GEE 7 – Arts and Humanities

Chapter VI: Appreciating Literature, Sculpture and Architecture

a. Poetry, Novel, Essay
b. Process of Sculpture
c. Types of Architecture

Intended Learning Outcome

a. Compare and contrast the literature to the other works you have read in the past
b. Appreciate literature and architecture through making it
c. Identify the processes of sculpture and types of architecture
d. Make a literature, sculpture or architecture.

POETRY
Poetry is a literary work that requires careful use and manipulation of language
as a tool for expressing or evoking emotions or ideas. It is usually arranged in lines and
stanzas which may or may not rhyme but written in rhythmic and imaginative language.
In poetry, the poet does not address an audience but he speaks spontaneously to
himself or to the universe, or, perhaps, to an absent lover.
The fact that poetry is presented on the printed pages does not make its typical
form any less oral, just as the printing or recording of a play does not make it any less a
typically dramatic, presented, and enacted form. The poem itself is allegedly the
outpouring of the artist's feelings and beliefs.

THERE ARE THREE MAJOR CLASSES OF POETRY:

1. Lyric poetry - pure expressions of emotions in the form of ode, elegy or
sonnet
2. Narrative poetry - a story in compact poetic structure in the form of ballad,
metrical tale or epic
3. Dramatic poetry- story that unfolds through dialogues in poetic lines.

THE ELEMENTS OF POETRY ARE:

1. Imagery - pictures or images which the poet makes the readers see or
imagine through the use of figurative language
2. Figurative language - words that mean something other than what they
denote. Examples are simile, metaphor, etc.
3. Connotation - the attitudinal meanings of words which have special meaning
and emotional significances
4. Rhythm - musical quality as words are stressed and unstressed in a poetic
line
5. Meter-patterned arrangement of syllables according to stress and length
6. Theme-sense of meaning or subject matter of the poem

NOVEL
Novel is an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain
complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a
connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting.
SOME MAJOR GENRES OF NOVEL:
• Mysteries - A mystery is about a crime, usually a murder, and the process of
discovering who committed it. The hero/heroine is usually a detective or an
amateur doing detective work.
• Science fiction - Science fiction is fiction that imagines possible alternatives to
reality. It is reality + "What-if." The imaginary part of science fiction is based on
known scientific facts. For example, if there is time travel in a science fiction
book, it would be done with technology, not by waving a magic wand.
• Fantasy - Like science fiction, fantasy is about imaginary worlds. But the
imaginary part of fantasy novels usually involves magic, where the imaginary part
of science fiction involves science or technology.
• Westerns - Westerns normally take place in the Western U.S. (although
sometimes in other locations), most often during the 19th century. Common
elements include cowboys, ranchers, the difficulties of frontier life, frontier justice,
and conflicts between natives and settlers.
• Horror - Horror fiction gets its name because it is focused on creating emotions
of terror and dread in the reader. Horror fiction often accomplishes this through
the use of scary supernatural elements.
• Thrillers - Like horror, a thriller gets its name because of the feeling it creates in
the reader. Thrillers are designed to make the reader's pulse race, to keep him or
her turning pages. Often thrillers are about a crime that is going to be committed
or a disaster that is going to happen... if the hero(ine) doesn't prevent it
• Romance - Romance fiction is about love and passion. Normally, the focus is on
two characters who fall in love but have problems or obstacles keeping them
apart, and there is a happy ending.
• Historical - Historical novels are set in a past time period, normally at least fifty
years before they were written. They combine a made-up story with realistic
details of that time period.

ESSAY
As a literary genre, the essay is a communication from the individual author, as a
person, to the reader. It is prose writing which expresses the writer's opinions, attitudes,
feelings, or observations about a topic or subject that interests him. The essayist
expects that the reader will sympathize or react to his ideas. The elements of the essay
are: topic, the essayist's stand on the topic, and the relevance of the topic to the lives of
the readers.
Moreover, the essay as a form stands astride the line dividing literature as a tool
and literature as an interpretive art. The essayist is chiefly interested in the
interpretation of facts, report them, explain them, correct a previous misinterpretation of
facts, or merely express an opinion concerning a fact. To further his effects, the essayist
may use at will the devices and techniques associated with, biography, fiction, poetry or
drama.
Of all the forms of literature the essay is in its method the least complex. To
clarify his point of view, an essayist may use either the serious or light approach. In the
serious approach, the essayist is formal, purposive and direct in tone while in the light
approach, essayist is conversational, familiar and fanciful in tone.
SCULPTURE IS CREATED IN FOUR BASIC WAYS
•MODELING
•CARVING
•CASTING
•ASSEMBLING

MODELING
In this process, a soft, pliable material is built up and shaped. media such
as clay or wax are used in modeling.
Because the sculptor gradually adds more material to build a form,
modeling is referred to as an additive process.
CARVING
In carving, the sculptor cuts, chips, or drills from a solid mass of material
to create a sculpture. material is removed until the sculpture is completed.
Carving is called a subtractive process.
Wood and stone are the most common carving media.
CASTING
In casting, molten metal or another substance (plaster, cement, etc.) is
poured into a mold and allowed to harden.
The artist can then make duplicates of the same form over and over again.
ASSEMBLING
In this process, a variety of different materials are gathered and joined
together to make a sculpture.
Media can be welded, glued, sewn or otherwise fitted together.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE

Baroque Architecture Era 1600-1830 AD

In Italy, the Baroque style is reflected in opulent and
dramatic churches with
irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation. In France,
the highly ornamented
Baroque style combines with Classical restraint. Russian
aristocrats were impressed
by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in
the building of St.
Petersburg. Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are
found throughout Europe.

Baroque Characteristics:
Buildings in the Baroque style have many of
these features:
· Complicated shapes
· Large curved forms
· Twisted columns
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE ERA 1730 TO US Capitol Building in Washington D.C.
1925 AD
A keen interest in ideas of Renaissance
architect Andrea Palladio inspired a return of
classical shapes in Europe, Great Britain and the
United States. These buildings were proportioned
according to the classical orders with details
borrowed from ancient Greece and Rome.

NEO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE ERA 1905 TO 1930 AD

Early 20th century skyscrapers borrowed details from medieval Gothic
architecture.
The Tribune Tower in Chicago is an example of Neo-Gothic design. Read below
for facts about Neo-Gothic architecture. Gothic Revival was a Victorian style inspired by
Gothic cathedrals and other medieval architecture. In the early twentieth century, Gothic
Revival ideas were applied to modern skyscrapers. Twentieth Century Gothic Revival
buildings are often called Neo-Gothic.

Neo-Gothic buildings have many of these features:

· Strong vertical lines and a sense of great height
· Pointed windows with decorative tracery
· Gargoyles and other carvings
· Pinnacles

Famous Neo-Gothic Buildings:

The Chicago Tribune Tower shown right was built in
1924. The architects Raymond Hood and John Howells were
selected over many other architects to design the building. Their
Neo-Gothic design may have appealed to the judges because it
reflected a conservative (some critics said "regressive")
approach. The facade of the Tribune Tower is studded with rocks
collected from great buildings around the world.

Other Neo-Gothic buildings include:

· Woolworth Building in New York City
· Casa Botines by Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona Spain
· Vysotniye Zdaniye in Moscow, Russia

ART DECO ARCHITECTURE ERA 1925 TO 1937 AD

With their sleek forms and zigzag designs, Art Deco buildings embraced the
machine age.

Art Deco buildings have many of these features:

· Cubic Forms
· Ziggurat shapes: Terraced pyramid with each story smaller than the one below it
· Complex groupings of rectangles or trapezoids
 · Bands of color
· Zigzag designs
· Strong sense of line
· Illusion of pillars

By the 1930s, Art Deco evolved into a more

simplified style known as Streamlined Moderne, or Art
Moderne. The emphasis was on sleek, curving forms
and long horizontal lines. These buildings did not
feature zigzag or colorful designs found on earlier Art
Deco architecture. Chrysler Building
Famous Art Deco Buildings
· The Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930
· The Empire State Building in New York City was built in 1931
· Carbide and Carbon Building in Chicago was built in 1929

Modernist Styles era 1900 to Present

Modernism was not just another style –
It presented a new way of thinking. Modernist
architecture emphasizes function. It attempts
to provide for specific needs rather than imitate
nature. The roots of Modernism may be found
in the work of Berthold Luberkin (1901-1990),
a Russian architect who settled in London and
founded a group
called Tecton. The Tecton architects believed
in applying scientific, analytical methods to
design. Their stark buildings ran counter to
expectations and often seemed to defy gravity.
The Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at
Cornell University is a Modernist building
by I.M. Pei.

Modernist architecture has these features:

· Little or no ornamentation
· Factory-made parts
· Man-made materials such as metal and concrete
· Emphasis on function
· Rebellion against traditional styles

Postmodernism Architecture era 1972 to Present

Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle,
surprise, and even amuse.
Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways. Buildings may
incorporate symbols to make a statement or simply to delight the viewer.
 Philip Johnson's AT&T Headquarters is often cited as an
example of postmodernism. Like many buildings in the
International Style, the skyscraper has a sleek, classical
facade. At the top, however, is an oversized "Chippendale"
pediment. Johnson's design for the Town Hall in Celebration,
Florida is also playfully over-the-top.

21st Century Architecture

Some call today's architecture Neo-
Modernism. Some call it Parametricism.

Modernism's New Form

Parametricism: Zaha Hadid's Heydar
Aliyev Centre opened 2012 in Baku,
Azerbaijan