Lecture 2

*Good leaders make everyone feels that he/she contributes to the success of the organization.
Which makes ppl feel centered and meaning to their work*

Leadership definition: “the process in which an individual influences other group members
towards the achievement of organizational goals” – Torrington hall

Types of leadership:

Scale of which theories developed over the years: [do not worry about it]

^ shows that we are now very fixed on transformation and leadership

Trait theories:
-based of the premise that born and not made
-criticized for being simplistic & failure to allow development as leader E.g., situation
environmental factors
-yet organizations use personality exam for selection of manager/leader

Contingency theories:
-not best one way to lead organization
-many external and internal factors may change and determine the best way to lead. Depend
on situation.
-consider individual and situational factors together in determining leader effectiveness

*Organizations now don’t know where the “working from home” fits in*

^sub theories:
Fielders contingency theory
1. No best way to manage an 3. The main component is “the least
organization preferred co-worker scale’’ (LPC)
2. Leaders know which management
style to apply
 According to fielder:
-leader style managers cannot change. To
be effective either managers to be put in
leadership situations that fit their style or
situations can be changes e.g., taking steps
to increase task structure.

To understand fielder’s contingency theory

you need to understand the situational
characteristics

1st characteristics that Fiedler described:

leader members relations
^ has two possibilities -good/poor

2nd task structure (work is clear to ppl)

^ has two possibilities -high/low

3rd position power (more favorable when

position is powerful)
^has two possibilities strong/week

-8 leadership situations vary in favorability

After studies, Fidler said:

-relationship-oriented leaders = effective in
moderately favorable situation (vi, v, vi, vii)
-good relationships and likability focused

-task-oriented leaders = effective in very

favorable situations (I,ii,iii) or very
unfavorable situations(viii)
-high level performance and task
accomplishment focused
Behavioral theory
-decided based on what they do not their traits
^two separate styles:
1. Task oriented (autocratic) = activates/tasks/deadlines focused
2. Relationship oriented (democratic) = friendly/communication/encouraging participation
focused

Likert’s leadership style theory [you don’t need to worry about it]

Transactional leadership = behavioral leadership theory which focuses on the link between
supervision, organization, and group performance. (Webber 1947)
→focused on specific tasks, uses reward and punishment as motivation
→does not encourage workers to go above and beyond their role just to successfully perform
their tasks (could cause problems)
→view relationship between employee and leader as exchange
→they define organizational and individual objectives (and performance management
→more suitable when problems are simple and well defined

*Transactional leadership is like a factory; the factory is trying to get x amount of y through the
system every day. You are told you must do this, why haven’t you done this. And that is the
approach for everyone*

Key assumptions of transactional leadership:

→ppl performs best when the chain of command is clear and well-defined
→reward and punishment are motivators
→obey instructions and commands is primary goal
→monitoring employees to ensure expectations are met

*Transactional leadership does not work with Mr. Barry and other lecturers
→because he is old and has lots of experience
→because he is not a lecturer for the money*

Lehman Brothers: Dick Fuld

→ psychopathy= leaders who destroy individuals

Transformational leader:
-a manager does not want you to be better than them
→a leader doses
-a manager will not recruit somebody who will outstand them in a year’s time
→a leader will

Traits of transformational leadership:

-act with honesty and fairness
-set clear goals for ppl
-encouraging
-providing of support
-give ppl confidence and motivation
-drive ppl to selflessness
-inspire ppl to strive for the improbable
-characteristics: charismatic, strong role model, value driven goals
Components of transformational leadership:

Above trait theories you do not need to go into details just know they are there

*Below is important*

Idealisied influence
-These leaders are deeply respected by their team due to the example that they set for others
-behind this, they provide a clear vision and sense of belonging →encourages them to accept
long-term objectives of organization, and achieve their own goals

Intellectual stimulation
-they seek abnormal paths and paths to goals and openly push others to challenge their own
believes and values *yes, but not at the cost of your network*-Barry

-inspirational motivation
- happy to speak their high expectations to ppl and motivate them on individual level to gain
their commitment to shared organizational/team beliefs
→when ppl is committed, they work hard.

individual consideration
-know their ppl individually and will listen to their concerns/needs
-mentor and coaches ppl working to develop
*(higher ideals and moral values) ‘’can you imagine creating a thousand employees in your
organization to have higher ideas and moral values and get them to intellectually stimulate to
be creative and innovative… that cloud take over the world”-Barry*

Can good leadership be leaned?

-work in what you are passionate about
-become skilled in relationships genuinely
-be strategic in what you do but flex when needed, not less than relentless
-if your role does not allow you to become a leader move on
-find leader mentor

How to become a transformational leader:

-be a strong role model
-build trust (authentic genuine)
-listen more look more, than talk
-encourage creativity and ingenuity =creativity
-persuade people to get them to bilevel and trust you personally

Selling your vision (persuading)

-ask for input to developing the vision
-develop a plan together
-accept ppl wo say their way is better

Leader fail, why?

-excessiveness
→narcissism will start coming out, psychopathy will start coming out

When you get it wrong *important*

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72OVFW-0bdy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0yHOE_UAIM