INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
SEMESTER I, 2022 − 23
MTL 180 (DISCRETE MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURES)
TUTORIAL SHEET 3

Instructor: Biplab Basak Date: 26/08/2022

Relations

Problem 1: Determine the nature of the following relations ρ on the set Z.

(i) a ρ b if and only if a ≤ b for a, b ∈ Z,

(ii) a ρ b if and only if ab ≥ 0 for a, b ∈ Z,

(iii) a ρ b if and only if a2 + b2 is a multiple of 2, for a, b ∈ Z,

(iv) a ρ b if and only if 2a + 3b is a divisible by 5, for a, b ∈ Z,

(v) a ρ b if and only if |a − b| ≤ 3, for a, b ∈ Z.

Problem 2: Examine if the relation on the set S is (i) reflexive, (ii) symmetric, (iii)
transitive.

(i) S is the set of all lines on a plane and ρ is defined on S by “l ρ m if and only if the
line l is perpendicular to m” for l, m ∈ S.

(ii) S = Z and ρ is is defined on Z by “a ρ b if and only if a − b < 3” for a, b ∈ Z.

(iii) S = Z × Z and ρ is is defined on Z × Z by “(a, b) ρ (c, d) if and only if a + d = b + c”

for (a, b), (c, d) ∈ Z × Z.

(iv) S = Z × Z and ρ is is defined on Z × Z by “(a, b) ρ (c, d) if and only if ad = bc” for

(a, b), (c, d) ∈ Z × Z.

(v) S = N × N and ρ is is defined on N × N by “(a, b) ρ (c, d) if and only if ad = bc” for

(a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N.

Problem 3: Show that the number of different reflexive relations on a set of n elements is
2
2n −n .

Problem 4: Let ρ be an equivalence relation on a set S and a, b ∈ S. Prove that the

equivalence classes cl(a) and cl(b) are either equal or disjoint.

Problem 5: Represent each of these relations ρ on {1, 2, 3, 4} with a matrix Mρ (with the
elements of this set listed in increasing order).

(i) {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)},

(ii) {(1, 1), (1, 4), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 1)},
(iii) {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)},

(iv) {(2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4)},

(v) {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 4), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 2), (4, 3)}.

Problem 6: Find the matrices that represent ρ2 and ρ3 respectively, for each of the relations
ρ from problem 5.

Problem 7: Determine whether the relations represented by the matrices in Problem 6

are reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and/or transitive.