Basestocks

Performance you can rely on.
Lubricant Base Stocks

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1 © INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2019. All Rights Reserved.
©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2021. All Rights Reserved.
© 2021 Infineum International Limited. All rights reserved.
What’s in the Bottle?
Viscosity
Modifier
Pour Point
Depressant
= Base Stocks
Performance
Additives
2
Outline
1 2 3 4
What are Refining API Base stocks

base stocks? processes base oil in detail
groups
Why are base Overview Measurements and typical targets
stock important?
Major base stock types Recent trends
Key properties of
base stocks Solvent Extraction (SE)
Hydrocracking (HC)
Synthetics
3
1. What are Base Stocks?
4
Lubricant Base Stocks

A lubricant component: Common processes:
Most of the SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Roughly 80 - 99+% of petroleum products starting
materials come Separate “good” from “bad” molecules
▪ Usually does not have
all required properties from HYDROCRACKING
crude oil Convert “bad” molecules into “good” molecules
▪ Additives are used to enhance and
customize properties SYNTHESIS
“Build” from chemical reactions
Found in
minerals,
Mineral oil base stocks: Base stock
not made of
Refined from crude oil minerals ▪ API 1509, Appendix E, section E1.2.1
▪ ASTM D4175
▪ Petroleum = “Petra-oleum” = “Rock Oil”
▪ ASTM D6074
Animal and vegetable oils also used Bright stock
5 ▪ Heaviest grade of base stock
Why are Base Stocks Important?

1
Base stocks are the major component in lubricants
100%
~ 65 – 80% base stock

80%


Component
60%
40%
20%
Additives
0%
6 Industrial PCEO HDDO Marine
©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2021. All Rights Reserved. Product Type

2
Base stocks have a major effect on performance (oxidation)
Base Stock C
• Gasoline Engine Oxidation Test
• Same PCEO Additive System
in different base stocks
Oxidation ➔
Base Stock B
Base Stock A
0
7 0 Time ➔

3
Base stocks have a major effect on performance (soot-handling)
• Diesel Engine Soot Test
(retarded timing for NOX control) Base Stock F
• Same HDDO Additive System
Soot-Induced Thickening ➔
in different base stocks
Base Stock E
Base Stock D
0
8
0 Soot, percent ➔
What are Base Stocks?

Base stocks are
primarily hydrocarbons “Good” base stock molecules
Hydrocarbon = ▪ Stable molecules
molecule containing
▪ “Saturated”
hydrogen and carbon
▪ Long chains with flexibility
Sometimes generalized to
molecules with other
elements
“Bad” base stock molecules
▪ Unstable
▪ “Unsaturated” or “Aromatic”
▪ Short chains and rings
9
Key Base Stock Properties

Viscosity Molecular “size” (D445) Chemical properties
▪ Kinematic viscosity at 100°C, 40°C (mm2/s) are also very important
▪ Sometimes “Neutral Number” (approx. 4.6 x mm2/s at 40°C): S150N, S600N • More difficult to measure
and specify
▪ Low temperature: CCS (D5293), MRV (D4684), SBV (D5133), Pour Point (D97)
Viscosity Index (D2270)
Molecular “flexibility”
▪ Rate of change of viscosity with temperature
▪ Arbitrary scale defined by ASTM “table look-up”
Properties
Saturates (D2007) used
▪ Measure of “stable” vs. “reactive” molecules to define
▪ Intended as an approximation of oxidative stability “Groups”
Sulfur (D4294)
▪ Corrosive and poison to exhaust catalysts
Volatility (D5800)
▪ Evaporation
©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2021. All Rights Reserved. 10

2. Base Stock Refining
11
Refinery Overview
Refined
Crude oil Refinery processes Petroleum
products
12
U.S. refinery yields
Asphalt 3%
Wax 0.1% Chemical Feedstocks 2%
Gases
Base Stocks 1.1%
8%
Jet Fuel
12%
Gasoline
36%
Distillate
31%
83% liquid fuels
Energy Information Agency, U.S. Department of Energy

Refining in a Nutshell
START USING REFINING PROCESSES: GOAL
Crude oil SEPARATION CONVERSION SYNTHESIS REDUCE the

Remove the BAD Change BAD Build GOOD Proportion of BAD
Mixtures of
molecules molecules into molecules from molecules
GOOD and BAD
GOOD molecules small ones
molecules • Can be used for INCREASE the
other purposes Proportion of GOOD
molecules
As defined
on earlier
pages SOLVENT HYDROCRACKING CHEMICAL
EXTRACTION REACTIONS
Other processing steps involved

! Not covered today
14
Major Base Stock Refinery Processes
SOLVENT EXTRACTION HYDROCRACKING SYNTHESIS
▪ Separation technology ▪ Conversion technology ▪ PAO – PolyAlphaOlefin –

combine small double-bond
▪ Polar solvent removes ▪ Breaks chemical bonds and
molecules
aromatics leaving good adds hydrogen
saturated molecules ▪ GTL – gas to liquid – combine
▪ Increases saturates by adding
methane (natural gas) into
▪ Removes sulfur, which is hydrogen
large hydrocarbons
predominantly in aromatic
▪ Removes sulfur, converting to
molecules ▪ Esters – build up specific
volatile H2S
molecules using various
▪ Group II vs III is a function of starting molecules
feedstock and hydrocracker
severity
Generally, not definitely: (Group I) (Group II & III) (Group III, IV, & V)
15
Solvent Extraction
16
Solvent Extraction Refinery Process

Gases Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel fuel
Gases
Naphtha
Vacuum gas oil (VGO)
Atmospheric
Distillation
Crude S100N
Distillation S150N
Hydrofinishing
Vacuum
Extraction
Dewaxing
Solvent
Solvent
residuum
Atmospheric
S600N
Lube Raffinates Dewaxed Base
oil oil stocks
distillates
Bright
Extract stock
Vacuum residuum
Deasphalted residuum Wax
Deasphalting
Asphalt
17
Solvent Extraction
Separation based on solubility Use a polar solvent

Phenol Furfural N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)
“Good” molecules “Bad” molecules
are less polar are more polar
▪ Straight and ▪ Aromatics
branched chain
paraffins
“Good” non-
▪ Naphthenes
polar molecules
stay in oil Oil
More More
“like oil” “like water” Polar
“Bad” polar
molecules end up solvent
in polar solvent
18
Hydrocracking
19
Hydrocracking Refinery Process
Naphtha Naphtha Naphtha Light

Atmospheric
Distillation
Distillation
Crude
Vacuum
Medium
Atmospheric
oil
Distillation
Distillation
Hydrofinishing
Hydrocracking
Vacuum
Dewaxing
Catalytic
Heavy
residuum
Atmospheric
VGO
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
20
Hydrocracking
Conversion of “bad” molecules
into “good” molecules
▪ “Cracking” means breaking apart
▪ “Hydro” means adding hydrogen
▪ “Hydrocracking” is breaking bonds
and adding hydrogen
• Hydrocracking usually implies high
severity
• Hydrofinishing usually implies low
severity
For illustration only – Not real base stock molecules
• Hydrotreatment can mean either Base stocks have  30 – 60 carbon atoms
 350 – 600 MW
21
Synthetics
22
Synthetic Process – PAO

▪ Select small molecules from other refinery streams
▪ Build up good molecules from the small ones
H H
C C
H H 1-decene
ethylene a-decene
1st Greek letter, alpha
poly a-olefin
double bond (olefin) PAO
1st position: an a olefin
23
3. API Base Oil Classification
24
Base Oil Classification
American Petroleum Institute Intended for

(API) Base Oil Interchange Guidelines (BOIG)
Trade association of oil companies To approve an additive package
previously approved in another base oil
▪ Using read-across
Wanted a way to
▪ More detail in the specifications
classify base oils: and passenger car sections
Base oil is a mixture of Embodied in API 1509
(one or more) base stocks
“Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System,”
(ASTM D6074)
Annex E, “API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines
for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils”
Now used for marketing, lobbying,

25
and other commercial activities
API Base Oil Classification

Group Vis. Index Saturates Sulfur Other Properties
I 80≤ x <120 <90% and// or

and >0.03%
II 80 x <120 ≥90% and ≤0.03%
III ≥120 ≥90% and ≤0.03%

PAO
IV
(Poly Alpha Olefins)
V Everything Else
Companies started using their own Note:

(unofficial) marketing phrases The word “Synthetic” is not part of the API Classification
▪ “Group II Plus” and “Group III Plus” • “Synthetic” is a marketing term, not a technical term
▪ Now used generally to mean • “Group III” can legally be labeled ‘synthetic’
“towards the high end of the group”
26
Volatility
Volatility depends on
viscosity and molecular
structure 30%
Percent Off at 371C by GCD

▪ Advantages for Group III
SAE 0W-20
SAE 5W-20
SAE 5W-30
Group V (Naphthenic)
and Group IV at low
SAE 10W-30
20%
viscosity
Group I
10%
Group IV
(PAO)
Group III Group II
0%
2 4 6 8 10 12
Viscosity at 100C, mm2/s
27
4. Base Stocks in detail
28
Base Stock Grade Equivalents
SUS* Redwood# mm2/s mm2/s

Grade at 100°F at 140°F at 100°C at 40°C
S 75N 75 - 3.1 13
S100N 105 - 4.1 20
S150N 155 - 5.1 30
S325N 330 - 8.5 65
S600N 590 160 12.1 115
150 Bright Stock 2500 650 31.5 5000
*SUS = Saybolt Universal Seconds 150 SUS at 210F

#Approximate
29
Base Stock Typical Properties
30
Typical Lube Base Stock Properties:

(Solvent Neutrals – API Group I)*
Bright
Light Medium Heavy Stock
(S100N) (S150N) (S600N) (S2500N)
Viscosity at 100°C, mm2/s 4 5 12 32
Viscosity at 40C, mm2/s 20 30 110 490
Viscosity Index 95 95 95 95
Pour Point, C -18 -18 -9 -18
Volatility, GCD % off at 371C 20 15 0 0
Volatility, NOACK 24 18 2 1
Flash Point, C 200 210 250 280
Saturates, mass percent 75 75 70 60
Sulfur, mass percent 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7
*Nominal, and not representative of any particular manufacturer

31

(Hydrocracked – API Group II)*
Light Medium Heavy

(100N) (200N) (600N)
Viscosity at 100°C, mm2/s 4 6 12
Viscosity at 40C, mm2/s 20 40 110
Viscosity Index 100 100 100
Pour Point, C -18 -18 -18
Volatility, GCD % off at 371C 16 2 0
Volatility, NOACK 23 11 2
Flash Point, C 200 220 250
Saturates, mass percent 95 95 95
Sulfur, mass percent 0.01 0.01 0.01

32

(Hydrocracked – API Group III)*
Light Medium Heavy

(100N) (150N) (250N)
Viscosity at 100°C, mm2/s 4 6 8
Viscosity at 40C, mm2/s 17 33 50
Viscosity Index 130 130 130
Pour Point, C -18 -18 -12
Volatility, GCD % off at 371C
Volatility, NOACK 13 6 4
Flash Point, C 240 250 260
Saturates, mass percent 97 97 97
Sulfur, mass percent 0 0 0

33

(PAO – API Group IV)*
Light Medium Heavy Very Heavy Very Heavy Very Heavy

(PAO 4) (PAO 6) (PAO 10) (PAO 100) (PAO 150) (PAO 300)
Viscosity at 100°C, mm2/s 4 6 10 100 150 300
Viscosity at 40C, mm2/s 18 30 65 1300 1550 3300
Viscosity Index 130 135 130 160 210 240
Pour Point, C -63 -63 -51 -30
Volatility, GCD % off at 371C 1 0 0 0 0 0
Volatility, NOACK 12 2 1 1 1 1
Flash Point, C 200 240 270 290 290 280
Saturates, mass percent 96 96 96 94 93 96
Sulfur, mass percent 0 0 0 0 0 0

34
Base Stock Recent Trends

Transition from API Group I ▪ Supply-Demand imbalance in many regions
to Group II continuing:
▪ PAO capacity expected to increase
▪ Demand for higher quality (oxidation, dispersancy, etc.)
▪ Specifications with sulfur restrictions ▪ Green base stocks are niche for now
▪ Demand for lower volatility in lower viscosity grades
▪ Re-refined
(derived from used oil re-cycling)
API Group I base stocks still have uses:
• Bio-lubricants
▪ Higher viscosity: Marine, railroad, gear oils (derived from sugarcane, algae, etc.)
▪ Lower viscosity: Transformer oils, process oils, spray oils
Demand for API Group III (and Group III plus) will increase:
▪ Growth of SAE 0W-xx and 5W-xx grades
35
Base Stock Summary
Base stocks are the Base stocks are Chemical composition

1 main component in 2 complex mixtures 3 determines performance
lubricants of molecules Saturates and sulfur usually
Have a significant effect on Derived from crude oil by most important, but not the
performance refinery processes whole story
Physical properties Performance testing of Base stock research

4 are also important 5 products still required 6 continuing
Viscosity, Viscosity Index, Compositional effects not well Develop better analytical test
pour point, volatility enough known methods
Additives are a major factor in Improve performance predictions
finished products Demand for higher quality
API BOIG’s are used to read- expected to continue
across testing
36
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Performance you can rely on.

Lubricant Base Stocks

Performance you can rely on.

What’s in the Bottle?

What are Refining API Base stocks

1. What are Base Stocks?

Lubricant Base Stocks

Why are Base Stocks Important?

~ 65 – 80% base stock

~ 75 – 85% base stock

~ 80 – 90% base stock

Why are Base Stocks Important?

Why are Base Stocks Important?

in different base stocks

What are Base Stocks?

Key Base Stock Properties

©INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2021. All Rights Reserved. 10

2. Base Stock Refining

U.S. refinery yields

83% liquid fuels

Energy Information Agency, U.S. Department of Energy

START USING REFINING PROCESSES: GOAL

Crude oil SEPARATION CONVERSION SYNTHESIS REDUCE the

Other processing steps involved

Major Base Stock Refinery Processes

SOLVENT EXTRACTION HYDROCRACKING SYNTHESIS

▪ Separation technology ▪ Conversion technology ▪ PAO – PolyAlphaOlefin –

Solvent Extraction Refinery Process

Separation based on solubility Use a polar solvent

Hydrocracking Refinery Process

Naphtha Naphtha Naphtha Light

Synthetic Process – PAO

1st Greek letter, alpha

3. API Base Oil Classification

Base Oil Classification

American Petroleum Institute Intended for

Now used for marketing, lobbying,

API Base Oil Classification

I 80≤ x <120 <90% and// or

II 80 x <120 ≥90% and ≤0.03%

III ≥120 ≥90% and ≤0.03%

Companies started using their own Note:

Percent Off at 371C by GCD

4. Base Stocks in detail

Base Stock Grade Equivalents

SUS* Redwood# mm2/s mm2/s

*SUS = Saybolt Universal Seconds 150 SUS at 210F

Base Stock Typical Properties

Typical Lube Base Stock Properties:

*Nominal, and not representative of any particular manufacturer

Typical Lube Base Stock Properties:

Light Medium Heavy

*Nominal, and not representative of any particular manufacturer

Typical Lube Base Stock Properties:

Light Medium Heavy

*Nominal, and not representative of any particular manufacturer

Typical Lube Base Stock Properties:

Light Medium Heavy Very Heavy Very Heavy Very Heavy

*Nominal, and not representative of any particular manufacturer

Base Stock Recent Trends

Base Stock Summary

Base stocks are the Base stocks are Chemical composition

Physical properties Performance testing of Base stock research