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ı̂
a × ~b
~ ~b mg
Cross product:
θ k̂ ̂
~
a
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.: Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 12 kx2
x P R
Projectile Motion: H
Centre of mass: xcm = Pxi mi , xcm = R xdm
θ mi dm
O u cos θ
R
CM of few useful configurations:
x = ut cos θ, y = ut sin θ − 12 gt2
m1 r m2
g
y = x tan θ − 2 x2 1. m1 , m2 separated by r: C
2u cos2 θ
m2 r m1 r
2u sin θ u2 sin 2θ u2 sin2 θ m1 +m2 m1 +m2
T = , R= , H=
g g 2g
h
2. Triangle (CM ≡ Centroid) yc = 3 h
C
h
3 Newton’s Laws and Friction 3
2r
Linear momentum: p~ = m~v 3. Semicircular ring: yc = π
C
2r
r π
P
Motion of the CM: M = mi Dynamics:
Impulse: J~ = F~ dt = ∆~
R
p
7 Gravitation
Before collision After collision
Collision: m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 F F m2
Gravitational force: F = G mr1 m
2
2
v1 v2 v10 v20 r
Momentum conservation: m1 v1 +m2 v2 = m1 v10 +m2 v20
2
Elastic Collision: 12 m1 v1 2+ 12 m2 v2 2 = 12 m1 v10 + 12 m2 v20
2 Potential energy: U = − GMr m
Coefficient of restitution: GM
Gravitational acceleration: g = R2
−(v10 − v20 )
1, completely elastic
e= = Variation of g with depth: ginside ≈ g 1 − h
v1 − v2 0, completely in-elastic R
2h
Variation of g with height: goutside ≈ g 1 −
If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then = −v1 . v10 R
∆θ dθ mω 2 R cos θ
Angular velocity: ωav = ∆t , ω= dt , ~ × ~r
~v = ω mg
mgθ0 = mg − mω 2 R cos2 θ
θ
∆ω dω
Angular Accel.: αav = ∆t , α= dt , ~ × ~r
~a = α R
p Displacement: x = A sin(ωt + φ)
Radius of Gyration: k = I/m √
Velocity: v = Aω cos(ωt + φ) = ±ω A2 − x2
~ = ~r × p~,
Angular Momentum: L ~ = I~
L ω
y
~ P θ ~
Torque: ~τ = ~r × F~ , ~τ = dL
dt , τ = Iα F
Potential energy: U = 12 kx2 U
~
r x x
O −A 0 A
~ ~τext = 0 =⇒ L
Conservation of L: ~ = const.
Kinetic energy K = 21 mv 2 K
x
P~
F = ~0, ~τ = ~0
P
Equilibrium condition: −A 0 A
√
Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux = 2gh
q
l
Simple pendulum: T = 2π g l
dv
Viscous force: F = −ηA dx
q
I
F
Physical Pendulum: T = 2π mgl Stoke’s law: F = 6πηrv
v
r
q
I Volume flow πpr 4
Torsional Pendulum T = 2π k
Poiseuilli’s equation: time = 8ηl
l
2r 2 (ρ−σ)g
Terminal velocity: vt = 9η
1 1 1
Springs in series: keq = k1 + k2
k1 k2
~
A
~2
A
Superposition of two SHM’s: δ
~1
A
9 Properties of Matter
F/A ∆P F
Modulus of rigidity: Y = ∆l/l , B = −V ∆V , η= Aθ
1
Compressibility: K = B = − V1 dV
dP
1
Elastic energy: U = 2 stress × strain × volume
Surface energy: U = SA
Equation of continuity: A1 v1 = A2 v2 v2
v1