ME399 SUMMER PRACTISE REPORT

Submitted by: Metehan Aydemir, 21802768

Submitted to: Dr. Şakir Baytaroğlu
Supervisor name: Tolga Erol
Signed by:
Tolga Erol
Table of Contents
Contact Information...............................................................................................................................2
Organizational Structure of HAVELSAN A.Ş.......................................................................................3
Information About Employees...............................................................................................................4
Brief History of the Company.................................................................................................................5
Brief Information About the Mechanical Engineering Activities of Company........................................6
Summary of Internship...........................................................................................................................7
Project Aim.........................................................................................................................................8
Method...............................................................................................................................................8
Requirements.....................................................................................................................................8
Sensors and Working Principles.............................................................................................................9
1. Pulse Oximeter...............................................................................................................................9
2. Electrocardiography (ECG) Device................................................................................................10
3. Digital Sphygmomanometer.........................................................................................................11
4. Thermometer...............................................................................................................................12
5. Glucosemeter...............................................................................................................................13
Communication Methods.....................................................................................................................15
1. Radiolink...................................................................................................................................15
2. VHF (Very High Frequency).......................................................................................................15
3. UHF (Ultra High Frequency)......................................................................................................16
Mechanical Design...............................................................................................................................17
Standards to be Considered in the Design and Production of the Product..........................................18
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................19
References............................................................................................................................................19

Contact Information

Company Name: Havelsan A.Ş.

Address: Mustafa Kemal Mah. Şehit Öğretmen Şenay Aybüke Yalçın Cad. No:39 P.K.: 06510

Çankaya/Ankara
Website: https://www.havelsan.com.tr/

Fax: +90 (312) 219 5797

Phone: +90 (312) 688 88 88

Mail: info@havelsan.com.tr

Figure 1, HAVELSAN Technology Campus1

1
Ö. Itez, “Havelsan Teknoloji yerleşkesi,” Arkitera, 29-Jun-2022. [Online]. Available:
https://www.arkitera.com/proje/havelsan-teknoloji-yerleskesi/. [Accessed: 27-Sep-2022].
Organizational Structure of HAVELSAN A.Ş.

Organizational structure of the company can be found below.

Figure 2, HAVELSAN Organization Scheme2

2
“Organizasyon Yapısı,” HAVELSAN. [Online]. Available:
https://havelsan.com.tr/kurumsal/organizasyon/organizasyon-yapisi. [Accessed: 27-Sep-
2022].
Information About Employees

Having an important position among Turkish defense industry companies, Havelsan

Company has more than 1200 employees.

Although the majority of the employees are engineers, there are also employees

responsible for accounting, human resources, food, transportation and housekeeping. Since

the projects carried out within the company are mostly software-oriented, the majority of

the engineers come from the electrical electronics and computer engineering departments.

In recent years, with the proliferation of autonomous and simulation systems

projects and their increasing importance, mechanical engineers have also increased within

the company and they take part in important positions. In general, mechanical engineers

work in areas such as simulation and autonomous systems, robotic technologies, mechanical

design, dynamic and static analysis processes and quality control within the company.

As a requirement of the defense industry privacy policy, it is prohibited to provide

detailed information about the exact number of employees and their duties.

Brief History of the Company

HAVELSAN A.Ş. is a company established in 1982 with the aim of meeting the needs of the

Turkish Armed Forces in the field of Software Engineering. Since 1985, the company

separated from its foreign partners and became an organization 98% of which belongs to the

Turkish Armed Forces Foundation. The company is headquartered in Ankara and has offices

in many different cities and abroad.

HAVELSAN is an informatics and systems company that offers global solutions in the Defense

and IT sectors. HAVELSAN has developed itself in the fields of C4ISR, Homeland Security,

Simulation and Training Simulators and Information Management Systems. It produced pilot

flight training simulators for CN-235 CASA aircraft from these branches and exported

simulators abroad, breaking new ground in the history of Turkey.

Although HAVELSAN generally takes part in military software and cyber security projects, it

has taken responsibilities related to many e-government projects in recent years and has

successfully fulfilled or continues to fulfill these responsibilities.

Brief Information About the Mechanical Engineering Activities of Company

Design Stages:

Mechanical engineers, who take part in many departments, take an active role in the design

phase of the products produced by the departments. They contribute to the departments in

the design phase of the products by using cad tools such as Catia and Solidworks in the

creation of the technical drawings of the products, in the revision and development

processes of the products.

Analysis Activities:
Mechanical engineers perform static, dynamic and thermal tests of the products and analyze

the strength and suitability of these products.

These analysis processes are performed with the help of applications such as FloEFD, ANSYS

Workbench and Siemens SimScape.

Mechatronic Applications:

Control of vehicles and robots is very important and many engineers are focused on this

task. Delivering the vehicle and commanding the next mission is a key objective. Different

types of GPS, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules are used. In addition to controls, dynamic

analysis and modeling is critical in both ground and air operations. MATLAB and Simulink are

used in modeling and simulations.

In addition, mechanical engineers may be required to perform basic electronics tasks. Such

as soldering, circuit fitting and battery checking. All of them have the necessary capacity to

accomplish this task.

Summary of Internship

In line with the focus of the ME 399 course, I tried to use the theoretical knowledge and

research skills I gained at school in my works in the engineering sector. While doing this, I did

first step research for a project on mobile health kit design with the guidance of my mentor.

I did extensive research on issues such as communication systems, medical sensors, system

design in the project.

Project Aim

Being able to present the situation to a person who is competent in health and to be able to

determine the risk factor of the situation and intervene in any adverse health condition with

the remote connection method.

Method

With the kits to be distributed to the people, the other party will be contacted. The

authorized person who is contacted will be able to access the instant vital body values of the

other party thanks to the devices in the kit. In this way, it will analyze the situation and

transfer the necessary steps to the other party. In extraordinary cases, the unit will be

dispatched to the region with the GPS on it.

Requirements

There should be parts and sensors necessary for measuring body values in the apparatus. In

order to dispatch a team in any emergency condition, it must have GPS. The necessary parts

for remote connection should be added to the system.

These kits should be at the minimum weight for the people to carry, and at the maximum

battery time.

Required Parts and sensors

- GPS - Thermometer

- Communication device - Heart Rate Sensor

- Tablet (For Interface) - Blood Pressure Sensor

- Battery - Other Parts and Sensors(?)

In the analysis of the parts to be used in the design of the system, it will be more accurate to

analyze the battery last, as we can measure the power required after the analysis of the

other parts. Starting with the first sensors will also be more accurate in terms of the size

measurement that the design will cover in general.

Sensors and Working Principles

1. Pulse Oximeter

This device, which measures the heart rate and oxygen saturation of the blood, helps to

have information about the person's breathing or circulation. The working principle is shown

below. [2]

(a) Blood Oxygen Saturation Measurement (b) Pulse Measurement

Figure 1: Pulse Oximeter Working Principle

Pulse oximetry works by measuring the rate at which infrared and visible light are absorbed

in blood vessels near the skin. Pulse oximeters typically look like a plastic clip that is placed

on the index finger or earlobe. On the inner surface of the latch is an array of LEDs on one

side and opposite the LEDs is an optoelectronic sensor. By detecting the amount of light

absorbed by the hemoglobin, the level of oxygen saturation can be measured. In addition,

the dilation and constriction of blood vessels can likewise be detected from the light
absorption pattern. In this way, the average heart rate per minute, that is, the heart rate,

can be determined.

2. Electrocardiography (ECG) Device

The ECG device, which measures the electrical activity of the heart, provides information

about the person's heart health in case of a disorder or trauma. The graph created as a result

of processing a series of signals received from the heart helps the doctor make a diagnosis. It

works on the principle of amplifying the electrical signal produced in the contraction and

relaxation movement of the heart and passing it through a kind of noise-blocking filter. [4]

Figure 2: ECG Device Electrical Diagram

Although the ECG devices in hospitals today are portable, they are large and cumbersome

Examples of Minimized Wireless ECG devices available on the market include:

3. Digital Sphygmomanometer

It is one of the important data to follow in blood pressure, cardiovascular health, injury and

trauma situations. The measurement of blood pressure is most commonly done with digital

blood pressure monitors today. [6] The working principle of the digital blood pressure

monitor is as follows:

Figure 3: Functional Diagram of a Typical Digital Sphygmomanometer

The digital sphygmomanometer uses an air pump to inflate a cuff surrounding the elbow

area with sufficient pressure to prevent blood flow in the main artery in the arm. This

pressure is then gradually reduced using a digitally controlled solenoid valve until blood

begins to flow through the artery. The blood pressure measured by a pressure sensor at the

moment when blood begins to flow determines the systolic pressure (systolic pressure). The

pulse rate is also detected at this time. The measurement taken when the blood flow is no

longer restricted determines the diastolic pressure (diastolic blood pressure). This complete

measurement cycle is automatically controlled by the microcontroller.

The signal data from the pressure sensor is conditioned by an instrumentation amplifier

before being converted by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Systolic pressure, diastolic

pressure, and pulse rate are then calculated in the digital domain using an algorithm

appropriate for the monitor and sensor type used. The resulting systolic, diastolic and pulse

rate measurements are displayed on the LCD and stored in nonvolatile memory.

4. Thermometer

Remote thermometer devices work by measuring the forehead of people. The thermometer

measures the temperature in the area by detecting the heat-induced radiation emitted from

the forehead. [5]

Looking at the working principle of these devices, it can be seen that they are very complex.

Every object or entity exhibits an infrared energy emission at its own temperature level.

These temperatures formed on the surface are also under the influence of wavelength

distribution and radiant energy type. The sensors in the remote thermometers also detect

these energies correctly and perform the calculation process.

Remote thermometer devices are devices that provide clear information about the body

temperature of people by making all calculations correctly.

 Figure4: Laser Thermometer

General Features of Remote Thermometer Devices

Devices for measuring temperature from a distance have become very popular in recent

months. These devices, which are located at the entrances of many public living areas and

measure the temperature of people, stand out with their many features. These devices

detect the ambient temperature in the best way. They are devices that can be used on both

people and various objects.

It is possible to do this without touching people or touching the device to anyone. Remote

thermometer devices are highly equipped devices. They help make comparisons between

measurements made by recording the last reading values. These devices, which are used to

make measurements many times during the day, can also give signals with high temperature

alarm mode. Remote thermometers with extremely reliable results in temperature

measurement are among the new generation devices.

5. Glucosemeter

Glucose meters have two basic parts: the enzymatic reaction and the detector. [1] The

enzyme portion of the glucose meter is usually packaged dehydrated in a disposable strip or

reaction cuvette. The glucose in the patient's blood sample rehydrates and reacts with

enzymes to produce a detectable product. Some counters produce an intermediate that can

react with hydrogen peroxide or a dye and cause a color change proportional to the glucose

concentration in the solution. Other counters incorporate enzymes into a biosensor that

produces an electron that is sensed by the counter. There are three main enzymatic

reactions used by current glucose meters: glucose oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase, and

hexokinase. Each enzyme has its own advantages and limitations.

 Figure 5: Glucosemeter

All counters are sensitive to heat and cold because enzymes are proteins that can denature

and inactivate at extreme temperatures. Despite being packaged dry, exposure of enzymes

to moisture can prematurely rehydrate proteins and limit their reactivity when used for

patient testing. Therefore, disposable reagents for glucose meters must be protected from

extremes of temperature and humidity. Such situations can arise when transporting

reagents outside in the heat of summer or cold of winter. Test strips should not be stored for

long periods in closed vehicles and should be protected from rain, snow and other

environmental elements. The detector part of the meter consists of electronics, so it must

also be protected from extremes of temperature, humidity, humidity and the elements.

Many meters now have built-in temperature controls that prevent the meter from being

used outside of acceptable tolerance by blocking patient results or displaying an error code if

ambient temperature and humidity conditions are outside of manufacturer's ranges.

Glucose meters should also not be immersed in water during cleaning and, as with any

electronic device, should be protected from moisture.

Communication Methods

1. Radiolink

Radiolink is a system that communicates between two points with electromagnetic waves.

[3] It is often used in situations where communication is difficult. Thanks to its powerful data

transmission, it can be used successfully even in difficult terrain conditions. The number of

channels can reach from 10 to 1800 and above. Transmission is initiated over these

channels. The speed of radiolinks is variable. It can go up to 10 GHz. There are factors that

cause obstacles in the transmission of radiolink frequencies, such as weather, atmosphere,

and the radius of the earth.

2. VHF (Very High Frequency)

Very high frequency (VHF) is the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves (radio

waves) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz). The VHF band lies in the spectrum between the HF

(High Frequency) and UHF (Ultra High Frequency) bands. [7] Propagation characteristics of

waves in the VHF band short range -

It can be considered ideal for local communication. Since the ionosphere, which reflects the

radio waves in the HF band, does not reflect the radio waves in the VHF band, the

communication for this band is limited locally. Radio waves in the VHF band are used in

applications such as Digital Audio Broadcasting, FM radio broadcasting, television

broadcasting, two-way land mobile radio systems, modems, amateur radio and marine

communications. Also, very high frequency (VHF) radio is one of the most effective forms of

communication when military personnel need a reliable way to transmit messages to each

other and to the base of operations.

3. UHF (Ultra High Frequency)

The frequency range of 300MHz – 3000MHz (or 3GHz) in the electromagnetic wave

spectrum is known as UHF. [8] Wavelength is between 1 and 10 meters. UHF waves are

mostly used for television broadcasting and mobile phones. GSM networks generally use the

900MHz – 1800MHz band. 3G mobile networks use the higher frequencies of the UHF band.

Usually, UHF channels have a higher bandwidth than VHF, so they carry more information.

They are used for television broadcasting, cellular phones, satellite communications

including GPS, personal radio services including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, walkie-talkies, cordless

phones, satellite phones, and many other applications. UHF radio waves cannot go beyond

the horizon, but can penetrate buildings. UHF waves can be attenuated due to multipath

propagation, especially in built-up urban areas. Atmospheric humidity reduces the power of

UHF waves over long distances. UHF TV signals are generally more distorted by moisture

than lower bands such as VHF TV signals. Radio repeaters are used to retransmit UHF signals

when a greater distance than line of sight is required.

Mechanical Design

After researching the medical sensor to be used, I completed the preliminary design of the

system. Due to confidential reasons the detailed design pictures could not used.
Standards to be Considered in the Design and Production of the Product

ISO 13131:2021 Health informatics — Telehealth services — Quality planning guidelines

ISO 9001 Quality Management System

ISO 14001 Environmental Management System

ISO 27001 Information Security Management System

ISO 27701 Personal Data Management System

ISO 13485 Medical Devices Quality Management System

WHO-ITU global standard for accessibility of telehealth services

Conclusion

The internship I did gave me the opportunity to see the Havelsan company and its business

system on site. I learned the perspectives of experienced engineers. I observed their

approach to events and the way they came up with solutions to problems.

Although most of the production processes are carried out by the subcontractors of the

company, I did not have the opportunity to examine the production processes on-site, but I

saw the communication with the production side in the projects and the exchange of ideas

on the changes to be made on the product.

This internship on R&D has provided me with a great opportunity to get to know defense

industry companies and has created the opportunity to learn a lot from my mentor Tolga

Erol and other engineers.

References

[1]“Home,” Mit Engineering. [Online]. Available: https://engineering.mit.edu/engage/ask-an-

engineer/how-do-glucometers-work/. [Accessed: 29-Sep-2022].

[2]“How equipment works,” How Equipment Works. [Online]. Available:

https://www.howequipmentworks.com/pulse_oximeter/. [Accessed: 29-Sep-2022].

[3]“The Radiolink transmitter and receiver range,” RC Geeks. [Online]. Available:

https://www.rcgeeks.co.uk/blogs/news/radiolink-transmitter-receiver-range. [Accessed:
29-Sep-2022].

[4]“How do electrocardiogram machines work?,” Infinium Medical, 08-Jun-2022. [Online].

Available: https://infiniummedical.com/how-do-electrocardiogram-machines-work/.
[Accessed: 29-Sep-2022].

[5]“Digital thermometers, how does a digital thermometer work,” TEGAM, 24-Aug-2020.

[Online]. Available: https://www.tegam.com/how-does-a-digital-thermometer-work/.
[Accessed: 29-Sep-2022].

[6]“Sphygmomanometer,” VEDANTU, 27-Apr-2022. [Online]. Available:

https://www.vedantu.com/physics/sphygmomanometer. [Accessed: 29-Sep-2022].

[7]“Very high frequency (VHF-AM),” NWCG. [Online]. Available:

https://www.nwcg.gov/term/glossary/very-high-frequency-vhf-am. [Accessed: 30-Sep-
2022].

[8]“What is ultra high frequency (UHF)? - definition from Techopedia,” Techopedia.com.

[Online]. Available: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/9811/ultra-high-frequency-
uhf. [Accessed: 30-Sep-2022].