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BMMA4833 - Lecture 2
BMMA4833 - Lecture 2
Wk 15 Lab test
REVISION WEEK
FINAL EXAM
Force
• Newton Law of motion #1
• Law of inertia
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with
the same speed and in the same direction
A force is required to change the motion of a body
1st Newton’s Law
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Force
• Newton Law of motion #2
when FORCE applied to a mass, acceleration/deceleration
will produced
𝑭 𝒎. 𝒂
F = Force (N)
2nd Newton’s Law
m = mass of a body (kg)
a = acceleration (m/s2)
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Force
• Newton Laws of motion # 3
If one body exerts a force on a second body, the second
body simultaneously exerts an equal magnitude force in
opposite direction
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
𝑭 𝒎. 𝒗 3rd Newton’s Law
𝒎1. 𝒗1 𝒎2. 𝒗2
F = Force (N or lb)
m = mass of a body (kg or slugs)
v = velocity (m/s or ft/s)
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Work and Energy
• WORK is force acts on body to moves the
body through a specific distance
• Energy is ability of a system to perform work
𝑾 𝑭. 𝒔
W = Work (Joule, N.m, or lb.ft)
F = Force (N or lb)
s = distance (m or ft)
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Power
• POWER is the rate of doing work or
ENERGY consumed over time
𝑾 𝑭.𝒔
𝑷 ; 𝑷
𝒕 𝒕
𝑠
𝑣
𝑡
𝑃 𝐹. 𝑣
Where:
P = Power (Watt, Joule/sec)
F = force (N)
t= time (sec)
v = velocity (m/sec)
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Fluid flow
Q, v din
𝑄 𝑣. 𝐴
Q 𝑣. ⁄ 𝑑
Q = volume flow rate (m3/min)
v = flow velocity (m/min)
A = Area (m3)
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Fluid Flow
1 2
• Continuity equation
For steady flow in a pipeline, the weight flow rate or weight of fluid passing a given
station per unit of time is the same for all location of the pipe
𝛾 𝐴 𝑣 = 𝛾 𝐴 𝑣
If the fluid is liquid:
Specific Weight ϒ1 = ϒ2
𝐴 𝑣 = 𝐴 𝑣
Density 𝑣 𝑑
Gravity 𝑣 𝑑
Pascal Law
• Pressure = amount of force (F) acting over unit of area (A)
• If a force applied to a cylinder with diameter of d:
𝑃 ⁄
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Pascal Law
• Pascal law is applied to produce high force
F1
by amplified a small force:
𝑝 𝑝
Diameter, d2
𝐹 𝐹 Area A2
𝐴 𝐴
Diameter, d1
𝐹 𝐹 Area A1
𝑑 𝑑 F2
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Pascal Law
• Input force F1 can causes piston 1 move in distance s1
• piston 2 will be displaced by distance s2
• Piston Work produce by the force: F1
𝑊 𝑊
𝐹 ·𝑠 𝐹 ·𝑠 s2
s1
since
𝐴
𝑠 𝑠 F2
𝐴
v s/t
𝐴
𝑣 𝑣
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Hydraulic Power
𝐹 𝑚. 𝑎
𝑊 F. s
W 𝑚. 𝑎. 𝑠
𝑃 𝑚. 𝑎
Where: P = Fluid power (Watt)
p = pressure (Pa)
Q = flow rate (m3/s)
𝑃 𝐹. 𝑣
𝐹 𝑝. 𝐴
𝑄
𝑣 𝐴
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Pascal Law
Example:
A simple jack with input cylinder diameter of 10 mm and output cylinder
diameter of 30 mm is used to lift a mass with weight of 60 kg.
(a) calculate input force required to lift the mass F1
60kg
(b) Determine deep input cylinder need to be pushed inside in order to lift the
mass up in 10 mm distance?
(c) Determine the work perform by the jack to lift the mass
a) 𝐹 𝐹 d=10mm
𝑑 𝑑
d=30mm
𝐹 60 9.81
10 𝑚𝑚 30 𝑚𝑚
𝐹 65.4 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎
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Pascal Law
• Example
b) 𝐹 ·𝑠 𝐹 ·𝑠
65.4 𝑠 588.6 10 𝑚𝑚
s1 = 90 mm (answer b)
c) W = F.s
65.4 x 0.09 = 5.886 J
W = 588.6 N 0.01 𝑚
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Pascal Law
i) • Principle of fulcrum
• ∑𝑀 0; 𝐹 40 4 𝑐𝑚 𝐹 4 𝑐𝑚
44
𝐹 9.81 𝑁
4
𝐹 107.91 𝑁
=1kg
𝐹 , 𝐹
𝐴 , 𝐴
107.91 𝑁 53.43 𝑐𝑚
𝐹 , 4700.8 𝑁
1.2265 𝑐𝑚
Pascal Law
ii) • Piston output distance for a single stroke
(A× S)piston,in = (A × S)piston,out
1.226 ×7cm = 53.43 ×Spiston,out
Stroke
Spiston,out = 0.16 cm
• Total cycle to lift object in 10 cm
10
𝑁 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 62.5 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
0.16
•
iii) • Power during lifting the object
𝑃 𝐹. 𝑠 /𝑡
.
𝑃 4700.8 𝑁 15.7 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
Conservation of Energy
• Hydraulic circuit design & analysis is basically related to conservation of energy (thermodynamics law #1)
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed
External Load
E = V x I Pump/compressor • E = P x Q
• E = F x v (for cylinder)
• E = T x ω • E = T x ω (for motor)
Electric motor Hydraulic cylinder/motor
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Conservation of Energy
• Energy balance for controlled volume fluid
v
p
Fluid element under pressure p
Z
Reference, zero elevation
𝑝 𝑚𝑣
𝑚. 𝑍 𝑚. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝛾 2𝑔
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