I.

INTRODUCTION

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner. This module will help you classify literary pieces you have read or
will be reading into different 21st century literary genres

This module will compare and contrast the various 21st century literary
genres and the ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements,
structures, and traditions.This will provide students with a grounding in 21 st
Century literary innovations that may be explored from critical and creative
perspectives. This will also help you classify literary pieces you have read or
will be reading into different 21st century literary genres

II. OBJECTIVES

MELCS :
Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the
ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures, and
traditions.

Specific Objectives :

1. Identify the varied 21st century literary genres;

2. Distinguish the similarities and differences of varied 21st literary genres;

3. Explain the texts in terms of literary elements, genres, and traditions;
4. Use critical reading strategies to make sense of literary meanings in
context.
III. ENGAGE
Directions: Encircle the conventional literary genres in the puzzle below.

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TWTTI GXPMRASKIC HNWNLYEVOT DJ
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IV.EXPLORE

TYPES OF LITERATURE: THE GENRES

Literature may be classified into four categories or genres: 1) prose

fiction,2) poetry, 3) drama, and 4) nonfiction prose. Usually the first three are
classed as imaginative literature.

I. POETRY

A. Lyric- verse usually brief, focues on the emotions or thoughts of the

speaker. Originally the term lyric was derived from the ancient
Greece. Certain poems were recited to the strumming of the lyre, a
guitarlike instrument. The musical accompaniment helped intensity
the emotional quality of the poem.
Over the centuries, the lyric has lost its musical accompaniment,
but still concerned with expressing personal thoughts and
emotions.

Form of Lyric Poems

Sonnet – a lyric poem having fourteen rhymed lines usually written in iambic
pentameter. The most important kind of sonnets are the Petrarchan (or
Italian) and the Shakespearean (or English). Both forms usually take topic
and develop it fully.
Kinds of Sonnets

1. Petrarchan Sonnet (Italian)- has an eight-line beginning called the

OCTAVE, and a six line conclusion called the SESTET. The feelings
expressed in the octave often contract with those expressed in the
sestet.It rimes abba-abba-cde-cde.
2. Shakespearean Sonnet (English)- alyric poem of lines written in iambic
pentameter with three (3) quatrains and concluding a copulet. It rimes
abab-cdcd-efef-gg.

Elegy- is a lyric poem which expresses mourning usually over the death of
an individual. An elegy may also be a lament over the passing of life and
beauty, or meditation on the nature of death. An elegy is usually fromal in
language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone. Most
elegies are long. Epitaph is another word for elegy.

Ode – is a complex and often lengthy lyric poem written in a dignified

formal style on some serious subjects.
Song – is a short lyric intended to be sung. It can be secular which
has no religious theme.
Simple – is a short descriptive pictorial or meditative poem.
B. Narrative – a lyric poem that narrates a story. A narrative poem can be
as long as an epic and it can be as short as a popular ballad.

Forms of Narrative Poems

Epic – a narrative poem that usually centers on a single important

character who embodies the values of a particular society.
Ballad – a narrative poem that depends on regular verse patterns and
strong ryhmes for its effect. Most ballads have lots of action and
adventures and most are tragic.

Kinds of Ballad
 1. Folk Ballads – originated as anonymous songs and are passed
orally before being written down.
2. Literary Ballad –is composed by known writers and it may or may not
be sung.

Dramatic Poetry – poetry in which one or more characters speak.Dramatic

poetry allows the writer to reveal characters directly through dialogue, just as
playwright does. A dramatic poem has many of the characteristics of a play;
a definie setting, a dramatic situation, emotional conflict, with vigorous, and
natural long rythms.

Dramatic Dialogue –is a special kind of dramatic poem. In dramatic

monologue, one character speaks to one or more characters, whose replies
are not given in the poem. The speaker in a moment of great personal crisi,
reveals his or her deepest thoughts and feelings.
II. FICTION

Any work of literature that includes material that is invented or imagined,

that is not recorded of things as they actually happened is called fiction.

In literature, the term fiction usually refers to the novel or the short
story. Much fiction is based on actual person’s experiences, but it almost
involves invented characters, or imvented action or setting, or other details
which are made up for the sake of the story itself.

Forms of Fictions

Short Stories – a fictional narrative written in prose which is shorter

than a novel. Because of its relative brevity, the short story often limits
itself to one main event and the development of one character or a
single aspect of character. A short story lacks the complexity and
detail of the novel, but it may gain impact through the compression of
characters and events.
Novel – a long fictional narrative written prose usually having many
characters and story plots. Because it is longer than a short story, the
novel usually allows for greater complexity of characters and plot
development. However, since the novel is a relatively new form of
literature—the first taking shape in the 18 th Century—it is constantly
being redefined as writers continue to experiment with the form.

The broad term novel includes a variety of classification or types:

The Gothic Novel is one of the earliest forms, and it remains popular
today. Gothic novels create an atmosphere of mystery and danger in
a picturesque setting, usually involving a threat combined with love,
intrigue for romantic young heroine.
The Historical Novel creates atmosphere, customs, and
events of an actual historical period, and may even include actual
historical figures.

The Psychological Novel explores the complex emotional

lives of the characters.

Other popular forms of the novel include detective stories, spy,

thrillers, science fiction, and fantasies.
Satire – a literary work which mocks or ridicules the stupidity or vices
of individuals, groups, institutions, or society in general. Sattires are
generally of two sorts: that which is gentle, witty, and amusing, and
that which is forceful, bitterly, and even vicious.

Parables – a short tale, usually about ordinary, familiar events for

which a moral or religious lesson is drawn.

Romances – originally a term used to describe medieval tales dealing

with the loves and adventures of kings, queens, knights and ladies and
including unlikely or supernatural happenings. In a more general
sense, a romance is any work of imaginative literature that is set in an
idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles in
which brave heroes and heroines struggle against evil villains or
monsters. The conflict in a romance is almost always one of good
versus evil. Often the heroes and heroines in a romance are aided by
magic, such as magical sword, or a magical ring.

III. DRAMA

Drama is a story written to be acted out on a stage. The

playwright usually emphasizes characters, conflicts, and actions which
are developed by the use of dialogue. Stage direction is provided to
help the actors and the directions bring the characters and the actions
to life. When the play is presented, additional elements—such as the
set, props, and lighting effects—are used to enhance the emotional
impact of the story. Thus, drama is truly a living form of literature.

Forms of Drama

Comedy – a literary work, generally amusing which usually ends

happily because the hero or heroine is able to overcpme obstacles
and get what he or she wants. Comedy is distinct from tragedy in that
the comic characteristic normaly finds a satisfactory resolution of their
difficulties. The focus of most comedies is not on single figure but on
groups of figures, placed in a recognizable society. Very frequently, a
comedy will have several plots, each with a group of central
characters. Part of the humor comes from seeing how these plots
interact.

Tragedy – a literary work dealing with very serious and important

themes, in which a dignified tragic figure meets destructions, usually
through some personal flaws or weaknesses.

Farce – a type of comic play in which ridiculous situations and

characters, coarsely wit, and physical buffoonery are used to make us
laugh.

IV. NONFICTION

Nonfiction is a prose that deals with real events and people. In

nonfiction, the characters, settings, and actions must conform to what
is true. They cannot be manipulated by the imagination of the writers.
The two forms of nonfiction includes the following:
Autobiography – is someone’s account of his or her own life.
Generally, an autobiography is a narrative account, often
chronological, of the important events of the person’s life. Such
accounts often relate to the person’s life story to crucial historical
events that are happening at the same time. They could also offer
personal evaluation of actions, as well as some speculations of the
significance of certain actions and events.

Essay – a brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing

personal or limited view of the topic. The essay is a modern literary
form, probably dating back to Michel de Montaigne’s Essais in French
work of “attempts”.

Essay is another form to entertain, and to explain, and to

persuade. It makes use of all major forms of discourse: descriptions
which prevents pictures to be used as an impression of a subject;
narration, which relates a series of events; exposition or persuasion,
which attempts to influence people’s ideas or action.
Classifications of Essay

Narrative essay – copies the technique of a short story but the stress
falls on the insights gained by the characters.

Descriptive essay – depicts vivid pictures, either of an experience, an

event, an object or a process.

Speculative essay –makes assumptions or hypothetical statements

on certain issues like the presence of life in other planets or the stock
exchange.

Scientific essay – makes philisophies on the essence of grief, joy,

death, and life.
Reflective essay – analyzes and interprets works of art—painting,
architecture, sculpture, music, theater, television—and high lights their
merits and demerits.

Didactic or Aphoristic essay – moralizes or preaches if not inspires.

Informative essay – gives us information of facts that catches one’s

fancy.

Editorial essay – interprets , criticizes, incites, and shapes readers

opinion on the vital issues of the day that affect the national and
international scene.

Socia-political essay – presents, questions, and analyzes pressing

problems affecting given society.

Nature essay – presents the beauty of creation, travel from withn and
without to affect and illuminate awareness

Character sketch – essay features aspects in the life of a person that

will enable us to affect and illuminate his psyche better.

Elements of Fiction and Drama

A. Plot – the casualty of events that makes up the action of a work of

fiction.

B. Characters – the personages in a literary work who is revealed by

means of 1) what he says or does, 2) what other characters reveal
about him, 3) the way he reacts to certain situation or problem in the
story and 4) foil.
C. Setting – the time and place where the action of a play or narrative
occurs.

D. Point of view – the outlook or position from which a short story or

novel is presented.

E. Theme – the idea, general truths or commentary on life or people

brought by the literary work.

F. Symbol – an object that stands for or represents an idea, belief ,

and superstitions of social or political institutions.

G. Tone – the writer’s attitude towards his subject that affects his style
of writing and choice of words. The tone may be flippant, cynical,
satirical, protesting, angry,detached, objective, sympathetic, stoical,
suprised, shocked, condescending, patronizing, bored, tender, or
tragic, humorous, and accussing.

H. Mood – the state of feelings created by the literary work.

I. Atmosphere – the general overall feeling of the literary work,

conveyed in large part by the setting and the mood
 Frytag’s Pyramid – a term introduced by German critic Gustav
Frytag (1863), when he characterized the typical plot as a pyramid
shape consisting of a rising action, climax and falling action.

Climate

complication

Unstable condition

Denouement
Climax
ax
Rising action Stable condition

Exposition Resolution
Exposition – the background information that reveals what has
occurred prior to the time covered in a literary work; who the main
characters are; and what situation has risen that will lead to a problem
requiring a solution.

Rising – also called complication. It is when the conflict or problem is

introduced.

Climax – the point of highest interest or dramatic intensity.Usually it

marks a turning point in the action since the reader is no longer in
doubt about the outcome.

Denouement – the unraveling of the plot following the climax in which

the writer explains how and why everything turned out as it did.

End – the point when the action or intrigue ends in success of failure
for the protagonist, is solved or the misunderstanding cleared away.
(Abrahams, 1998).
ANCIENT FILIPINO POETRY

Ancient Filipino poetry is an extension of earlier cultures of Southeast

Asia, the ancestral home of most Filipino Malays. These early poems are
comparatively few, and most hold little literary value. Products of a formative
age, they are never the less important as tangible evidence of the existence
of an ancient Filipino culture.

KUMINGTANG
I

To know is to remember thee;

And yet in grief I rove,
Because thou will not fathom me,
Nor feel how much I love.

II

All traitors are stars on high---

For broken hopes I grieve;
I cannot live—I fain would die;
‘ Tis misery to live.

III

Sweet bird! yet flutter o’er my way,

And chant thy victim’s doom;
Be thine, be thine the funeral lay
That consecrate my tomb.

-----Translated by Sir John Bowring.

ANCIENT FILIPINO TALES

Long before literature was committed to writing, tales and other similar
forms were narrated. This oral folk literature forms a heritage that can be compared
favorable to the folk literature of the peoples of Northern Europe, Russia, and many
of the Asian countries. These tales are classified into myths, fable, and legends.

MAN AND WOMAN

Retold by: Teofilo del Castillo

A long time ago, there was no land. There were only the sea and the sky. A bird
was them flying in the sky. Soon she grew tired and wanted to rest. But
she could not. As she was smart, she made the sea throw rocks up at the sky. And
the sky turned very dark and poured down water. That was how the island came
about. Now the waves break on the shore and can never rise as high as the sky
again.

Horrified by the unusual downpour of rain, the bird flew away as fast as she
could. She saw the land just created. And on that land, she could see tropical trees,
throwing up their naked shoulders. These green things were merely bamboos.

As the bird was flying all the time, she became thirsty. But she could not quench
her thirst with the salty sea water. She, therefore, looked for rivulets. Unfortunately,
there was none. Realizing that some water was stored in the bamboo joints, she
alighted, and started to peck on the bamboo clumps.

“Peck harder, peck harder,” a weak voice cried, the moment her bill struck the
bamboo. The bird was extremely frightened, and was about to fly away. But like a
curious woman, she restrained herself. She wanted to know that voice really was.
Gathering her courage, she pecked, pecked, and pecked.

“Peck harder, peck harder,” the weak voice complained again. The bird
became he more curious. She pecked and pecked with all her might. But as her
pecking was ineffectual, she snatched a piece of rock nearby and dropped it on the
bamboo. The bamboo was broken and split in two. In the wink of an eye, a man and
a woman stepped out of the bamboo joint, the man bowing politely to the woman.
The woman gave recognition to the man; then they walked away hand in hand.

The appearance of the human beings frightened the bird. She forgot her
thirst and flew away, hardly realizing that she saw the first human beings, and had a
role in their creation.
THE VERSE OF RELIGION AND MORTALITY

Verses devoted particularly to our Lord, the Holy Trinity, and above all,
the beauty of the Christian religion itself attracted our people. The passion. Greater
in literary stature and scope than verses so far considered is a religious narrative
poem fashioned by our people in the 18 th and 19th centuries. In the Philippines, this
narrative poem is called the pasion, because it aims to tell the story of Christ from
birth to trial and crucifixion.

The Passion

O God in Heaven,
King of the universe,
God without equal’
Kind, wise
And full of knowledge.

Thou art the Absolute Father

(Who art) completely alone,
Father eternal,
Merciful and adoptive
Towards earthen man.

Permit us,
 Merciful God the Father,
That we may sing
Of the sufferrings, sacrifices, and tortures
Of your beloved Son.

--- Translated by Dr. Jose Villa Panganiban

EARLY DRAMA

As precursors of the drama as a literary type the carillo, duplo, and

karagatan can easily be considered because of their dramatic essence.

The carillo enjoyed wide popularity in the early Philippines. It is a

play of cardboard figures projected on a white screen. These figures, like their
counterparts in China and Japan, were so manipulated as to execute complicated
movements and gestures. The carillo often give a moonlight nights just after harvest,
offered a very simple but interesting entertainment to the rural folk.

Duplo and Karagatan. Two native dramas deserving consideration

are the duplo and the karagatan. Both plays had their roots in the past, in
connection with mourning rituals and later, with harvest celebrations.

The Villaco and the Villaca

At the commencement of the duplo, the leaders, called the king, recites a
short poem, the Introductory.

THE INTRODUCTORY

On the road to Zion

Roams a lion
Is there any body here
Who wants to own it?
The villacos hurl accusations; the villacos defend and make countercharges.
A villaco may recite a poem, presenting a problem.

THE PROBLEM
 Over in our Kingdom of Spain
When Charles the Fifth yet was King
He had pet turkeys to the number of nineteen,
Each having seven small children;
Turkeys and children and how many then?
If I add the number two and three
Ang take off all the nines,
Who of your villacos will
Have the chance, I pray?

Losers in the karagatan are compelled to recite the loa. The following is
declaimed by a man.

I stepped over a pig

And it could not squeak,
I stepped over a sword.
And it could not get up.

Do not despise
My small size
In the womb yet of my mother
I have already killed twenty.

Inday, do not laugh

Because I am a carabao boy,
I have a sword and dagger
Intended for the thieves.
----- Courtesy of Encarnation J. Gonzaga

RIDDLES

Asking riddles is the world’s oldest game. A puzzling statement or

question, sometimes in the form of a ryhme, is a riddle. Riddles are also
called conundrums. Some of them are based on a pun, or play on words, like
this one, which you’ve surely heard: “When is the door not a door?” “When
it’s a jar (a jar).” Other point out an unexpected likeness between two very
different things. Here is one example :
“Why is a pencil like a funny story?” “They both have a point.”

Although we ask one another riddles today as a form of amusement,

people long ago took riddles very seriously. Ancient oracles often answered
questions and gave advice in the form of riddles, and kings used them to
send secret messages to one another. These serious riddles were also
called enigmas.

Greeks and Romans held riddles contest at their feast and gave laurel
wreaths to the winners. In one famous Greek myth Oedipus, the hero, solved
a riddle asked by the Sphinx, a monster who was half lion and half woman.
The riddle was, “ What goes on four legs in the morning, on two at noon, and
on three in the evening?” Oedipus’ answer was,”Man, who crawis as child,
walks erect in manhood, and uses a can in old age.” Once the riddle of the
Sphinx was solved, she was destroyed.

Riddles even appear in the Bible. At Samson’s wedding feast a riddle

contest was held, and the Queen of Sheba asked King Solomon a number of
riddles.
Some Famous Filipino Riddles

1. I have a small friend,

can climb towers and mountains.... (Answer: ANT)

2. It has no neck, lips and body, but has no hands and feet.. (Answer :
BOTTLE)

3. I am a book of season, yearly get change... (Answer : CALENDAR) 4.

Water in heaven, cannot blow wind. (Answer: COCONUT WATER) 5.

When I ate only one, when I dispose plus another one... (Answer: CLAM)
 Some Famous Foreign Riddles

Countries all over the world, from Africa to Thailand, have their riddles. The
riddles given here have come down to us through the folklore of English speaking
countries.

1. What has 18 legs and catches flies?...( Answer : A BASEBALL TEAM)

2. What is a passionate kiss like a spider?.... (Answer : BOTH LEAD TO THE

UNDOING OF THE FLY)

3. What is the different between a rich man’s house and a trying-hard-to-look

rich man’s house? (Answer: A RICH MAN’S HOUSE IS USUALLY
CONCEALED WHILE A TRYING-HARD-TO LOOK RICH MAN’S HOUSE IS
INTENTIONALLY EXPOSED.
EPIC

The most significant pieces of oral literature that may be safely

be presumed to have originated in prehistoric times are the folk
epics.Four representative examples may be briefly summarized in
order to give a glimpse of the variety of content among the 19 pieces
mentioned by Manuel. Lam-ang was first recorded among the
Christian Ilokos in 1889.It relates the adventures of the hero Lam-ang,
who was born already endowed with the power of speech and with
supernatural strength.
Tuwaang is a pagan epc discovered by Manuel in 1959
among the Manuvus of Central Mindanao. Hinilawod is also a pagan
epic, recorded only in recent times among the Sulod of Panay.
Hinilawod is specially notable for its richly inventive narration and the
magnificence of its fantasy.Bantugan is a Maranaw epic, its central
character being the most popular hero of the Muslim darangan or epic
song.

On the basis of this brief account of precolonial literature, it might be

concluded that prior to the Spanish conquest, Filipinos had a culture that
 linked them with Malays of Southeast Asia, a culture with traces of Indian,
Arabic, and possibly Chinese influences. Their epics, songs, short poems,
tales, dances and rituals gave them a native Asian perspective which served
as a filtering device for the Western culture that the colonizers brought over
from Europe.

21st Century Literature Genres

The various genres of literature and its sub-genres changes through time. The
invention of electricity, use of electronics and other modern technology affected how people
view life and express themselves differently from their contemporaries 10 years, 20 years,
or a hundred years ago.
Technology made our lives easier than the last decade. It made people work fast.
Beating deadlines and presenting marketing and management strategies creatively. These
changes have also brought new literary genres that gave us new avenues of expressing
ourselves; like cell phones and computer screens. These new genres include mobile textula,
hyperpoetry, flash fiction, chick lit and blogs.
To understand these new genres, their definitions are given below to give you clue
on how similar or different they are from the major genres of literature.

ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
• Story through text and illustrated images
• 50% of the narrative is presented without words
• The reader must interpret the images to comprehend the story completely. •
Textual portions are presented in traditional form.
• Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all.
• Span all genres.
• Examples include The Invention of Hugo Cabret by Brian Selznick and The Arrival
by Shaun Tan.

DIGI-FICTION
• Triple Media Literature
• Combines three media: book, movie/video and internet website
To get the full story, students must engage in navigation, reading, and viewing in all
three forms.
• Patrick Carman’s Skeleton Creek and Anthony Zuiker’s Level 26 are examples.
GRAPHIC NOVEL
 The ‘graphic novel’ has existed as an art form arguably from the time our species
learned how to paint. However, the term has only been in use since the 1960’s, and though
it’s often a hotly debated issue, it’s generally accepted that a graphic novel is a longer work
or collection of works presented in ‘comics’ style.

Some of the graphic novels in the Philippines are:

1.The Mythology Class (Nautilus comics) by Arnold Arre

2. Light (Anino comics) by Rob Cham
3. Sixty Six (Anino comics) by Russell Molina
4. Maktan 1521 by Tepai Pascual

• Narrative in comic book formats

• Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader using a comic form.
• The term is employed in broadly manner, encompassing non-fiction works and
thematically linked short stories as well as fictional stories across a number of genres. •
Archie Comics by John Goldwater and illustrator, Bob Montana, is a good example.

MANGA
• Japanese word for comics
• It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books and
graphic novels originally published in Japan.
• Considered as an artistic and storytelling style.
• Ameri-manga- sometimes used to refer to comics created by American artists in manga
style.
• Shonen- Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One Piece)
• Shojo- Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon)
• Seinen- Men’s Manga (Akira)
• Josei- Women’s Manga (Loveless, Paradise Kiss) • Kodomo- Children’s Manga
(Doraemon, Hello Kitty)

DOODLE FICTION
• Literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle writing, drawings and
handwritten graphics in place of the traditional font.
• Drawing enhances the story, often adding humorous elements
• Examples include The Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney and Timmy Failure by
Stephan Pastis.
TEXT-TALK NOVELS
• Blogs, email and IM format narratives
• Stories told almost entirely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges.
CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE
This is genre fiction, which “consists of heroin-centered narratives that focus on the
trials and tribulations of their individual protagonists”. The genre often addresses issues of
modern womanhood – from romantic relationships to female friendships to matters in the
workplace – in humorous and lighthearted ways.

Some of the chick lit in the Philippines are:

1 .Spotlight New Adult by Mina V. Esguerra

2. Tall Story by Candy Gourlay
3. All’s Fair in Blog and War by Chrissie Peria

• Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often humorously and
lightheartedly.
• Chick Lit typically features a female protagonist whose femininity is heavily
thermalizing in the plot.
• Scarlet Bailey’s The night before Christmas and Miranda
Dickinson’s It started with a Kiss are examples of this.

FLASH FICTION

Flash fiction goes by many names, including microfiction, microstories, short-shorts,

short short stories, very short stories, sudden fiction, postcard fiction and nanofiction. While
it can be difficult to pinpoint an exact definition of flash fiction based on word count,
consideration of several of its features can help provide clarity, like its brevity, length,
background and purpose.

Some of the flash fiction in the Philippines are:

1. 100 Kislap, by Abdon M. Balde Jr.

2. Karapote: Antolohia Dagiti 13 a Nasuerte A Sarita, by Ariel S. Tabag

• Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity

• There is no widely accepted definition of the length and category. It could range from
word to a thousand.
SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION
• Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, never worn.
• Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him, Shit.

CREATIVE NON-FICTION
 It’s a rich mix of flavors, ideas, and techniques, some of which are newly invented and
others as old as writing itself. Creative nonfiction can be an essay, a journal article, a research
paper, a memoir, or a poem; it can be personal or not, or it can be all of these.

Some of the creative nonfiction in the Philippines are:

1. “The Cardinal’s Sins, the General’s Cross, the Martyr’s Testimony, and Other
Affirmations” by Gregorio C. Brillantes

2. “Manananggal Terrorizes Manila and Other Stories” by Jessica Zafra

3. “Sapay Koma” by Jhoanna Lynn Cruz

• Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative non-fiction

• A genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate
narratives.
• Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as technical writing or journalism, which is also
rooted in accurate fact, but is not primarily written in service to its craft.
• As a genre, creative non-fiction is still relatively young and is only beginning to be
scrutinized with the same critical analysis given to fiction and poetry.
• 1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind, Sand, and Stars by Antoine de Saint-Exupery
are examples.

SCIENCE FICTION
• Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic
science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, a parallel
universe and extra-terrestrial life.
• Often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations and has
been called a “literature of ideas”.
• Examples include Suzanne Collins’ Mockingjay and Sarah Maas’ Kingdom of Ash.
BLOG
A blog (shortening of “weblog”) is an online journal or informational website
displaying information in the reverse chronological order, with latest posts appearing first. It
is a platform where a writer or even a group of writers share their views on an individual
subject.

• A weblog, a website containing short articles called posts that are changed regularly. •
Some blogs are written by one person containing his or her own opinions, interests and
experiences, while others are written by different people.
HYPER POETRY

Hypertext poetry and hypertext fiction are new genres of literature

that use the computer screen as medium, rather than the printed page. The literary
works rely on the qualities unique to a digital environment, such as linked World
Wide Web pages or effects such as sound and movement. Hypertext “poetry” can
consist of words, although not necessarily organized into lines and stanzas, as well
as, sounds, visual images, movement or other special effects. Although the poem
may be dazzling with sounds, perhaps of a lawnmower, while the words “mowing,”
“stop,” “Sunday,” and “morning” float across your computer screen in pseudo-three-
dimensional letters, one will have been hard pressed to identify the use of any formal
poetics.

• Digital poetry that uses links and hypertext mark-up

• It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable order
but sit on the page much as traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem
that move and transform.
• It is usually found online, through CD-ROM and diskette versions exist. The earliest
examples date to no later than the mid-1980’s.

It covers all stories from fantasy to science fiction to slipstream to magic realism to
urban fantasy — so on and so forth. In other words (or in other worlds), it encompasses all
the stories that are removed from the reality that we are currently living in. As the
introduction states, “speculative fiction is a type of story that deals with observations of the
human condition but offers the experience through a different lens…and challenges us to
see what tomorrow could be like or what the mythic past of our imagination actually is.”
Some of the speculative fiction in the Philippines are:

1. Smaller and Smaller Circles by FH Batacan

2. Sink by Isabel Yap

3. The Secret Origin of Spin-Man by Andrew Drilon

MOBILE PHONE TEXT TULA

A cell phone novel, or mobile phone novel is a literary work originally

written on a cellular phone via text messaging. This type of literature originated in
Japan, where it has become a popular literary genre. However, its popularity has also
 spread to other countries internationally, especially to China, United States,
Germany, and South Africa. Chapters usually consist of about 70-100 words each
due to character limitations on cell phones

V. EVALUATION

A. This activity features three patriotic literary creations from the colonial period. The first
two were set to music. One is our present-day National Anthem which was originally a
Spanish poem by Jose Palma. It was translated to Filipino after we gained our independence,
but it uses the same musical score. The English translation of the anthem is also give.

The Philippine Hymn

by Camilo Osias and A.L.Lane

Land of the morning,

Child of the sun returning,
With fervor burning,
Thee do our souls adore.

Land dear and holy,

Cradle of noble heroes,
Ne'er shall invaders
Trample thy sacred shore.

Ever within thy skies and through thy clouds

And o'er thy hills and sea,
 Do we behold the radiance, feel and throb,
Of glorious liberty.

Thy banner, dear to all our hearts,

Its sun and stars alight,
O never shall its shining field
Be dimmed by tyrant's might!

Beautiful land of love,

O land of light,
In thine embrace 'tis rapture to lie,
But it is glory ever, when thou art wronged,
For us, thy sons to suffer and die.

Answer the following questions:

1. Who would be singing this anthem? On what ocassion is it

expected to be sung?
2. Give the present- day equivalents of these pronouns used in the
anthem. Why are these pronouns used instead of the present-day
equivalents?
3. To what is the translation true to the original text? In what ways are
they the same? In what ways are they different?

thee ______________ thou _____________ thine ____________

B. Search the internet or ask the elders in your community
(online) for proverbs or popular sayings in your regional
language.Then, research on possible counterparts in English
proverbs and sayings. Give one proverb for A and B.

a. Proverb or popular saying that state what one must do or refrain

from doing.

b. Descriptive proverb or saying with a reason-result or cause-and

effect format that hint at or specify the outcomes in one follows or
does not follow what is prescribed.

Note : You will submit the activities under ENGAGE (puzzle) and
EVALUATION ( Activity A and B) via Google Classroom.
References:

Martin, Maria Gabfriela P. et al.(2016).English Communication Arts and Skills: Beyond

Borders Reading Literature in the 21st Century.The Phoenix Publishing House Inc. Tayao,
Ma. Lourdes G. et al (2017). 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World.
Viar,Orlando M. and Maria Klara V. Ravina.(2006).”Treasures of Philippine Regional
Literatures”. Rex Bookstore.Sampaloc Manila, Philippines.

https://znnhs.zdnorte.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EDITED_21st-Century
Lit11_q1_mod2_conventional-21st-cent-genres_v308082020.pdf
https://ph.toluna.com/opinions/5163249/Can-you-write-the-lyrics-of-Lupang-Hinirang-without
singing
http://filipino.biz.ph/history/hymn.html