration, conversely, is much larger
• The number of internal migrants in India in 1981 was some
200 million, more than double the number of international
migrants in the whole world at that time.
• It is concentrated in certain countries and regions.
• Migration affects certain areas within both the sending and the
receiving countries more than others.
• Migration needs to take place in an orderly way to safeguard
the human rights of migrants.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Discussed by Prof. Guillermo
-① Economic development that is conducted without depletion of
natural resources.
- Sustainable development (SD) is defined in the Brundtland
② Report as ―development that meets the needs and aspirations
of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs‖. Thus, sustainable
development is the organizing principle for sustaining finite
⑤ resources necessary to _ provide for the needs of future
generations of life on the planet.
-
there was a dimension of crisis that began in 2007. It was a
serious breakdown that challenged the foundations of modern
approaches to the creation of welfare.
Collapsing financial markets, rising unemployment, deeper
inequalities , a shrinking middle class, extreme indebtedness
and inability of governments to force through reforms were
just some of the symptoms of crisis around the globe.
Moreover, the challenges of climate change and the
unavailability of resources that were important in the
development of technologies to keep the economy growing
continued to surface.
• Ulrich Beck, a German sociologist , has predicted these things
to happen years back, and has coined the term ―risk society‖
(Beck 1986).
Stability
- ① The state of being stable
- Firmness in position , permanence and resistance to change are
②
the words associated with stability.
-③ The International Monetary Fund, 2012 defines it as avoiding
large swings I economic activity, high inflation, excessive
volatility in exchange rates and financial markets.
④
- This refers to indexes that describe the economy in short term
categories.
⑤
- Knoop (2009) expressed that within a few years, every
economy moves through periods of rapid growth with rising
demand, higher inflation and dropping unemployment,
followed by depression with reversal phenomena.
⑥
- Excessive high and lows should be avoided.
-⑦ There was a Great Depression that happened in 1929, when
the economy collapsed in dramatic way after long years of
post-war prosperity and overproduction
⑧
- The global crisis in the 1970s opened the gates of new
economic ideas.
⑨
- Monetarism, which is premised on the idea that stabilization
could be produced control of amount of money in circulation.

- ④ Milton Friedman started to dominate global capitalism.

-
conducted without depletion -④ Global capitalism fitted well with neo-liberalism, which
-
development that meet the needs . expanded with the free market reforms of Ronald Reagan in
the USA and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom.
generations
Provide forth@ needs OF future
④
- The 1990‘s still experienced world economy collapses such as
.
-

the Asian financial crisis I 1987.

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- These crises were mainly attributed to major political mistakes,
but particularly alarming with their contagion effects.
- Since 2007, many countries had been trying to restore
stabilization.
Sustainability
- Modern debate on sustainability focused mainly on
environmental questions.
- In 1968, garret
- Hardin wrote the famous book, Tragedy of Commons that
analyzed how public goods got exhausted by actors in a free
market economy (Hardin, 1968)
- The Club of Rome published, The Limits to Growth that dealt
with the connection between economic growth and the scarcity
of resources.
- Rising awareness of the sustainability problem in
environmental issues and resources.
- Rising awareness of the sustainability problem in
environmental issues and resources translated also into
international cooperation.
- Sustainability perspectives started to be visible not only in the
environmental area but also on the theme of overpopulations.

ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT

- Sustainability is the process of maintaining change in a 8 Decent Work And
1 No Poverty 13 Climate Action
balanced fashion, in which the exploitation of resources, the Economic Growth
direction of investments, the orientation of technological 9 Industry,
development and institutional change are all in harmony and Innovation And 2 No Hunger 14 Life Below Water
enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs Infrastructure
and aspirations. 10 Reduced 3 Good Health And 6 Clean Water And
Inequalities Well Being Sanitation
- It considers the long-term capacities of a system to exist, not
12 Responsible
its short term resistance to change. Consumption And 4 Quality Education 15 Life On Land
- Brundtland Report (World commission on Environment and Production
Development, 1987) said that the ‗development that meets the 17 Partnerships For
needs of the present without compromising the ability of 5 Gender Equality
The Goals
future generations to meet their own needs‘ deserve the label 7 Affordable And
of sustainability. Clean Energy
- Technology became a fantastic escape from the sustainability 11 Sustainable Cities
dilemma. And Communities
- The Solow-Swan model from the 1950‘s saw the only chance 16 Peace Justice And
Strong Institutions
for innovations
- A sheer increase of the amount of resources added to input
could lead to diminishing marginal returns only. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
- New ideas in technology and organization made it possible to Discussed by Prof. Guillermo
overtake the steady state of zero growth and induce New Hope against Hunger: These ‘Super Beans’ Early signs of
development without increasing resources. success in Africa
- Paul Romer and Robert Lucas in 1980‘s proposed a new • (NEWSER) – The so called ―super bean‖, a fastmaturing,
theory called, the New Growth Theory. high-yield variety, is being promoted by Uganda‘s government
- The endogenous factors like human capital and education were and agriculture experts amid efforts to feed hunger-prone parts
recognized as crucial for growth and their application was free of Africa, the AP reports. It‘s also a step toward the next goal:
from the state of classical resources. the ―super, super bean‖ that researchers hope can be created
- In the 19th century, the issues of sustainability considered through genetic editing. The beans are thrilling farmers in an
mainly social conditions in early industrial capitalism. impoverished part of northern Uganda that also strains under
the recent arrival of more than 1 million refugees from its war-
torn neighbor, South Sudan. The International Center for
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 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022
Tropical Agriculture says the beans have been bred by
conventional means to resist the drought conditions that can
lead to starvation as arable land disappears.
• The group operates one of just two bean ―gene banks‖ in
Africa, which is expected to be hit hardest by climate change
even though the continent produces less than 4% of the
world‘s greenhouse gases, according to the UN Development
Program. Beans kept at the two banks are sent to partners in 30
across countries the continent to be developed further so they
can cope with local conditions. The Uganda bank stores
around 4,000 types of beans, including some sourced from
neighboring Rwanda before its 1994 genocide killed around
800,000 people and wiped out many of the country‘s bean
varieties. Aid workers hope the beans will encourage the
refugees to grow their own food rather than rely on handouts,
which in some cases have been cut because of funding
shortages.
TheoChallenge of Feeding the World
• Global food security has become one of the challenges of the
21‘st century. The increase of global food prices has caught
the attention of all governments worldwide. The vulnerability
of food systems to a number of demographic, socioeconomic,
environmental and policy-related factors also among the
concerns of the globe. The detrimental impacts of high food
prices and food and agriculture-related policies affected the
poor and marginalized communities, specifically in the
developing countries.
• The upheavals in local food systems have an influence on the
regional and global food security concerns. Conversely, the
developments at the global level often have the power to
penetrate deep within the regions and states to cause high
levels of insecurity.
• These developments may also have diverse and far-reaching
consequences for the security and over-all well-being of
communities across borders.
Food Security
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a specialized
agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to
defeat hunger.
• The goal is to achieve food security for all and make sure that
people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead
active, healthy lives. With over 194 member states, FAO works
J.A.K.E 6 of 9
in over 130 countries worldwide. FAO believes that everyone
can play a part in ending hunger.
An Evolving Concept of Food Security
- Food security is used widely across disciplines and issue areas.
- The prevalence of food insecurity is manifested by the
presence of hunger and malnourishment
- Food security is associated with the availability of food at the
local, national, and global levels. (McDonald, 2010)
- 1974 UN World Food Conference defined food security as the
availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of
basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food
consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and
prices (FAQ, 2003: 27)
- Maxwell (1996) mentioned that in subsequent decades, three
distinct paradigm shifts took place to significantly influence
the food security discourse and international agenda
- First paradigm shift was through the late 1970‘s and early
1980‘s in which the academic and policy discourse on food
security witnessed a shift away from the rather limiting focus
on food availability and supply as the core concerns of food
security
- The second paradigm shift highlighted the importance of
livelihood security as a key household priority and component
of food security, shaping decisions around whether or not to
go hungry in the short term
- The third shift indicates a move away from a purely calorie-
counting approach to food security, to one that incorporates
subjective measures of what it means to be food-secure,
including access to food that is preferable (Maxwell, 1988,
1996: 158-60)
- Food security exists when all people, at all times, have
physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe, and
nutritious food that meets their dietary need and food
preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO,2002).
Global Food Security-Key Trends Rising Food Prices and
Poverty
In the mid 2000‘s, global food prices began to climb.
• The prices of key staples such as wheat, rice, maize, and soy-
bean as well as edible oils all soared.
• Civil unrest in the forms of protests and riots in numerous
countries around the world happened.
• The impact of food prices spikes has been most devastating to
those who are in the poverty level.
• The global food price crisis in 2007-2008 may have forced as
many as 100 million people deeper into poverty.
 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022

• As the youth move from rural areas to urban areas to look for
better livelihoods, there are fewer people of working age left
behind to produce the growing quantities of food required to
meet rising demand in urban areas.
• The mass movement of people from rural to urban areas has
also been accompanied by a rapid and ongoing expansion of
cities and slums in parts of Asia
• By 2030, urban populations and the number of slum dwellers
in Africa and Asia are set to double
• Slums are characterized by lack of access to clean drinking
water, inadequate sanitation and waste disposal mechanism,
making resident population highly vulnerable to quick-
spreading disease and chronic food insecurity (CISS, 2013).

• The global food price spike in 2010-2011 may have consigned

an additional 44 million around the globe to a life of poverty
and food insecurity (Rastello and Pugh 2011)
• There are several reasons that have been debated over the
global food price spikes. One of those is the on-going world
population growth
• The growth of the world population is proportionate to the
demand for food and rising incomes and growing per capita
food consumption.
• The rising cost of fuel and agricultural inputs likes fertilizers Rising Incomes and Changing Diets
and pesticides; in developing countries, declining or stagnating As incomes in developing countries continue to grow, more and
agricultural yield growth rates in the context of the poor;
more people are able to access food in greater quantities
adverse weather events such as droughts and floods; the knee-
• Initial increases in food consumption may pertain to the intake
jerk government export bans in the face of food shortage, and
of higher quantities of key staples-cereals
the financial speculation in agricultural commodities could
• There is a substitution phase in which the cereals are rep0laced
have also been the reasons of global food prices spikes on the
by more energy-rich foods such as meat and those with a high
supply side.
concentration of vegetable oils and sugar (Godfrey et at.,
2010:2770)
The Population Growth and Urbanization
By mid-century, the world‘s total population is set to reach over 9 • Global consumption of meat increased by around 62 percent
billion, doubling the demand of food, feed and fiber (FAO,2009) between 1963 and 2005
• The increase of demands for food comes from developing • The consumption of meat in the developing continue grew
countries in Asia and Africa threefold during this period
• India and China, for example, are the fastest growing countries
in the Asian region
• The demographic trends in Asia have serious implications for
food systems in the region and elsewhere.

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• Jean Ziegler (2007:2), the UN special rapporteur on the right

to food, stated that the sudden, ill-conceived, rush to convert
food into fuels is a recipe for disaster.
• The IMF highlighted that biofuels were responsible for almost
half the increase in the total consumption of key food crops in
2006-2007.
• In Asia, a large number of small farmers in countries like
Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines, Bangladesh, and Nepal
continue to suffer from weak access to land and tenure
insecurity, in the wider context of weak governance
institutions, poor law enforcement and endemic corruption.

• Much of the growth of meat consumption took place in Asia
in general and in china in particular (Kearney, 2010:2796)
• However, not all developing countries have experienced this
phenomenon of nutrition transition equally
• In India, for example, the consumption of meat continues to
lag behind when compared to Brazil and china for people at
similar income levels.
• The overall demand for grains for direct and indirect
consumption through animal products continues to expand
• In China, the increasing conversion of land for intensive
mono-cropping of soybeans and maize for animal feed over
the decades had caused immense pollution of waterways by
pesticides and fertilizers, declines in biodiversity, the
destruction of natural carbon sinks and rising greenhouse gas
emissions (Schneider 2011).
Climate Change
Climate change affects all four dimensions of food security: food
availability, food accessibility, food utilization, and food systems
stability
• Agriculture is highly-sensitive to climate, and food production
is affected directly by variations in agroecological conditions
for growing crops (Devereux and Maxwell, 2001; Fischer et
al., 2002; Kurukulasuriya and Rosenthal, 2003; Schmidhuber
and Tubeillo, 2007)
• Overall studies show that the impacts of climate changes will
be mixed and uneven across regions (IPCC, 2007)

Bio-fuel Production, Land Use Change and Access to Land

The global surge in bio-fuel production was triggered in 2004-2005
• It happened when the United States and the European Union
adopted a number of policies and incentives to boost bio-fuel
consumption (USAID, 2009).
• Biofuels are seen to be significant in reducing dependence
fossil fuels in a number of countries around the globe.
• Biofuel production and policies that encourage and support it
has become highly controversial in the context of global food
security • In the next four decades or so, average global temperature will
rise by 2-3 degrees Celsius (Stern, 2006:56)
• For countries located at lower latitudes, the IPCC warns that
the productivity of major crops like rice, wheat and maize, is
projected to drop with even small increases in local average
temperature
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the
United Nations body for assessing the science related to
climate change.
• Climate change will bring the developing countries high costs
and few benefits (Stern 2006:vii)

• First generation biofuels are produced from plant starch, oils,

animal fats and sugars.
• Bio-ethanol, for example, is produces from food crops such as
sugarcanes, maize, wheat, sugar beets and sweet sorghum, and
is currently the most widely used form of biofuel.
• The United States and Brazil are the world‘s largest bioethanol
producing countries.
• Largest quantities of biodiesel, which is made from edible oils,
come from Germany, France, United States and Italy (Naylor
et. Al., 2007)
J.A.K.E 8 of 9
 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022
• By 2050, climate change impacts could increase the risk of
food insecurity by up to 20 percent.
• To adequately feed the global population in 2050, crop
production would have to double,
• Catches of the world's most relied-upon fish are expected to
decrease by up to 60 percent by 2050
• Livestock contributes almost 80 percent of agricultural
methane emissions, and about 66 percent of greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Food loss or waste generates about 8 percent of annual
greenhouse emissions.
• 78 percent of the world's food-insecure people rely on
agriculture for their livelihoods,
GLOBAL CITIZESHIP
Discussed by Prof. Guillermo
Global Citizenship
-
-
the idea of all people have rights and civic responsibilities that
come with being a member of the world, with whole world
philosophy and sensibilities, rather than as a citizen of a
particular nation or place
Global Citizen
- someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world
community and whose actions contribute to building this
community ‘s values and practices.
Characteristics of a Global Citizen
• Appreciates all people
• Understands that poverty, pollution, epidemics, natural
disasters, and terrorism require international cooperation
• Is aware of, and cares about, the problems of people
• Respects diversity and human rights of all people
• Views events from the perspectives of others
• Realizes that Canada is not the center of the universe
• Takes action to make the world a more just place
:
Acting as Global Citizen
• The world citizen was typically an intellectual, who travelled
widely, met and corresponded with intellectuals in many
countries and advanced cosmopolitan views.
• Since 1945, the global citizen is usually pictured as the activist
on transnational social movements
• The idea that travelling is an expression of cosmopolitanism is
indeed debatable
• However, there are travels that are seen as means of promoting
international understanding like exchanges between
schoolchildren.
• The image of wandering scholar is still part of a cosmopolitan
view of the world of learning
• It is also encouraged by governments to promote friendly
relations between countries.
• In the beginning of the 21st century, there was the
development of informal networks and formal transnational
organizations
• These organizations pursue professional or social interests that
have become an important feature of international politics
• The existence of these organizations can be interpreted as the
creation of civil global society
• The existence of transnational associations does not
necessarily mean that those involved are acting as global
J.A.K.E 9 of 9
citizens because in many cases, they are basically promoting
their own particular concern
• Campaigning to transnational organizations is committed to
global causes.
② Global Civil Society
- The concept of civil society has become central to social
theory since the 1980's when dissident intellectuals in Eastern
Europe looked to social networks initiated from below to
provide a sphere of independence from the state and a basis for
resistence.
- The existence of autonomous social groups and institutions
has been seen as essential to democratization both in
remaining communist regimes such as China and in other
authoritarian states
- Democratic theorists have argued that civil society is essential
to liberal democracies as a barrier to an encroaching state
- Participation in voluntary bodies provides a political education
-
and promotes responsible citizenship
Hegel and Marx conceptualized civil society as the sphere
_
defined by the market economy, and its resulting
individualism and socially divisive effects
- But most theorists of civil society see it as distinct from both
the state and the economy
- Civil society also suggest very informal links- whether
between neighbors or fellow enthusiasts of a particular hobby
- Implication of global civil must depend on how it is defined
and on the comparative economic and political power of
groups within it.
- Global city society poses a direct challenge to states when
groups within one country ignore or oppose official policies to
create links with citizens in other countries
Campaign for Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Principles and
International Law
- The basic tenet of cosmopolitanism is the belief in universal
equality and human rights.
- Transnational organizations supporting human rights are often
cited in discussion of both global society and global
citizenship
- Richard Falk discussed how global city society promotes a
world order based not on state interests but on the interest and
right of human beings
- Amnesty International and regional human rights bodies typify
this move towards 'a law of humanity'
- Amnesty international is probably the best known human
rights campaigning organization with a separate international
secretariat and sections in many parts of the world
- It is used to exemplify transnational action to protect
individual rights
- Amnesty has played a role in strengthening global civil society
- It can also be seen as a collective global citizen
- Human Rights Watch, which based in the USA, is one of those
who play important role in monitoring human rights
worldwide and protesting about abuses.
Copy paste lng sa PPT ni Sir Guillermo hehe Konti nlnggg
matatapos na 2nd semm guys.
Kaya natin tooo and Goood luckkk!! – Aki