Republic of the Philippines

PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

Goa, Camarines Sur

PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY TINAMBAC CAMPUS

Name of Campus/ College

Module III
PLANT BIODIEVSITY

Name of Student: _________________________________ Week No: Weeks 14 – 15_______

Course Code: CSBIO2 _____ Name of Faculty: For. Ceazar Ian B. Pesimo_______
Course Title: GENERAL BOTANY ____________

I. OBJECTIVES

 Enumerate the Plant Kingdoms and Classification of Plant Diversity; and

 Discuss the importance of biodiversity and its methods and conservation strategies.

II. LESSON

The Main Classification of Plants

 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

Definitions

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
The variability among living organism from all sources including terrestrial, marine and aquatic ecosystems
and ecological complexes of which they are part.
This includes diversity within species, between species and ecosystems.

BIOLOGICAL PROSPECTING
The research, collection and utilization of biological and genetic resources for purposes of applying
knowledge derived solely for commercial

CRITICAL HABITAT
Area outside protected areas order RA 7586 than is known habitats of threatened species and designated
as such based on scientific data taking into consideration species and endemicity and richness, presence of
manmade pressures and threats. RA 9147. Wildlife Conservation Act 2001.

EX-SITU CONSERVATION
The conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats. Convention of
Biological Diversity. 2002.

FOREST
Land with an area of more than 0.5 hectare and tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than
10%.
The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 meters at maturity in situ.
It consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high
proportion of the ground or open formations with a continuous vegetation cover in which tree crown cover
exceeds 10%.
Young natural stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes, which have yet to reach a crown
density of more than 10% or tree height of 5 meters are included under forest.

FOREST TYPE
A community with generally similar species composition, structure and function.

FORESTED WETLANDS
Forested wetland growing along tidal mudflats and along shallow water coastal areas extending inland along
rivers, streams and their tributaries where the water is generally brackish and composed mainly of
Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Avicennia, Aegiceras spp.

HABITAT
A place or environment where a species or subspecies naturally established its population.

INDICATOR SPECIES
An organism, species or community that shows the presence of specific environmental conditions.

IN-SITU CONSERVATION
Conditions where genetic resources exist within ecosystems and natural habitats, and in the case of
domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive
properties.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

KEYSTONE SPECIES
Species that influence the ecological composition, structure or functioning of its community far more than its
abundance.

LANDSCAPE
A heterogeneous land area distinguished by differences in land forms, vegetation, land use, cultural
features, and aesthetic characteristics within a geographical region.

MOSSY FOREST
Forest stand found principally on high elevations and very rough mountainous regions characterized by
steep ridges.
The trees are mostly dwarf with stem and branches usually covered by epiphytes (moss) and dominated by
Podocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, and Fagaceae.

NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEMS (NIPAS)

The classification and administration of all designated protected areas to maintain essential ecological
processes and life-support systems, preserve genetic diversity, ensure sustainable use of resources found
therein, and maintain their natural conditions to the greater extent possible. RA 7586. NIPAS Act 1992.

NATIONAL PARK
A forest reservation essentially of natural wilderness character which has been withdrawn from settlement,
occupancy or any form of exploitation except in conformity with approved management plan and set aside
as such exclusive to conserve the area, preserve the scenery, the natural and historic objects, wild animals
and plants therein, and provide enjoyment of these physical feature in such areas.

RIPARIAN ZONE
A strip of land maintained along a stream, lake, road, recreation site or different vegetative zone to mitigate
the impacts of actions of adjacent lands, to enhance aesthetic values or as to demonstrate best
management practice.

STRICT NATURE RESERVE

An area possessing some outstanding ecosystem, features and species of flora and fauna of national
scientific importance maintained to protect nature and process in an undisturbed state in order to have
ecologically representative examples of the natural environment available for scientific study, environmental
monitoring, education, and for the maintenance of genetic resources in a dynamic and evolutionary manner.

TROPICAL FOREST
Any type of forest within the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.

TROPICAL RAINFOREST
A type of forest found in areas with high regular rainfall and no more than two months of low rainfall, and
consisting of a completely closed canopy of trees that prevents penetration of sunlight to the ground and
discourages ground- cover growth.

VEGETATION
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

The total mass of plant life that occupies a given area.

WILDLIFE
All wild species of plants and animals.

BIODIVERSITY
“the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other
aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within
species, between species and of ecosystems

DIVERSITY
It can be defined as the number of different items and their relative frequency.
For biodiversity, these items are organised at different levels, from minute chemical structures that form the
basis of heredity (e.g. DNA), to large complete ecosystems (e.g. mountains and forests).
The term `biodiversity' is indeed commonly used to describe the number, variety and variability of living
organisms.
This very broad usage, embracing many different parameters, is essentially a synonym of `Life on Earth.
Hence, the term biodiversity is often referred to at four different levels namely; genes, species, ecosystems,
and functional diversity.

- GENETIC DIVERSITY
refers to the variety of genes, the diversity within species. Genetic diversity can be assessed using
morphological, biochemical, behavioral, physiological, karyotypic (chromosomal), and molecular (e.g. DNA)
characters.

- SPECIES DIVERSITY
refers to the variety of different species, or the diversity between species.
o SPECIES - the basic unit of classification for organisms; include closely related,
morphologically similar, interbreeding, individual organisms. Species diversity can be assessed
at different levels of the classification hierarchy, viz. species, genera, families.
o The “biological species concept” (Ernst Mayr, 1940): – “A species is a group of actually or
potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such
groups” – the basic unit of classification.

- ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
refers to the diversity among ecosystems in a given area, e.g. forest, rivers, lakes, or marine ecosystems.
Measurement of functional diversity most common is species present in the habitat- species richness or
species number in habitat.
o ECOSYSTEM - the functional system that includes the different organisms of a natural
community together with their physical environment.

o HABITATS - with greater species richness should have greater functional diversity
Species differ in traits. “adding more families within a trophic type would add more functional
trait variation than adding more species within a genus or family, which in turn would add more
variation than adding genotypes within a species”

- FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY
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PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

assesses the richness of functional features and interrelations in an area identifying

FOOD WEBS (paths of energy flow through populations in a community) along with KEYSTONE SPECIES
(species whose loss from an ecosystem would cause greater than average change in other species,
populations and ecosystem processes).
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

Many of the islands comprising the archipelago are believed to have a high degree of plant and animal
endemism
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

Inland Waters
Lakes, 18 major rivers, 22 marshes, swamps and reservoir; Phil. Wetlands 1616 species of aquatic plants
3675 species of fauna Mangroves 37 species in the world; 34 species occur in the Philippines

CULTURAL DIVERSITY
There are more than 100 ethnolinguistic groups living in the Philippines.

Anthropocentric Value- comprised of direct and indirect economic benefit to humans; natural environment “
harbors chemicals, fibers, flesh, resins, enzymes, genes that we can: manipulate, extract, purify and prime
into products that will cure our diseases, feed our hunger and fill our pockets.

Speciation
A species can be defined as a group of individuals that can mate with one another but not with members of
other groups.
New species of organisms therefore arise when they become sexually incompatible with other groups.
Rates of speciation following isolate formation are influenced by two factors:
a) sexual divergence: the isolates may evolve different mating behaviour, for example, by flowering
at different times of the year
b) ecological divergence: natural selection will cause different isolates to evolve differently because
no two places are exactly alike
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

Neutral processes are those that occur independently of any differences among species, as though the
species were genetically identical

Immigration
Immigration provides a continual source of new diversity for a region; If the area is large (a few square
kilometers), most young individuals will be recruited from the resident population, but in small areas (a few
square meters), reproduction by residents may be overwhelmed by immigration.
Thus the importance of immigration increases as the size of the area decreases.

Extinction
Extinction of a species or a population will occur for one of two reasons:
- as a result of accidents (environmental fluctuations) or because of population interactions.
o accidents: events that trigger extinctions for no predictable reason - volcanoes, rising sea level,
an ice storm, any environmental circumstance that wipes out an ecological niche.
o population interactions that are not neutral processes: predation and competition can result in
negative growth rate and ultimately, extinction

Patterns of Species Biodiversity

Latitudinal Gradients: Scientists have observed that species diversity declines with increasing distance from
the Equator, either north or south

Habitat Variety: The more variable the habitat, the greater the species diversity within it. This pattern was
offered as one of the reasons why there are more species in a bigger area (more area covers

Successional patterns
This pattern of gradual temporal shift in the species composition of a community is called succession results
from a variety of processes including migration, dispersal, growth, competition and environmental change.

Plant diversity increases with succession until woody species (trees and brushes) establish, whereby
diversity then decreases.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

Animal diversity generally increases with succession (this has been observed for birds and insects).

APPROACHES IN CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY

In-Situ Conservation (Natural Home)

 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

In-Situ Conservation is the conditions where genetic resources exist within ecosystems and natural habitats,
and in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their
distinctive properties (Convention of Biological Diversity, 2002).
A National Park/Protected area is an area dedicated for the conservation of wild life along with its
environment
A wild sanctuary is an area, which is reserved for the conservation of animals only.
A Gene sanctuary is an area, where the plants are conserved.

Ex-Situ Conservation (Artificial home)

The conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats. Convention of
Biological Diversity (2002).
This involves conservation of genetic resources, as well as wild and cultivated or species.
Some of these include: Gene banks, e.g. seed banks, sperm and ova banks, field banks; in vitro plant tissue
and microbial culture collections; captive breeding of animals and artificial propagation of plants, with
possible reintroduction into the wild; and collecting living organisms for zoos, aquaria, and botanic gardens
for research and public awareness.

Biocultural Approaches to Conservation

Biocultural approaches to conservation is the conservation actions made in the service of sustaining the
biophysical and sociocultural components of dynamic, interacting, and interdependent social–ecological
systems.
Biocultural approaches to conservation provide a unique way forward for conservation by drawing lessons
from previous work on biocultural diversity and heritage, sociale.
Ecological systems theory, and different models of people centered conservation

NIPAS Act

Republic act no. 7586 is an act providing for the establishment and management of National integrated
protected areas system and defining its scope and coverage, and for other purposes.
A National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) is hereby establish, which shall encompass
outstandingly remarkable areas and biologically important public lands that are habitats of rare and
endangered species of plants and animals, biogeographic zones and related ecosystems, whether
terrestrial, wetland or marine, all of which shall be designated as "protected areas as stated in the provision
of RA 7586.

CITES (Convention on International Trading and Endangered Species)

The purpose of CITES is to ensure that wild fauna and flora in international trade are not exploited
unsustainably.
The Convention establishes an international legal framework together with common procedural
mechanisms for the strictest control of international commercial trade in species threatened with extinction,
and for an effective regulation of international trade.

IUCN (International for the Conservation of Nature)

 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for
classifying species at high risk of global extinction.

BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS

 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

III. ACTIVITIES

On a yellow pad, create a forest type and describe its prevailing vegetation and environment. Be creative and
scientific with what the forest type that you will provide as your answer.

IV. ASSESSMENT

On a yellow pad, answer the following questions:

a. What is Biodiveristy and why is it important to maintain?

b. What are the roles of man to Biodiveristy Protection and Conservation?
c. Using your own words, compare and contrast the different biodiversity assessment parameters and describe
their benefits and constraints. Write in a tabular form.

V. SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Nabors, Murray W., (2005). Botany: An Introductory Approach. Pearson Education.

Evangelista, E. V., & Evangelista, L. T. (2009). Worktext in General Botany. C & E Publishing Inc.
Berg, L. R., (2012). Introduction to Botany. Cengage Learning.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Goa, Camarines Sur

San Felipe, V. O., (2000). General Botany: Laboratory Manual. Booklore Pub. Corp.