UNIT-II

BASE BAND PULSE TRANSMISSION: Matched filter, Properties,

Intersymbol interference, Correlative level coding: Duo binary &
Modified Duo binary signalling.

DIGITAL PASS BAND TRANSMISSION: Introduction, Pass band

transmission model, Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure.
BASE BAND PULSE TRANSMISSION
 Matched filter Properties
Property 1:
• The impulse response of the filter must be
time reversed and delayed of input signal and
scaled by a factor of k.
hopt(t)=k*g(T-t)
• Then the filter is known as matched filter
which is matched to transmitting signal.
Property 2:
Inter symbol interference
Effects of inter symbol interference on the performance
of digital transmission
• (i) an error will be introduced in the decision-making device at the
receiver output. The receiver can make an error in deciding whether
it has received a binary logic l or a binary logic 0.

• (ii) data transition jitter may occur which has an effect on the
symbol timing and clock recovery circuit. If it is excessive, it may
significantly degrade the performance of cascaded regenerative
repeaters.

• (iii) when digital pulses from more than one source are multiplexed
together, the amplitude, frequency, and phase responses become
even more critical.

• (iv) ISI causes crosstalk between channels that occupy adjacent time
slots in a time-division multiplexed (TDM) carrier system.
• One possible solution to reduce inter symbol
interference is to use a [(sin x)/x] pulse instead of
a rectangular-shaped pulse waveform which can
produce even a zero ISI. This is known as Nyquist
pulse shaping.
• An alternate solution to reduce ISI is to use the
raised-cosine filter.
• Equalization is used to minimize intersymbol
interference arising due to transmission of digital
data in time-dispersive channels.
For an ideal Nyquist channel 1/Tb=2w bits per second should be transmitted
(partial response systems)
 Duobinary signaling
• Duobinary signaling (class I partial response)
 Duobinary signaling

Impulse response of duobinary conversion filter

Receiver:

0 if 𝑎ෝ𝑘<0
Ck + 𝑎ෝ𝑘
Decision
∑
Device 1 if 𝑎ෝ𝑘>0

-
Delay
Example:1:Consider a binary signal {bk} as 01011001,apply Duo-binary
signalling. Find the encoded signal and decoded signal at the receiver. By
considering error in 3rd location at the receiver side find the decoded signal

Input binary sequence 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

{bk}

Pulse generator {ak} +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1

Encoded signal {ck} 0 0 0 0 +2 0 -2 0

=ak+ak-1
Decoded signal {𝑎ෝ𝑘} +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1
=Ck-𝑎ෟ
𝑘−1

Decoded sequence {𝑏෡𝑘 } 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

0 ; if 𝑎ෝ𝑘 < 0 or
=1 : if 𝑎ෝ𝑘 > 0
Assume an error received at 3rd location

Input binary sequence 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

{bk}

Encoded signal {ck} 0 0 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0

=ak+ak-1
Decoded signal {𝑎ෝ𝑘}= +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +3 -3 +1 -1
Ck-𝑎ෟ 𝑘−1

Decoded sequence {𝑏෡𝑘 } 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

0 ; if 𝑎ෝ𝑘 < 0 or
=1 ;if 𝑎ෝ𝑘 > 0

An error is propagated to next symbols.

 Duobinary signaling with precoder
• The response of a pulse is spread over more than one signaling
interval.
• The response is partial in any signaling interval.
• Detection :
– Major drawback : error propagation.
• To avoid error propagation, need differential coding (precoding).

FIG: Duobinary scheme with precoder

Receiver

0 if 𝐶𝑘 >1
Ck
Decision
Rectifier 1 if 𝐶𝑘 <1
Device
Example 2 :Consider a binary signal {bk} as 01011001,find the encoded signal using
Duo binary signalling with precoder and find the decoded binary information. Assume
in the received encoded signal 3rd bit is effected by noise . Find the decoded signal.

Input binary sequence 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

{bk}

Precoder output {dk} 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

= {bk} ⊕ {dk-1}
Pulse generator {ak} -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1

Encoded signal {ck} -2 0 +2 0 0 +2 +2 0

=ak+ak-1
Decoded sequence {𝑏෡𝑘 } 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
= 0;if 𝐶𝑘 >1or
=1 ; if 𝐶𝑘 <1
 Modified duobinary signaling
• In duo binary signaling energy still exist at zero frequency, hence we can
not transmit DC signal.
• Modified duobinary signaling
– In duobinary signaling, HI(f) is nonzero at the origin.
 Modified duobinary signaling
• Spectrum
 Modified duobinary signaling
• Time Sequency: interpretation of receiving 2,
0, and -2?
Example 3 : Consider a binary signal {bk} as 1011010,find the encoded signal
using ModifiedDuo binary signalling with out precoder and find the decoded
binary information.

Input binary sequence 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

{bk}

Pulse generator {ak} +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1

Encoded signal {ck} +1 +1 0 -2 0 +2 -2 0 0

=ak-ak-2
Decoded sequence {𝑎ෝ𝑘} +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1
=ck+ 𝑎ෟ 𝑘−2

Decoded sequence {𝑏෡𝑘 } 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

0 ; if 𝑎ෝ𝑘 < 0 or
=1 : if 𝑎ෝ𝑘 > 0
Example 4:Consider a binary signal {bk} as 1011010,apply Modified Duo-
binary signalling with precoder. Find the decoded signal at the receiver.

Input binary sequence 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

{bk}

Precoder output {dk} 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

= {bk} ⊕ {dk-2}

Pulse generator {ak} +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1

Encoded signal {ck} -2 0 +2 -2 0 +2 0

=ak- ak-2
Decoded sequence {𝑏෡𝑘 } 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
=0;if ck < 1or
=1 ; if ck > 1