07 Heavydutydieselengineoils 1600615833372

Performance you can rely on.
Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Oils:

Specification Evolution

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1 © INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.
©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2020. All Rights Reserved.
© 2020 Infineum International Limited. All rights reserved.
Overview
1 HDDEO: Formulations and Additives
Heavy-Duty Diesel
2 Specification Drivers
and Evolution
2
1. Formulations and Additives
3
Historically, meets API ‘C’ ▪ For use in on-road and off-road

(Commercial) equipment and heavy-duty truck
Category requirements: applications
API CH-4, CI-4, CI-4 PLUS, ▪ For use in diesel engines that
CJ-4 or CK-4 operate under “severe” conditions:
Now, includes API ‘F’ • Operate continuously at or near peak
Category requirements: power output
API FA-4 • Cyclic operation
4
Typical Properties of HDDEO

Typical Properties HDDEO PCEO
*Additive Package, % mass 10 to 20 7 to 12
SAE 15W-40, 10W-30, SAE 0W-16, 0W-20, 0W-30,

SAE Viscosity Grades 10W-40, 5W-40, 5W-30 5W-20, 5W-30, and 10W-30
HTHS Viscosity, mPa•s 3.0 to 4.2 2.6 to 3.1

TBN, mg KOH/g 8 to 12 7 to 9
Sulfated ash, % mass 0.9 to 1.3 0.8 to 0.9
Shear Stability Index of VM 25 to 35 25 to 50
Oil Drain Intervals, miles Up to 75,000 Up to 10,000
Standard Engine Sump Sizes ~8-10 Gallons ~1 Gallon

*Current quality levels
5
Function of Typical HDDEO Additive Components

Component Typical Type Property/Function Engine Test Stressing Property
+ Diesel Cleanliness + 1K, 1N, 1P, 1R, C13
+ Soot & varnish control, + VG, IIIF, VIII, M11-HST, T-8, T-11
Conventional,
Dispersant soot dispersancy
EGR Dispersant + M11-HST, M11-EGR, ISM
+ Filter plugging
+ Valve train wear + M11-HST, M11-EGR, RFWT, ISM, ISB
Ca or Mg based + Diesel detergency + 1K, 1N, 1P, 1R, C13

Metal + Cyl./ring wear control + T-9, T-10, T-12, M11-EGR, ISM
sulphonates, phenates,
Detergents
salicylates + Rust Control + BRT
ZDDP, phenolic, aminic, + IIIF, IIIG, T-9, T-10, T-12, T-13
+ Oxidation
Antioxidants metal and/or sulfur
+ Bearing wear + VIII, T-9, T-10, T-12
based
Anti-wear + Valve train and cyl./ + IIIF, IIIG, VG, RFWT, M11-HST, M11-EGR,
ZDDP, metal based
agents ring wear control T-9, T-10, T-12, ISM, ISB
Viscosity + High temp. viscosity + T-9, T-10, T-12
OCP, Styrene Isoprene
Modifier + Dispersancy + T-8, M11-HST, M11-EGR, T-11, ISM, ISB
6
2. HDD Specification Drivers and Evolution
7
Factors Affecting Formulation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils

▪ Engine design, operation and exhaust after treatment systems to meet
exhaust emissions regulations
▪ Diesel fuel sulfur level
▪ OEM requirements for service fill and or factory fill
▪ SAE J300, API 1509 EOLCS, ASTM D4485 and ACC Code of Practice
▪ Oil company logistical considerations
▪ Additive technology (Detergent Inhibitor package, VM, PPD)
▪ Real-world performance
8
Changes in Diesel Engine Hardware
Federal On-Highway Emissions Legislation
▪ Ever tightening 0.60

1988 – 2002
emissions regulations Combustion efficiency
Particulate emissions (g/bHp-hr)

1988
drives evolution of API CE
engine hardware Retard injection timing

0.25
Combustion chamber
1991
▪ Have achieved near zero API CF-4 design changes
exhaust emissions for
0.10
Class 8 On-Highway 2002 1998 1994
0.05 API CI-4/CI-4 Plus API CH-4 API CG-4
vehicles 0.01
0.2 1.2 2.5 4.0 5.0 10.7
2010 2007
API CJ-4 API CJ-4
NOx emissions (g/bHp-hr)
9
Changes in Diesel Engine Hardware
Federal On-Highway Emissions Legislation
▪ Ever tightening 0.60 2002 – 2010

emissions regulations EGR + After treatment
Particulate emissions (g/bHp-hr)

1988
drives evolution of API CE
2002 EGR
engine hardware 0.25 Exhaust Gas
Recirculation (EGR)
1991
▪ Have achieved near zero API CF-4
exhaust emissions for 2007 DPF

0.10 Diesel Particulate Filter
Class 8 On-Highway 2002 1998 1994 (DPF)
0.05 API CI-4/CI-4 Plus API CH-4 API CG-4
vehicles 0.01
2010 SCR
0.2 1.2 2.5 4.0 5.0 10.7 Selective Catalytic
2010 2007
API CJ-4 API CJ-4 Reduction (SCR)
NOx emissions (g/bHp-hr)
10
Off-Highway Legislation Trails On-Highway by a Few Years

Federal Off-Highway Emissions Regulations
Horsepower 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
< 11 (7.8) [0.75] (5.6) [0.60] (5.6) [0.3]
11 ≤ X < 25 (7.1) [0.60] (5.6) [0.60] (5.6) [0.3]
25 ≤ X < 50 (7.1) [0.60] (5.6) [0.45] (5.6) [0.22] (3.5) [0.022]
50 ≤ X < 75 6.9 / -- [--] (5.6) [0.3] (3.5) [0.3] (3.5) [0.022]
75 ≤ X < 101 6.9 / -- [--] (5.6) [0.3] (3.5) [0.3] (3.5) [0.015] 0.30 / 0.14 [0.015]
101 ≤ X < 174 6.9 / -- [--] (4.9) [0.22] (3.0) [0.22] (3.0) [0.015] 0.30 / 0.14 [0.015]
174 ≤ X < 302 6.9 /0.97* [0.40] (4.9) [0.15] (3.0) [0.15] (3.0) [0.015] 0.30 / 0.14 [0.015]
(3.5) / 0.02
302 ≤ X < 603 6.9 /0.97* [0.40] (4.8) [0.15] (3.0) [0.15] (3.0) [0.015] 0.30 / 0.14 [0.015]
603 ≤ X < 751 6.9 /0.97* [0.40] (4.8) [0.15] (3.0) [0.15] (3.0) [0.015] 0.30 / 0.14 [0.015]
751 ≤ X < 1207 6.9 /0.97* [0.40] (4.8) [0.15] 2.6 / 0.3 [0.075] 2.6 / 0.14 [0.03]
{Generator Sets} {0.50 / 0.14 [0.022]}
> 1207 6.9 /0.97* [0.40] (4.8) [0.15] 2.6 / 0.3 [0.075] 2.6 / 0.14 [0.03]
{Generator Sets} {0.50 / 0.3 [0.075]} {0.50 / 0.14 [0.022]}
NOx / NMHC [PM], g/HP-hr

Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Interim Tier 4 Final
NOx / HC* / [PM], g/HP-hr
(NOx + NMHC) [PM], g/HP-hr
Current On-Road Emissions Standard NOx – Nitrogen Oxides

NMHC – Non-Methane Hydrocarbons
NOx = 0.20 g/HP-hr
HC - Hydrocarbons
PM = 0.01 g/HP-hr PM – Particulate Matter
11
Evolution of Heavy-Duty Engine Oil Specifications

Low Sulfur Diesel
Fuel < 500 ppm S Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel
< 15 ppm S
Soot Dispersancy
Antioxidancy
VOLVO T-13
Relative Antioxidancy
MACK T-11
Relative soot dispersancy
MACK T-11
MACK T-12/SEQ.IIIG (API SN)
MACK T-8E
CUMMINS M11 EGR MACK T-12/SEQ. IIIG (API SM)
MACK T-12/SEQ. IIIF (API SL)
MACK T-8E
CUMMINS M11
MACK T-8 MACK T-10/SEQ.IIIF
MACK T-9/SEQ.IIIE
MACK T-7
SEQ.IIIE
API CD CE CF-4 CG-4 CH-4 CI-4 CI-4 Plus CJ-4 CJ-4 CK-4
Year 1955 1985 1990 1995 1998 2002 2004 2006 2010 2016
Retarded Injection Timing Re-advanced Inj. Timing
Engine and EGR
Aftertreatment DPF
12 SCR
API CI-4 & CI-4 Plus: Introduction to EGR

Soot from EGR equipped engines soot If SOx, NOx and water vapor condense, sulfuric
was more difficult to disperse than and nitric acids can form
non-EGR engines ▪ Aluminum intake manifold can be attacked by acids
▪ Oils required a new dispersant specifically for EGR and generate aluminum oxide (sandpaper), which
equipped engines is drawn into engine resulting in ring and liner
wear
EGR operation increased thermal load API CI-4 engine test conditions established
on vehicle cooling system to minimize EGR condensation
▪ Oils required improved oxidation stability for
higher operating temperature In June 2003, EMA formally requested an
upgrade to API CI-4 category
Test data suggested Following months of negotiation, agreement to

higher levels of TBN were needed an ‘API Supplement’ CI-4 PLUS was reached in
April 2004
▪ Mack T-11 (EGR soot handling test)
▪ 90 cycle Kurt Orbhan (improved shear stability)
13
API CJ-4: Chemical Constraints

In 2007 HD engine emissions limits began Introduced four new tests to ensure protection
phased-in reduction to reach 1/10th of October of new technology
2002 limits on NOx and PM
▪ Cummins ISM (replacement for M11-EGR)
▪ Requires exhaust after treatment (DPF, SCR)
▪ Cummins ISB (new valve train wear test)
▪ On-highway diesel sulfur reduced from 500 ppm to
▪ Caterpillar C13 (multi-cylinder test for piston
15 ppm
deposits and oil consumption)
▪ Mack T-12 (replacement for T-10)
Lack of performance test for after treatment
compatibility drove chemical limits for Sulfated
Ash, Phosphorus and Sulfur (SAPS) API licensing started October 15, 2006
▪ SASH (sulfated ash) ≤ 1.0%(m)
▪ Phosphorous ≤ 0.12%(m)
▪ Sulfur ≤ 0.4%(m)
14
API CK-4 & FA-4: Oxidation and Fuel Economy

New fuel economy and greenhouse gas rules began phased
implementation in 2014 with full effect in 2018 (GHG Phase 1)
▪ Reduce CO2 by 270 million tons and save 530 million barrels of oil
At the June 2011 ASTM meeting, the EMA issued a formal request for a
new API performance category to help meet these new regulations
Areas requested for improvement versus API CJ-4

▪ Shear stability
▪ Oxidation
▪ Aeration
▪ Bio-diesel compatibility (eventually dropped)
▪ New lower viscosity oils to help deliver fuel economy performance
API first license date was December 1, 2016

15
API CK-4 & FA-4: Why Two API Oil Categories?
APIPC-11A
CK-4 API FA-4
PC-11B
More Robust API CJ-4 Robust CJ-4 at lower viscosity

Recommended by all OEMs Some OEM’s opted out
Full backward compatibility Not backward serviceable
SAE xW-30 and xW-40 SAE xW-30
HTHSV > 3.5 mPa•s HTHSV: 2.9 – 3.2 mPa•s
API CK-4, ACEA E API FA-4, New ACEA F
API CK-4 has the same durability requirements as API FA-4 to minimize risks associated
with the new lower viscosity fuel economy grades
16 Note: Upper left hemisphere can be any contrasting color.

API CK-4 & FA-4: Test Requirements

Combination of New and Carry forward tests from API CJ-4
Test Performance Parameters Fuel Sulfur
Caterpillar C13 Piston Deposits, Oil Consumption 15 ppm
Caterpillar 1N Aluminum Piston Deposits, Oil Consumption 500 ppm
Cummins ISB Valve Train Wear 15 ppm
Legacy Tests
Cummins ISM Valve Train Wear, Filter Plugging, Sludge 500 ppm
Roller Follower Wear Test Roller Follower Pin Wear 500 ppm
Mack T-11 Soot Induced Viscosity Increase 500 ppm
Mack T-11A Sooted Oil Low Temperature Pumpability 500 ppm
Mack T-12 Ring/Liner Wear parameters only 15 ppm
Kurt Orbhan 90 cycle Shear Stability Bench Test No Fuel Used
Volvo T-13 Oxidation 15 ppm
New
Caterpillar C13 Oil Aeration Test (COAT) Oil Aeration 15 ppm
17
API CK-4 and FA-4: Improving Oxidation

ASTM D8048 (Volvo T-13 Oxidation Test)
• 13L Mack MP8 diesel engine
• 360 hours steady-state test
• Oil temperatures:
▪ 130°C main gallery
▪ 140°C sump
API CK-4 & FA-4 Limits:

Volvo T-13 Oxidation Control
▪ T-13 FTIR Oxidation Peak Height: 125 max 150
Oxidation Peak Height

▪ KV 40C % increase (300-360 hr): 75% max CJ-4
CK-4
100
▪ Drove more anti-oxidants into oil
50
▪ Largest increase of any API oil category!
0
0 120 240 360
Hours
18
API CK-4 and FA-4: Improving Aeration

ASTM D8047 CJ-4 reference oil
13 SAE 15W-40 API CK-4
(Caterpillar-C13 Oil Aeration Test) SAE 10W-30 API FA-4
Industry Limit Max.
▪ 13 L diesel engine 12
% Aeration
▪ 50 hours duration 11
▪ Aeration is measured real time via
10
a Micromotion meter which measures
oil density 9
API CK-4 & FA-4 Limits: 8

▪ Average % aeration 40-50 hrs:
11.8% max
▪ Drove rebalance of additives,

promotes lighter SAE viscosity grades
19
Other Current HDD Performance Categories

OEM specifications
Base Industry
OEM Specification Differences
Specification
+ Caterpillar 1P;
ECF-1-a CH-4
SASH restrictions
Caterpillar + Caterpillar C13;
ECF-2 CI-4/CI-4 PLUS
SASH restrictions
ECF-3 CJ-4 None
+ Seq. IIIF wear;
CES 20078 CI-4PLUS
+ Mitsubishi 4D34T4; + min TBN
enhanced Cummins ISM, ISB, and Mack T-12
CES 20081 CJ-4
performance
Cummins
enhanced Cummins ISM, ISB, Mack T-12 and
CES 20086 CK-4
Volvo T-13 performance
enhanced Cummins ISM, ISB, Mack T-12 and
CES 20087 FA-4
Volvo T-13 performance
20
Other current HDD Performance Categories

OEM specifications
Base Industry
Specification
+ Mitsubishi 4D34T4;
DFS 93K215 CH-4 - Mack T-9 + Mack T-10;
+ OM501LA
DFS 93K214 CI-4 PLUS + OM501LA
Detroit Diesel DFS 93K218 CJ-4 + OM501LA; + OM646LA
+ OM501LA; + OM646LA
DFS 93K222 CK-4
+DD13 Scuff
+ OM501LA; + OM646LA
DFS 93K223 FA-4
+DD13 Scuff
21
Other Current HDD Performance Categories

OEM specifications
Base Industry
Specification
enhanced Mack T-10, T-8E
EO-N /
CI-4 performance;
VDS-3
+ Volvo D12D; +OM501LA
enhanced Cummins ISM, ISB,

Mack / EO-O Premium Plus /
CJ-4 and Mack T-12 performance;
Volvo VDS-4
+ Volvo D12D; + Seq. IIIG
enhanced Cummins ISM, ISB,

EOS-4.5 /
CK-4 Mack T-12 and Volvo T-13 performance;
VDS-4.5
+ Volvo D12D
22
Latest Category OEM Specifications and Recommendations

OEM API CK-4 API FA-4
Most OEM’s
Cummins CES 20086 CES 20087
recommend CK-4,
few suggest FA-4 today Detroit Diesel DFS 93K222 DFS 93K223
Mack Mack EOS-4.5
Volvo Volvo VDS-4.5

Caterpillar API CK-4
Navistar API CK-4 API FA-4
PACCAR API CK-4
GM
API CK-4
(Duramax 6.6L)
Ford
WSS M2C171-F1
(Power Stroke 6.7L)
Ford
WSS M2C214-B1
(Power Stroke 3.0L)
23
Planned Emissions Changes for the Future:

Green House Gas Phase 2 (GHG2)
In August 2016, EPA and NHTSA adopted a 2nd phase
of GHG reduction and fuel efficiency standards for
model year 2021 to 2027 medium and heavy duty
vehicles
▪ Expected to lower CO2 emissions by 1 billion MeT
▪ Reduce oil consumption by 1.8 billion barrels of oil
▪ Save $170 billion in fuel costs over the life the vehicle
Reduction in Fuel Consumption and GHG Emissions
Combination Tractors 25%
Trailers 9%
Heavy Duty Pickup Trucks and Vans 16%

Reductions in GHG and fuel
Vocational Vehicles 24%
consumption are substantial
vs Phase 1 Separate Engine Standards, tractor / vocational 4% - 5%
24

EPA Cleaner Trucks Initiative (CTI)
In addition to NOx reduction,
Nov 13th,
2018, US EPA CTI will simplify certification of
announced plans to propose a compliance requirements
tightening of NOx emissions (deregulation) for trucks
called the and engines with focus on:
Cleaner Trucks Initiative (CTI)
▪ Ensuring real-world
Additional Details:
To be proposed in 2021 and compliance
▪ EPA last updated NOx standards in 2001
could begin in model year 2027 ▪ Deterioration factor testing
▪ From 2007-2017 NOx was reduced by 40%
▪ Annual recertification of via GHG Phase 1
NOx emissions could focus on engine families
▪ HDD trucks are estimated to account for
Federal Test Procedure and 1/3 transportation sector NOx in 2025
Low-Load Cycle
▪ Both the Engine & Truck Manufacturers
Association (EMA) and the American
Trucking Association (ATA) support the CTI
25

CARB Heavy-Duty Omnibus Regulation
As part of CARBs efforts to achieve 2023 and 2031 federal air quality standards for ozone in Southern
California, CARB has proposed a 90% reduction in NOx emissions (0.02 g/bhp-hr) for heavy duty trucks
Program would also upgrade certification and compliance:
▪ Ensure engine certification requirements better reflect
emission control under low load urban driving operations
▪ Adopts a new low load certification test cycle
▪ Improve engine and emission control system durability
▪ Amends the warranty (up to 600k miles by 2031)
▪ Amends the aftertreatment useful life period (up to 800k miles by 2031)
▪ Amends the certification durability demonstration procedures
▪ Expand the in-use compliance testing program Source: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msprog/hdlownox/hdlownox.htm
▪ Amends the Not-to-Exceed (NTE) in-use compliance program

▪ Warranty corrective action
26
Regulations Vs. Specifications

Emissions Regulation Specification
Particulate Emissions NOx Emissions CO2
Year Phased In
(g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) Emissions
1988 0.60 10.7 1985 - API CE
1990-91 0.25 6.0 -> 5.0 1990 - API CF-4
1994 0.10 5.0 1995 - API CG-4
1998 0.10 4.0 1998 - API CH-4
2002 0.10 2.0 2002 - API CI-4/CI-4 PLUS
2007, 2010 0.01 1.2 -> 0.2 2006 - API CJ-4
2014-2018 GHG Phase 1 2016 - API CK-4 / API FA-4
2021-2027 GHG Phase 2 ???
2024-2031 0.005 CARB (0.05 - 0.02) ???
2027- CTI (TBD c.2020) CTI (TBD c.2020) ???
27
Summary of Diesel Engine Oil Performance Criteria

▪ Low-temperature sludge control ▪ Incorporation of EGR tests in API CI-4
Is not critical Dramatically changed formulation evolution
▪ Increased TBN, dispersant and antioxidant
▪ High-temperature soot dispersion requirement
Was important for wear control, but is less so
for low soot modern diesel engines ▪ Chemical constraints of API CJ-4
Protected modern exhaust after
▪ Ring sticking must be controlled treatment systems
To prevent hone loss
▪ Reduced TBN, inclusion of supplemental anti-
wear additives
▪ Valve train wear protection is significant,
Especially for new lower viscosity FA-4 oils ▪ Anti-oxidancy is key performance parameter
With the introduction of the Volvo T-13
▪ Fuel sulfur levels
▪ Significant increase in anti-oxidant levels
Can contribute to excessive ring and liner wear
28
Summary
HDD lubricants meet API ‘C’ or Continued tightening of emission limits
1 ‘F’ category requirements and 3 (NOx, Particulates, GHG) have a significant
are formulated to be extra robust impact on diesel engine design and
for diesel engines that operate operation, fuels and lubricant formulation
under “severe” conditions ▪ Drives evolution of heavy duty diesel engine oil
specifications
▪ Focus has been on improving soot handling and
Historically have had higher levels oxidation performance
2 of detergency, dispersancy, and ▪ Addition of EGR significantly impacted HDD
antiwear components formulation
and have been formulated to ▪ Chemical limits with introduction of API CJ-4 limited
use of some key components
higher SAE viscosity grades than
▪ API CK-4 and FA-4 HDD oils were developed with
typical passenger car oils significantly more oxidation performance, improved
aeration and shear stability as well as a new
subcategory of lower viscosity oils to meet fuel
consumption and GHG Phase I regulations
29
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Performance you can rely on.

Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Oils:

Performance you can rely on.

1 HDDEO: Formulations and Additives

1. Formulations and Additives

Historically, meets API ‘C’ ▪ For use in on-road and off-road

Typical Properties of HDDEO

SAE 15W-40, 10W-30, SAE 0W-16, 0W-20, 0W-30,

HTHS Viscosity, mPa•s 3.0 to 4.2 2.6 to 3.1

Oil Drain Intervals, miles Up to 75,000 Up to 10,000

Standard Engine Sump Sizes ~8-10 Gallons ~1 Gallon

Function of Typical HDDEO Additive Components

Ca or Mg based + Diesel detergency + 1K, 1N, 1P, 1R, C13

2. HDD Specification Drivers and Evolution

Factors Affecting Formulation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils

▪ Diesel fuel sulfur level

▪ OEM requirements for service fill and or factory fill

▪ Oil company logistical considerations

▪ Additive technology (Detergent Inhibitor package, VM, PPD)

Changes in Diesel Engine Hardware

Federal On-Highway Emissions Legislation

▪ Ever tightening 0.60

Particulate emissions (g/bHp-hr)

engine hardware Retard injection timing

Changes in Diesel Engine Hardware

Federal On-Highway Emissions Legislation

▪ Ever tightening 0.60 2002 – 2010

Particulate emissions (g/bHp-hr)

exhaust emissions for 2007 DPF

Off-Highway Legislation Trails On-Highway by a Few Years

NOx / NMHC [PM], g/HP-hr

Current On-Road Emissions Standard NOx – Nitrogen Oxides

Evolution of Heavy-Duty Engine Oil Specifications

API CI-4 & CI-4 Plus: Introduction to EGR

Test data suggested Following months of negotiation, agreement to

API CJ-4: Chemical Constraints

API CK-4 & FA-4: Oxidation and Fuel Economy

Areas requested for improvement versus API CJ-4

API first license date was December 1, 2016

API CK-4 & FA-4: Why Two API Oil Categories?

More Robust API CJ-4 Robust CJ-4 at lower viscosity

16 Note: Upper left hemisphere can be any contrasting color.

API CK-4 & FA-4: Test Requirements

Caterpillar C13 Oil Aeration Test (COAT) Oil Aeration 15 ppm

API CK-4 and FA-4: Improving Oxidation

API CK-4 & FA-4 Limits:

Oxidation Peak Height

API CK-4 and FA-4: Improving Aeration

API CK-4 & FA-4 Limits: 8

▪ Drove rebalance of additives,

Other Current HDD Performance Categories

Other current HDD Performance Categories

DFS 93K214 CI-4 PLUS + OM501LA

Detroit Diesel DFS 93K218 CJ-4 + OM501LA; + OM646LA

Other Current HDD Performance Categories

enhanced Cummins ISM, ISB,

enhanced Cummins ISM, ISB,

Latest Category OEM Specifications and Recommendations

Mack Mack EOS-4.5

Volvo Volvo VDS-4.5

Planned Emissions Changes for the Future:

Combination Tractors 25%

Heavy Duty Pickup Trucks and Vans 16%