PracticeNo.

Recoffimended

5NT:TC*TA
Personne¡Q,ua¡ ¡fication
a nd Cer tl fi c ati oinn
t-Jondestructlve
Testinff

The AmericanSacietyfor
Testing, Inc.
Nondestrilciive
 ,\d

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Publishedby: The American Societyfor NondestmcüveTesting,lnc.

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ii RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-14(2011)
 FOREWORD
This Recommended kactice establishes the general framework for a qualification and certi.fication program. ln addition, the
document provides recommended educational, experience and training requirements for the different test methods.
Supplementarydocumentsinclude question and answer üsts, which may be used in composing examinations for
nondestructivetesting personnel.

This recommendedpractice is not intended to be used as a strict specification. It is recognized, however, that contracts
rcquire programs, which meet the intent of this document. For such contracts,purchaserand supplier must agreeupon
acceptabilltyof an employer'sprogram.

The verb "should" has been used throughout this document to emphasizethe recommendationpresentedherein. It is the
employer's responsibility to addressspecific needsand to modify these guidelines as appropriate in a y¿rittenpractice. In the
employer's written practice, the ve¡b "shall" is to be used in place of "should" to emphasizethe employ.er'sneeds.

Tlre 2011 Edition of SNT-TC-lAis annotatedso that users of the 2006 edition can quickly and easily locate new and
- updatedmaterial. The vertical lines in the margins of this document indicate that information in the text has been modified
in some way.

Inquiries related to this recommendedpractice shoulclbe directed to the chair of the ,9NZTC-lA Interpret'ationPanel at the
following address:

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing

1711ArlingateLane
PO B ox 28518
Columbus.Ohio 43228-0518

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011) iii
 REUEWco|tlItt,IITTEE

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Mike Allgaier
Alf¡ed Broz
GeneChemma
JamesE. Cox
ü,xH:ifiT;"#ff
Ray Morasse
David Culbertson Ricky Morsan
UtaudeDavis Wlüam Núton, Jr,
Nat Fa¡ansso Matthewpatíence
Karl Fogleman
Darrell Harris
Gary Heath
3i1iil#i#{t
Mark pompe
KeithR. Hott Bob pottei
DanielIrons Thom Schaf'er
MortezaJafari Kirir Smart
Jim Kellv Marvin Trimm
Ron Kruzic Ray Tsukimura
JosephMackin RolandValdes
DaveVisne

t"j$i":, &.EducationCouncit:
Kevin Smith, Chair
I;oran Kishoni, Vice
Chair/Secretarv

iv Recommendedpractíce
SNT_TC_1A
(20f 1)
CONTENTS
Foreword lll

Review Committee lv

Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing

Scope
Definitions
NondestructiveTestinglv{ethods 2
Levels of Qualification
Written Practice ;
Education,Training, and ExperienceRequiren'lents for Initial Qualification :
J
Training Programs J
Examinations 3
Certification 7
TechnicalPerformanceEvaluation 7
InterruptedService 7
Recertification 7
Termination 7
Reinstatement 7
Table6.3.1A: Recommended Initial Trainingand ExperienceLevels ó
Table 6.3.1 B: Initial Training and ExperienceLeveis for NDT Level II
Limited Certifications 9
Table8.3.4:Minimum Numberof ExaminationQuestions l0

Appendix il
Example Questions- NDT Level I and Level II ll
Acoustic EmissionTestingMethod l1
ElectromagneticTestingMethod I2
AlternatingCurrentField MeasurementTechnique t2
Eddy Cunent 13
RemoteField Testing .tJ
Ground PenetratingRadarTestingMethod 1A
T+
Guided WaveTestingMethod 15
Leak TestingMethod 16
Bubble Leak TestinglVlethod 16
HalogenDiode DetectorLeak TestingMethod 17
Mass SpectrometerLeak TestingMethod 18
PressureChangeMeasurementLeak Testing Method 18
Liquid PenetrantTestingMethod r9
Magnetic Flux LeakageTestingMethod 20
Magnetic Particle Testing Method 21
Neutron RadiographicTesting Method 22
Radiological Testing Method 23
RadiographicTesting ¿)
a^
Computed RadiographyTesting Method LA
a^
Computed TomographyTesting Method
Digital RadiographyTesting Method 25
Thermal/Infrared Testing Method 26
Ultrasonic Testing Method 27
PhasedArray 28
Time of Flight Diffraction 28
Vibration AnalysisTestingMethod 29
Visual TestingMethod JU
Answers to ExampleQuestions JL
SNT-TC-I A InterpretationRequestForm J+

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011) v
vi RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-I4 (2011)
 RecommendedPractice No. SNT-TC-í A
PersonnelQualificationand Certificationin
Nondestru ctive Tésting
1.0 Scope
1.1 It is recognizedthat the effectivenessof nondestructivetesting (NDT) applicationsdependsupon the capabili-
ties of the personnelwho are responsiblefor, and perform, NDT. This RecommendedPractice has been pre-
paredto estabiishguidelinesfor the quaiificationand certificationof NDT personnelwhosespecificjobs
requireappropriateknowledge of the technicalprinciples uncierlyingthe ncrndestructive teststhey perform, wit-
ness,monitor,or evaluate.
1.2 This documentprovidesguidelinesfbr the establishmentof a qualification'andcertificationprogram.
I .3 Theseguidelineshave been developedby The American Society for NondestructiveTesting,Inc., to aid
employersin recognizingthe essentialfactorsto be consideredin qualifying personnelengagedin any of the
NDT methodslisted in Section3.
1.4 It is recognizedthat theseguidelinesmay not be appropriatefor certainemployers'circumstancesand/or appli-
cations.In developinga written practiceas requiredin Section5. the employer should review the detailedrec-
ommendationspresentedherein and modify therl, as necessary,to meet particularneeds.Such modification
may alter but shali not eliminatebasicprovisionsof the program such as training, experience,testing and recer-
tification. Supportingtechnicalrationalefor modification of detailedrecommendationsshouldbe provided in
an Annex to the written practice.

2.0 Definitions
2.1 Termsincluded in this documentare defined as follows:
2.1.1 Centification: written testimonyof qualífication.
2.1.2 Certifying Authority: the personor personsproperly designatedin the written practiceto sign certifi-
cationson behalf of the employer.
2.1.3 Certifying Agency: the employerof the personnelbeing certified.
2.1.4 Closed Book Exarnination: an examinationadministeredwithout accessto referencematerialexcept
for materialssupplied with or in the examination(See 8.7).
2.1.5 Comparable: being at an equivalentor similar level of NDT responsibiiityand difñculty as determined
by the employer'sNDT Level III.
2.1.6 Documented: the condition of being in r¡,rittenform.
2.1.'7 Employer: the corporate,private,or pubiic entity, which employs personnelfor wages,salary,fees,or
other considerations.
2.1.8 Experience: work activitiesaccomplishedin a specificNDT method under the direction of qualified
supervision including the performanceof the NDT method and related activities but not inciuding time
spentin organizedtraining programs.
2.1.9 Grading Unit: A Qualification Specimencan be divided into sectionscalled gradingunits, which do
not have to be equal length or be equally spaced.Grading units are unflawed or flawed and the percent-
age of flawed/unflawedgradingunits requiredshould be approvedby the NDT Level IIL
2.1.10 Limited Certification: nondestructivetest methodsmay be further subdividedinto limited disciplines
or techniquesto meet specificemployer'sneeds;theseare NDT Level II certifications,but to a limited
scope.
2.1.11 Nondestructive Testing: a processthat involves the inspection.testing.or evaluationof materials,
componentsand assembliesfor materials' discontinuities, properties and machine problems without fur-
ther impairing or destroying the paÍ's serviceability. Throughout this document the term NDT applies
equally to the NDT inspection methods used for material inspection, flaw detecúon or predictive main-
tenance(PdM) applications.
2.1.12 Outside Agency: a companyor individual who providesNDT Level III servicesand whosequalifica-
tions to provide these serviceshave been reviewed by the employer engaging the company or individ-
ual.
2.1.13 Qualification: demonstratedskill, demonstratedknowledge, documented training, and documented
experiencerequired for personnel to properly perform the duties of a specific job.
2.1.14 Recommended Practice: a set of guidelinesto assistthe employer in developinguniform procedures
for the qualification and certification of NDT personnel to satisfy the employer's specific requirements.
2.1.15 Technique: A categorywithin an NDT method; for example,ultrasonicthicknesstesting.

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011) 1
 2.1.16 Tfaining: an organizedprogram developed to impart the knowledge and skills necessaryfor
qualification.
2.1.17 Written Practice: a written procedure developed by the employer that details the requirements for
qualification and certification of their employees.

3.0 NondestructiveTestingMethods
3.1 Qualification and cerlification of NDT personnel in accordancewith this Recommendedhactice is applicable
to each of the following methods:
Acoustic Emission Testing
Elechomagnetic Testing
Ground PenetratingRadar
Guided Wave Testing
Laser Testing Methods
Leak Testing
Liquid PenetrantTesting
Magnetic Flux Leakage
Magnetic Particle Testing
Neutron Radiographic Testing
Radiological Testing
ThermaVlnfrared Testing
Ultrasonic Testing
Vibration Analysis
Visual Testine

4.0 Levels of Qualification

4.L There are threebasic levels of qualification.The employer may subdividetheselevels for situationswhere
additional levels are deemednecessaryfor specific skills and responsibilities.
4.2 Whiie in the processof being initially trained,qualified, and certified, an individual should be considereda
trainee.A trainee should work with a certified individual. The trainee should not independently conduct, inter-
pret, evaluate,or report the results of any NDT test.
4.3 The th¡ee basic levels of qualification ¿ueas follows:
4.3.1 NDT Level I. An NDT Level I individual should be qualified to properly perform specific calibrations,
specific NDT, and specific evaluations for acceptanceor rejection determinations according to written
instructions and to record results. The NDT Level I should receive the necessaryinstruction and super-
vision from a ce¡tifiedNDT Level II orJII individual.
4.3.2 NDT Level II. An NDT Level II individual should be qualified to set up and calibrateequipmentand to
interpret and evaluate results with respect to applicable codes, standards,and specificalions. The NDT
Level II should be thoroughly familiar with the scope and limitations of the methods for which quali-
fied and sbould exercise assignedresponsibility for on-the-job training and guidance of trainees and
NDT Level I personnel.The NDT Level II should be able to organize and report the results of NDT
tests.
4.3.3 NDT Level IIL An NDT Level III individual should be capable of developing, qualifying, and approv-
ing procedures,establishing and approving techniques,interpreting codes, standards,specifications, and
procedures;and designating the particular NDT methods, techniques,and proceduresto be used. The
NDT Level III should be responsible for the NDT operations for which qualiñed and assignedand
should be capable of interpreting and evaluating results in terms of existing codes, standards,and speci-
fications. The NDT Level III should have sufficient practical background in applicable materials, fabri-
cation, and product technology to establish techniques and to assist in establishi.ngacceptancecriteria
when none are otherwise available. The NDT Level trI should have general famiüarity with other
appropriateNDT methods, as demonstratedby an ASNT Level III Basic examination or other means.
The NDT Level III, in the methods in which certified, should be capable of training and examining .
NDT Level I and II Dersonnelfor certification in those methods.

5.0 Written Practice

5.1 The employer shall establish a written practice for the control and administration of NDT personnel training,
examination, and certifi cation.
5.2 The employer's written practice should describe the responsibility of each level of certification for determining
the acceptabiliryof materials or components in accordancewith the applicable codes, standards,specifications,
and procedures.

2 RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-14(2011)
 5.3 The employer's written practice should describe üe training,experience, and examination requirements for
each level ofcertification by method and technique, as applicable.
5.4 The employer's written practice should identify the test techniqueswithin each test rneüod applicable to its
scopeof operations.
5.5 The employer's written practice shall be reviewed and approved by the employers NDT Level III.
5.6 The employer'swritten practiceshali be maintainedon file.

6.0 Education, Thaining, and Experience Requirements for Initial Qualification

6.1 Candidatesfor certification in NDT should have sufficient education, training, and experienceto ensure qualifi-
cation in those NDT methods in which they are being consideredfor certification. Documentation of prior cer-
tification may be usedby an employer as evidenceof qualificationfor comparablelevels of certification.
6.2 Documentedtraining andior experiencegainedin positionsand activitiescomparableto thoseof Levels I, II,
and/or III prior to establishmentof the employer'swritten practicemay be consideredin satisfyingthe criteria
of Section6.3.
6.3 To be consideredfor certification,a candidateshould satisfy one of the foilowing criteriafor the applicable
NDT level:
6.3.1 NDT LevelsI and II
Table 6.3.1A lists the recommendedtraining and experierrcehours to be consideredby thq employer in
establishingwritten practicesfor initial qualificationof NDT Level I and Level II individuals.
Table 6.3.1 B lists initial training and experiencehours which may be consideredby the employer fbr
specific limited applicationsas defined in the employer'swritten practice.
Limited certificationsshould apply to individualswho do not meet the full training and experienceof
Table 6.3.l A. Limjted certificationsissueclin any methpd should be approvedby the NDT Level III
and documentedin the certificati<lnrecords,
6.3.2 NDT Level III
6.3.2.1 Have grzrduated from a minimum four-yearcollegeor university curriculum with a degreein
engineeringor science,plus one additionalyear of experiencebeyond the NDT Level II
requirementsin NDT in an assignmentat lsast comparableto that of an NDT Level Il in the
applicableNDT method(s),or:
6.3.2.2 Have completedwith passinggradesat leasttrvo vearsof engineeringor sciencestudy at a uni-
versity,college,or technicalschool,plus two additionalyearsof experiencebeyond the NDT
Levei II requirementsin IttDT in an assignmentat leastcomparableto that of NDT Level II in
the applicableNDT method(s),or:
6.3.2.3 Have four yearsexperiencebeyr:ndthe NDT Level II requirernentsin NDT in an assignmentat
leastcomparableto that of an NDT Level II in the applicableNDT method(s).

The aboveNDT Level III requirementsmay be partially replacedby experienceas a certified NDT
Level II or by assignmentsat least comparableto NDT Level II as defined in the employer's written
practlce.

7.0 Training Frograms

7 .l Personnelbeing consideredfor initial certificationshould completesufñcient organizedtraining. The orgánized
training may include instructoried training, self-study,virtual instructorled training, computerbasedtraining
or web basedtraining. Computerbasedtraining and web basedtraining should track hours and contentof train-
ing with studentexaminationsin accordancewith7.2. The sufficiently organizedtraining shall be such as to
ensure the student is thoroughly familiar with the principles and practices of the specified NDT method related
to the level of certification desired and applicable to the processesto be used and the products to be tested.All
training programs should be approved by the responsibleNDT Level III.
7.2 The training program should include suffrcient examinations to ensure understanding of the necessaryinformation.
7.3 Recommendedtraining course outlines and referencesfor NDT Levels I. II, and III personnel, which may be
used as technical sourcematerial, are contained in A1/S1/ASNTCP-105 - Topical Outlinesfor Qualification of
N ondestructive Testing Personnel.
7.4 The employer who purchasesoutside training servicesis responsiblefor assuring that such services meet the
requirementsof the employer's written practice.

8.0 Examinations
8.1 Administration and Grading
8.1.1 An NDT Level III should be responsiblefor the administration and grading of examinations specified
in Section 8.3 through 8.8 for NDT Level i,II, or other Level III personnel.The administration and

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-14(2011) 3
 grading of examinations may be delegatedto a qualified representativeof the NDT Level III and so
recorded. A qualifred representative of the employer may perform the actual administration and grading
of NDT Level III examinations specified in 8.8.
8.1.1.1 To be designatedas a qualified representativeof the NDT Level III for the adminisEation and
grading of NDT Level I and Level II personnel qualification examinations, üe designee
should have documented,appropriate instruction by the responsible NDT Level III in the
proper administration and grading of qualification examinations prior to conducting and grad-
ing independentqualification examinations for NDT personnel.Additionally, the Practical
exam should be administeredby a person certified in the applicable NDT method as NDT
Level II or III.
8.1.2 For NDT Level I and Il personnel,a composite grade should be determined by simple averaging of the
results of the general, specific, and practical examinations describedbelow. For NDT Level III person-
nel, the composite grade should be determined by simple averáging of the results of the basic, method,
and specific examinations describedbelow.
8.1.3 Examinations administeredby the employer for qualification should result in á passing composite grade
of at least 80 percent, with no individual examination having a passing grade less than 70 percent.
8.1.4 When an examination is administered and graded for the employer by an outside agency and the out-
side agency issues gradesof pass or fail only, on a certified report, then the ernployer may accept the
passgrade as 80 percent for that particular examination.
8.1.5 The employer who purchasesoutsideservicesis responsiblefor ensuringthat the examinationservices
meet the requirements of the employer's written practice.
8.1.6 In no caseshould an examinationbe administeredby one's self or by a subordinate.
8.2 Vision Examinations
8.2.1 Near-Vision Acuity. The examination should ensure natural or corrected neá¡-distanceacuity in at least
one eye such that the applicant is capable of reading a minimum of JaegerNumber 2 or equivalent type
and size letter at the distancedesignatedon the char1but not less than 12 inches(30.5 cm) on a stan-
dard Jaegertest chart. The ability to perceive an Ortho-Rater minimum of 8 or similar test pattern is
also acceptable.This shouldbe administeredannually.
8.2.2 Color ContrastDifferentiation.The examinationshould demonstratethe capability of distinguishing
and differentiating contrast among colors or shadesof gray used in the method as determined by the
employer. This should be conducted upon initial certification and at five-year intervals thereafter.
8.2.3 Vision examinationsexpire on the last day of the month of expiration.
8.3 General (Written - for NDT Levels I and II)
8.3.1 The generalexaminationsshould addressthe basic principlesof the applicablemethod.
8.3.2 In preparing the examinations, the NDT Level III should select or devise appropriate questionscover-
ing the appiicable method to the degreerequired by the employer's written practice.
8.3.3 Seethe Appendix for examplequestions.
8.3.4 The minimum number of questionsthat should be given is shown in Table 8.3.4.
8.4 Speciñc (Written - for NDT Levels I and II)
8.4.1 The specificexaminationshould addressthe equipment,operatingprocedures,and NDT techniques
that the individual may encounter during specific assignmentsto the degree required by the employer's
written practice.
8.4.2 The specific examination should also cover the specifications or codes and acceptancecriteria used in
the employer's NDT procedures.
8.4.3 The minimum number of questions that should be given is shown in Table 8.3.4.
8.5 Practical (for NDT Level I and II)
8.5.1 The candidate should demonstratefamiliarity with and ability to operate the necessaryNDT equipment,
record, and analyze the resultant information to the degree required.
8.5.2 At least one flawed specimenor component should be tested and the results of the NDT analyzed by
the candidate.
8.5.3 The description of the specimen,the NDT procedure, including check points, and the results of the
exami¡ation should be documented.
8.5.4 NDT Level I Practical Examination. Proficiency should be demonstratedin performing the applicable
NDT on one or more specimensor machine problems approved by the NDT Level III and in evaluating
the results to the degree of responsibility as described in the employer's written practice. At least ten
(10) different checkpoints requiring an understandingof test va¡iables and the employer's procedural
requirementsshould be included ia this practical examination. The candidate should detect all disconti-
nuities and conditions speciñed by the NDT Level III.

4 BecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-14(2011)
 Note: While it is normal to score the pracücal on a percentile basis, practical examinations should con-
tain check points that failure to successfullycompleté will result in failure of the examination.
8.5.5 NDT Level II Practical Examination. Proficiency should be demonstratedin selecting and performing
the applicable NDT technique within the method and interpreting and evaluating the results on orie or
more specimensor machine problems approved by the NDT Level III. At least ten (10) different check-
points requiring an understandingof NDT variables and the employer's procedural requirements should
be included in this practical examination. The candidate should detect all discontinuities and conditions
specified by the NDT Level III.
Note: While it is normal to score the practical on a percentile basis, practical examinations should con-
tain checkpoints that failure to successfullycompletewill result in failure of thg eiamination.
8.6 Sample questionsfor general examinationsare presentedin the separatequestion booklets that can be obtained
from ASNT Headquarters.These questionsare intended as examples only and should not be used verbatim for
qualificationexaminations.The following is a list of the bookiets:

TestMethod QuestionBooklets

Acoustic EmissionTesting G
ElectromagneticTesting E
l. AlternatingCurent Field Measurement EA
2.Eddy Current EE
3. RemoteField Testing ER
Ground PenetratingRadar GP*
GuidedWave Testing GW*
Laser Testing
1. Profilornetry LP'K
2. Holography/Shearography LH'l'
Leak Testing
1. BubbleTest HB
2. PressureChangeMeasurement HP
3. HalogenDiode Leak Test HH
4. Mass SpectrometerTest HM
Liquid PenetrantTesting D
MagneticFlux LeakageTesting MF*
Magnetic Particle Testing B
Neutron Radiographic Testing F
Radiological Radiographic Testing
l. RadiographicTesting A
2. Computed Radiography Testing Aú{x
3. ComputedTomographyTesting AB*
4. Digital RadiographyTesting AC*
Thermal/Infrared Testing J,r,
[Ilt¡asonic Testing C
Vibration Analysis K*
Visual Testins I
* In course ofpreparation

8.7 Additional Written, Specific and Practical Examination Criteria

8.7.1 NDT Level I. II. and III Written Examinations
8.7.1.1 All NDT Level I, Ii, and III written examinationsshould be closed-bookexceptthat necessary
data,such as graphs,tables,specifications,procedures,codes,etc., may be provided with or in
the examination. Questions utilizing such reference materials should require an understanding
of the information rather than merely locating the appropriate answer.All questions used for
NDT Level I and Level II examinations should be approved by the responsible NDT Level III.

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-14(2011) 5
 8.7.1.2 A valid endorsementon an ACCP Level,II certificate fulfills the corresponding examination
criteria describedin paragraphs8.3 and 8.5 for each applicable NDT method.
8.7.1.3 A valid ASNT NDT Level II certiñcate may be acceptedby the employer's written practice as
fulfi.lling the General examination criteria described in paragraph 8.3 for each applicable
method.
8.7.2 NDT Level I and II Specific Examinations
8.7.2.1 The employer may delete the specific examination if the candidatehas a valid ACCP or ASNT
NDT Level II certificate in the method/industrial sector and if documented experience exists to
permit such.
8.7.3 P¡actical Examinations
8.7.3.1, Successfulcompletion of an ACCP Level II general hands-onpractical examination may be
conside¡edas fulfilling the requirementsof paragraph8.5.
8.7.3.2 For the Film lnterpretation Limited Certification, the Practical Examination should consist of
review and grading of at least 20 images.
8.7.3.3 PhasedArray and Time of Flight Diffraction kactical Examination. Flawed samplesused for
practical examinations should be representativeof the componentsand/or configurations that
the candidateswould be testing under this endorsementand approved by the NDT Level III.
8.7.4 The NDT Level III is responsibleto ensurethat if the-ACCP and ASNT NDT Level II specific and
practical examinations are used by the employer, as stated in 8.7.2 aid 8.7.3.1, the requirements of
8.4.1,8.4.2and 8.5.5are satisfied.
8.8 NDT/PdM Level III Examinations
8.8.1 BasicExaminations
8.8.1.1 NDT Basic Examination(requiredonly onee when more than one method examinationis
taken).The minimum numberof questionsthat shouldbe given is'as follows:
8.8.1.1.1 Fifteen (15) questionsrelating to understandingthe SNT-TC-IA document
8.8.1.1.2 Twenty (20) questionsrelating to appiicablematerials,fabrication,and product tech-
norogy.
8 .8.1.1.3 Twenty (20) questionsthat are sinilar to published NDT Level II questions for other
appropriateNDT methods.
8.8.1.2 PdM Basic Examination (required only' once when more than one method examination is
taken). The minimum number of questions that should be given is as follows:
8.8.1.2.1 Fifteen (15) questionsrelating to understandingthe SNT-TC-lA document.
8.8.1.2.2 Twenty (20) questionsrelating to applicablemachinerytechnology.
8.8.1.2.3 Thirty (30) questionsthat a¡e similar to publishedNDT Level II questionsfor other
appropriatePdM methods.
8.8.2 Method Examination(for eachmethod).
8.8.2.1 Thirty (30) questionsrelatingto fundamentalsand principlesthat are similar to pubiished
ASNT NDT Level III questionsfor eachmethod, and
8.8.2.2 Fifteen (15) questionsrelating to applicationand establishmentof techniquesand procedures
that are similar to the published ASNT NDT Level III questionsfor each method, and
8.8.2.3 Twenty (20) questionsrelating to capability for interpreting codes, standards,and specifications
relating to the method.
8.8.3 Specific Examination (for each method).
8.8.3.1 Twenty (20) questionsrelating to specifications, equipment, techniques,and procedures appli-
cable to the employer's product(s) and methods employed and to the administration of the
employer's written practice.
8.8.3.2 The employer may delete the specific examination if the candidatehas a valid ASNT NDT
Level III or ACCP ProfessionalLevel III certificate in the method and if documented evidence
of experienceexists, including the preparation of NDT proceduresto codes, standards,or spec-
ifications and the evaluation of test results.
8.8.4 A valid endorsementon an ASNT NDT Level III certiñcate fulfills the examination criteria described
in 8.8.1 and 8.8.2 for eachapplicableNDT method.
8.8.5 A valid endorsementof an ACCP ProfessionalLevel III certificate fulfills the examination criteria
describedin 8.8.1 and 8.8.2 for each applicable NDT method-
8.9 Reexamination
Those failing to attain the required gradesshould wait at least üirty (30) days or receive suitable additional
training as determined by the NDT Level III before reexamination.

6 RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011)
9.0 Certification
9.1 Certification of all NDT Levels of NDT personnel is the respónsibility of the employer.
9.2 Certification of NDT personnel should be basedon demonstration of satisfactory qualiñcation in accordance
with Sections6 ,7 , and 8 , as describedin the employer's written practice.
9.3 At the option of the employer,an outsideagencymay be engagedto provide NDT Level III services.In such
instances,the responsibility of certification of the employees should be retained by the employer.
9.4 Personnelcertification records should be maintained on file by the employer for the duration specified in the
employerswritten practiceand should include the fbllowing:
9.4.1 Name of certified individual.
9.4.2 Level of certificationand NDT method.
9.4.3 Educationalbackgroundand experienceof certified individuais.
9.4.4 Statementindicating satisf'actorycompletionof training in accordancewith the employer'swritten
practice.
9.4.5 Resultsof the vision examinationsprescribedin 8.2 for the currentcertificationperiod.
9.4.6 Currentexaminationcopy(ies)or evidenceof successfulcompletionof examinatións.
9.4.7 Other suitableevidenceof satisfactoryqualificationswhen such qualificationsa¡e used in lieu of the
specificexaminationprescribedin 8.8.3.2or as prescribed_inthe employer'swritten practice.
9.4.8 Compositegrade(s)or suitableevidenceof grades.
9 .4.9 Signatureof the NDT Level III that verified qualificationsof candidatefor certification.
9.4.10 Datesof certificationand/orreceftificationand the datesof assignmenfsto NDT.
9.4.11 Certificationexpirationdate.
9.4.12 Signatureof employer'scertifyingauthorit,v.

10.0 Technical Performance Evaluation

10.1 NDT personnelmay be reexaminedany time at the discretionof the employer and have their certificates
extendedor revoked.
10.2 Periodically,as definedin the employer'swritten practice.NDT l-evel I and II personnelshould be reevaiuated
by the NDT l,evel III administeringa practicalexamination.The practicalexaminalionshould fbliow the for-
mat and guidelinesdescribedin section8.-5.

11.0 Interrupted Service

I I .1 The employer'slvritten practiceshould include rules covering the rypesand duration of intemrptedservicethat
requiresreexaminationand recenificat.ion.
ll .2 The written practiceshould specify the requirementsfor reexaminationanrVorrecertif,rcation for the intenupted
service.

12.0 Recertification
12.1 All levels of NDT personnelshall be recertifiedperiodically in accordancewith one of the following criteria:
12.1.1 Evidenceof continuing satisfactorytechnicalperformance.
12.1.2 Reexaminationin thoseportionsof the examinationsin Section8 deemednecessaryby the employer's
NDT Level IIi.
12.2 The recommendedmaximum recertification intervals are 5 years for all certification levels. Certifications
expire on the last day of the month of expiration.

13.0 Termination
13.1 The employer'scertificationshall be deemedrevoked when employmentis terminated.
13.2 An NDT Level I, Level II, or Level III lvhose certification has been terminated may be certified to the former
NDT level by a new employer basedon examination,as describedin Section8, provided all of the following
conditionsare met to the new employer'ssatisfaction:
13.2.1 The employeehas proof of prior certification.
13.2.2 The employee was working in the capacity to which certified within six (6) months of termination.
13.2.3 The employee is being recertified within six (6) months of termination.
13.2.4 Pnor to being examined for certification, employees not meeting the above requirementsshould receive
additional training as deemedappropriate by the NDT Level III.

14.0 Reinstatement
14.1 An NDT Level I. Level Ii. or Level III whose certification has been terminated may be reinstatedto the former
NDT level, without a new examination, provided all of the following conditions are met:
14.1.1 The employerhas maintainedthe personnelcertificationrecordsrequiredin section9.4.
14.I.2 The employee'scertificationdid not expire during termination.
14.1.3 The employeeis being reinstatedwithin six (6) nonths of termination.

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011) 7
 Table6.3.1A: RecommendedInitialTrainingand ExperienceLevels

Examination Training Experience

NDT Level fsghnique Minim'm Hours Totál llours iri
Metlod Hours
i¡Method NDT
I 4A 210 400
AcousticEmission
l.l q OJU 1208
I 40 210 400
AC Field Measurement
ü 40 630 r200
f 4[) 2"t0 400
Electromagnetic Eddy Current
II 40 630 1200
I 40 2t0 ¿l'00
Remote Field
ü 40 630 1200
Ground Penetrating 8 60 t20
Radar ü ')ñ 420 800
I 4 240 460
GuidedWave
II 40 24 460
I
Profilometry
8- 70 r30
il 24 t4D 260
Laser Methods
Holography/ q 210 400
u Shearography N 630 12ñ
I 2 J Á
BubbleTesting
II 4 35 65
24 105 200
PressureChange
l6 2E0 520
Leak Testing
l2 105 200
Halogen Diode
U B 280 520
48 280 520
Mass Spectrometer
ü 24 420 800
A
70 130
Liquid Penetrant
ü 8 I4t) 270
to 70 130
Magnetic trlux Leakage
T 12 2t0 400
L2 70 130
Magnetic Particle
I] 8 210 400
28 420 800
Neufron Radiography
TI .+r0 1680 2400
I Q 210 400
Radiographic
l1 4A ó30 1200
I Computed 40 210 400
Il Radiography 40 630 1200
R¿diological
I Computed 40 210 400
II Tomography 40 630 1200
I Digital N ¿ tu 4N
I Radiography 40 ó30 12ffi
¡ az 210 400
Therm¡Vlnfrared
u 34 12ffi l 800
I 40 210 400
fl 40 630 1200
Ultrasonics Time of Flight
II 40 t60 nJa
Diffraction
II Phased A¡¡ay 80 160 nla
I 1A
420 800
Yibration Analysis
ll 1t 1680 2M
8 130
Vis!¡al
II l6 140 270

Notes:
1.0 For NDT Level II certification, the experience should consist of time at NDT Level I or equivalent. If a person is being qualifred directly to NDT
Level II wiü no time at NDT Level I, the experience Ooth Method and Total NDT) should consist of the sum of the hours for NDT Level I and
Level II and the trainine should consist of the sum of the hours for NDT l-evel I and Level tr.

8 RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011)
2.0 Fo¡ NDT Level III certiñcation, the experience should consist of the sum of the hou¡s for NDT Level l and kvel ll, plus tt¡e additional time in 6.3.2
as applicable. The formal training should consist of the NDT Level I and l¡vel II faining, plus any additional formal training as defined in the
employer's written practice.
3.0 Listedtraininghoursmaybeadjustedasdescribedintheemployer'swrittenpracticedependingonthecandidate'sactualeducationlevel,e.g.gram-
mar school, college graduate in engineering, etc.
4.0 Trainingshouldbeoutlinedintheemployer'swrittenpractice.MagneticParticletraininghoursmaybecountedtowardsMagneticFluxl.eakage
training hours as defined in employer's written practice.
5.0 If an individual is currently certified in an ET technique and a full course format was used to meet the initial qualifications in that technique, the
minimum training hours to qualify in another ET technique at the same NDT Level may be reduced up to 40 pe¡cent if so defined in the employer's
written practice. If an individual is certified in an ET technique, the minimum experiencé to qualify for another ET technique at the same level or to
the next level may be reduced by up to 50 percent if so defined in the employer's written practice.
6.0 While fulfilling total NDT experience requirement, experience may be gained in more than one (l) method. however, the minimum hours must be
met for each method.
7.0 If an individual is currently certified in a Radiological technique and a full course format was used to meet the initial qualifications in that technique,
the minimum additional training hours to qualify in another technique at the sane level should be 24 hours (of which at least l6 hours should be
equipment farniliarization). The training outline should be as defined in the employer's written practice. If an indivldualis certified in a technique.
the minimum additional experience required to qual.ify for another techn.iqueat the s¿rmelevel should be 24 hours, as defil¡ed in the employer's writ-
ten practice.
8.0 Time of Flight Diffraction and PhasedArray requires completion of Level I and II Ulrasonic Testing training and eiperience as prerequisites.

Table6.3.1B: lnitialTrainingand ExperienceLevelsfor NDTLevelll

Limited Certifications
Minimum Work
Examination Limited Technician's Formal
Experiencein Method
Method Certification Starting Point Training (Hours)
Film Non-Radiographer
40 2201
Radiographic lntemretation
Film
RT Level I .A 2201
Intemretalion
Digital Thickness
Measurement
Trainee 8 40
(numericoutput
Ultrasonics
only)
A-scanThickness
Trainee 1A
175
Measurement

1 - Requirespracticalreviewof 1000radiographs.

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011) 9
 Table8.3.4:MinimumNumberof 'ExaminationQuestions
General Specifrc
Method
Level I Level II Level I Level II
AcousticEmissionTesti¡e 4 4A 20 2A
ElectromagneticTesting:
AltematingCunentField Measurement 40 40 20 20
EddyCurrent 40 40 20 20
Remote Field Testine 30 30 20 20
Ground Penetratine Radar 30 q 2A 2A
GuidedWave N 40 2A 20
LeakTestine:
BubbleTest 20 20 l) 15
Leak Test(Pressure
AbsolutePressure Change) 20- z0 t5 15
Haloeen Diode Leak Test 20 20 l5 15
MassSpectrometer
LeakTesf 20 20 20 40
Magnetic Flux Leakage 20 )(l z0
Magnetic Particle Testing 40 40 2A
Neutron RadiographyTesti¡g 40 4A 20 z0
Penetrant
Testine 40 40 20 20
RadiologicalTesting:
Radíography
Testing 40 40 20 20
Radiographic
Film Inlerpretation-
N 20
Non-Radiographer
RadiographicFilm Interpretation -
JO 15
Radiographer(Certified RT NDT Level I)
CompuüedRadiography Teqting 40 40 20 20
ComputedTomosraphy Testing 40 40 2A 20
Digital Radiography Testing 40 40 20 2A
Thermal/lnfraredTestins 40 40 20 20
Ultrasonic Testing: 4A 40 20 2A
Time of Flight Diffraction 30
PhasedArray 30
Digital ThicknessMeasurement
20 10
(numericoutputonly)
A-scan ThicknessMeasurement 30 L5
Vibration Analvsis 40 40 20 60
Visual Testing 40 40 20 20

PracticeSNT-TC-14(2011)
10 Recommended
 APPENDIX
ExampleQuestions
Level I and Level ll
The purpose of this appendix is to provide a guideline for the preparation
of the General, Level I and kvel II written
examinations.Extensive examplesof representativequestionsloid"gr"r
of difficulty, type, etc., are_-
p-"iárJ;n'rü""
question booklets, which can be obtained from ASNT Headquarters.
Th"r. questions are intended as examplesonly and
should not be usedverbatimfor qualificationexaminations.

Note: All questionsand answersshould be referencedto a recognizedsource.

AcousticEmissionTestingMethod
Level I

I. A qualitativedescr.iptionof the sustainedsignallevel produce<lby rapidiy

occurring acóusticemissioneventsis tire
accepteddefinition for;
a. burst emission
b. acousticemissionsignature
c. acousticemissionsignal
d. continuousemission

2. Attenuationof a wave is bestdefuredby which statement?

a. a decreasein frequencywith distancetraveled
b. a dec¡easein amplitude with distancetraveled
c. a decreasein wave speedwith distancetraveled
d. a changein direction as a function of time

The numberof times the acousricemissionsignal exceedsa presetthreshold

during any selectedportion of a test is
called the:
a. acousticemissionresponse
b. acousticemissioncount
c. acousticemissioncount rate
d. acousticemissionenergy

Level II
1
l- when detecting impulsive acoustic emission signals on large objects, the peak
of the signals normally decreaseswith
increasing distancefrom the source.This alte¡ation, depenáentón distance,
must be explained by:
a. absorption:i.e., the elasticpulse graduallyconvertsinto heat
b. dispersion:i.e., the pulse graduallyspreadsout in time becausethe different
waves involved travel with
different velocities
c. the geometricfactors:i.e., the energyin the pulse is distributed into ever-larger
volumes
d. all ofthe above

2. which of the following factors will tend to produce low-amplitude acoustic emission
responseduring a tensile test?
a. low temperature
b. high strain rate
c. plasüc deformation
d. crack propagation

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(20i1) 11
3. The Kaisereffectis:
a. valid only whentestingcomposites
b. a physicallaw of natureüat is neverviolated
c. not appücablewhen an rrns recordingis being made
d. the absence ofdetectableacousticemissionuntil previouslyappliedstresslevelsareexceeded

Electromagnet¡c
TestingMethod
AlternatingCurrentField MeasurementTechnique
Level I

1. What is the medium between an ACFM probe and a metal surface when operating in air? '
a. an electric current
b. atu
c. magneticfield
d. none of the above

2. For which of the following inspection requirementscould you not normally use ACFM for ¿efect detection?
a. fatigue c¡acks in welded joints of high strength steel
b. subsurfacecracks in welded joints of mild steel
c. inspection for cracks in a weld of high strength steel under paint coating
d. surface fatigue in mild steel welds

3. A fatigue crack perpendicular to the induced current will cause the induced current to:
a. dispersefrom the central area of the crack and concentratearound the ends
b. dispersefrom üe ends ofthe crack and concentratein the central area
c. stop flowing in the part
d. inc¡easein velocity

Level II

1. During an ACFM weld inspection, the measurementof crack depth requires the followi¡g information:
a. the frequencyofthe inspection
b. the length ofthe crack
c. the depth of penerrarionof the AC field
d. all ofthe above

2. What effect would you expect if the coils in an ACFII4 probe were smaller and closer together?
a. no effect
b. improved detecüon of smaller defects
c. improved sizing on larger defects
d. improved signal to noise ration

3. The Bx magnetic field can best be described as:

a. parallel to the plate surface and perpendicular to the current flow
b. perpendicularto the weld
c. parallel to the plate surface and parallel to the cu¡rent flow
d. perpendicular to the plate surface and parallel to the current flow

PracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011)
12 Flecommended
 Eddy Current '
Level I

1. The impedanceof an eddycunenttestcoil will increaseif the:

a. testfrequencyincreases
b, inductivereactance of thecoil decreases
c, inductanceof the coil decreases
d. resistanceof thecoil decreases
Z. Which of the following testfrequencies
wouldproduceeddycunentswith the largesf.depthof penetration?
a. 100Hz
b. l0 kHz
c. l MHz
d. l0 MHz

3. To generatemeasurableeddy currents in a test specimen,the specimen must be:

a. a conductor
b. an insulator
c. either a conductoror an insularor .
d. a ferromagnetic material

Level II

1' The fill factor when a 1.26 cm (0,5 in.) diameterbar is insertedin a2.54 cm (l in.) diametercoil is;
a. 0.5 (50 percent)
b. 0.75 (75 percent)
c. 1.0 (100 percenr)
d. 0.25 (25 percent)

2- If the characteristicfrequency (fr) of a material is 125 Hz, the test frequency required to give an f/f, ratio of l0
would be:
a. 1. 25H z
b. 125 Hz
c. 1.25kÍlz
d. 12.5kJIz

3. For age-hardenedaluminum and titanium alloys, changesin hardnessare indicated by changesin;

a. retentivity
b. permeability
c. conductivify
d. magnetostriction

RemoteFieldTesting
Level I

1. The dominantelectromagneticenergydistributionprocessin RFT is saidto be:

a. reflectedimpedance
b, through-transmission
c. piezoelectricenergyconversion
d. magneticmotive force

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011) 13
 2. In a properly designedRFT probe, the detector coil is positioned in the:
a. di¡ect field zone
b. transition zone
c. remote field zone
d. junction between remote field zone and transition zone

3. The zone next to the "near zone" is called the:

a. transitionzone
b. normal zone
c. nearfield extensionzone
d. remote field zone

Level II

1 .I nt her em ot ef i e l d z o n e w i th d i S ta n c e th e magneti cfi el ddi stri buti ondecays:

a. linearly
b. exponentially
c. iogarithmicaliy
d. an then increaseswith distance

Z. The exciter and the receiver coil/coils in a remote field probe are separatedby a distance greater than _ the
tube diameter.
a. twice
b. threetimes
c. the same
d. none ofthe above

3. Frequenciesselectedfor RFT inspection are:

a. higher than used in Eddy Cunent
b. lower than usedin Eddy Cunent
c. carefully selectedand must never be changedduring an inspection
d. none ofthe above

Ground PenetratingRadarTesting Method

Level I

1. The most common form of GPR measurementis:

a. using a single transceiver device similar to equipment used in shear wave UT
b. by deploying a transmitter a¡d a receiver in fixed geometry over the surface
c. microwave propagation through a constant time vector
d. inspection for landmines

2. What a¡e the key wave field properties for GPR?

a. üme, distance and velocity
b. reflection, refraction and direction of travel
c. velocity, attenuation and EM impedance
d. antennasize, shape and angle of incidence

3. Electromagneticwaves separateinto two independentcomponents.What are they?

a. transverseelectric field and transversemagaetic field
b. resolution zone and refraction zone
c. high impedance and low impedance
d. focused energy and attenuation

PracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011)
14 Recommended
Level II

1. The ratio of the largest receivable signal and the minimal detectablesignal is called the:
a. system detection factor.
b. peak performanceratio.
c. dynamic range.
d. maximum depth of detection.

2. What is gating?
a. A methodof expandingthe depth of penetrationby viewing only a portion of the total signai.
b. The ability to control the shapeof the transmitted signal.
c. A methodof reducingthe signal bandwidth.
d. Timing the tlansmit and receiversignalsto avoid detrimentaleffects from strdngsignals.

3. Why is dewowing important?

a. It acts as a biomonitor.
b. It helps to produce a stable image of unstable soils.
c. lt allows positive and negative color filling to be used in the recordecltrace.
d. It is generallyusedto improve sectionresolutionand createmore spatialrealistics.

GuidedWaveTestingMethod
Level I

1. The velocity oi'guided wavesclependsori.

a. the material properties
b. the boundaryconditionsof the componentor part
c. the dimensionsof the componentor part
d. all of the above

2. Which of the following is a propagatingguided wave mode in pipe:

a. bulk compressionwave
-b. bulk shearwave
c. torsion wave
d. all of the above

3. Guided wave testingof long lengthsof pipe:

a. is usedto measureremaining wall thickness
b. can determine the change in pipe wall cross section
c. is used to measurethe exact length of any wall loss
d. can determine the exact geometry of any corrosion

Level II

1. How are guided wave testing results typically calibrated:

a. using a target reflector (flat bottomed hole) machined in a calibration pipe of the same diameter and
thickness
b. calibration is not required for GWT
c. using an assumedamplitude and known reflectors such as welds
d. the results are always calibrated using flange reflections

2. The dispersioncurves for guided waves in steel pipes are MOST influenced by:
a. changesto the boundary conditions
b. changesto the material properties of steel
c. temperaturechanges
d. high pressuregas products

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011) 15
3. Which of thefollowing is a guidedwave?
a' raYleighsv¿Yeg
b. flexural waves
c. torsionalwaves
d. all of the above

Leak TestingMethod

Bubble Leak Testing Method

Level I

L Before performing a vacuum box leak test, which of the following should be checked for required calibration?
a. leak-detectorsolution
b. evacuationdevice or equiPment
c. lighting equiPment
d. Pressure(or vacuum) gage

Z. Which factor can most affect the sensitivity attainable by a pressurebubble leak test?
a. operator alertnessand technique
b. size and shapeof the test specimen
c. time of daY tesúng is Performed
d. number of test technicians

3. The letters "psia" mean:

a. pressurereferred to National Institute of Standardsand Technology's absolute pressure
b. pascalsper square inch absolute
c. pressurestándardin absolute units
d. pounds Per square inch absolute

Level II
test
1. Which of the following directly determinesthe size of the bubble formaüon when testing using the bubble
method?
a. method of application of bubble solution
b. ambient temperature and barometric pressue
c. amount ofleakage from a defect or leak
d. size of the test sPecimen

Z. When a vacuum gage is marked with a range of 0-30 with the notation "vacuum" on the face, the units of
measurement are:
a. inches of mercury
b. poundsPer square inch
c. centimeters of vacuum
d. feet of water

3. The type of leaks that are most likely to go undetected during a bubble leak test are:
a. very small leaks and very large leaks
b. leaks occurring at welded joints
c. corner-configurationjoints
d. all ofthe above

16 RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-14(2011)
 HalogenDiode DeteetorLeak lesting Method
Level I

1. Good operating practice dictates that the period of time to allow for warm-up of the halogen diode detector prior to
calibrating is:
a. 30 minutes
b. 15 minutes
c. I hour
d. as recommendedby the manufacturer

2. While adjusting a reservoir+ype variable-halogenstandardleak, the operator accidentally vents the gas from the only
standardleak available.Which of the following actionswould quickly resolvethe problein?
a. Replace the standardleak.
b. Replace the cylinder in the standardleak.
c. Rechargethe standardleak.
d. Send the standardleak to the manufacturerfor recharging. -

3. While performing a halogen-diodedetector test, the leak detector becomesclifficult to zero, and the pointer on the
leak rate meter repeatedly swings up scale.The most likely causeof the problem could be the use of too high a sensi-
tivity range,a shortedelement,an excessiveheatervoltage,or:
a. poor airflow
b. a sensingelementthat is too new
c. a high halogen background
d. a faultv lealc-ratemeter

Level II

l. Most leaks detectedduring a halogen sniffer test could have been detectedand usually can be verified by:
a. a bubble leak test
b. an ultrasonic examination
c. a visual examination
d. a pressurechangetest

2. The presenceof small tracesof halogen vapors in the halogen diode detector:
a. increasesthe emission of negative ions
b. decreasesthe emissionof positive ions
c. increasesthe emission of positive ions
d. decreasesthe emission of negative ions

3. A halogen standardleak of a certain size produces a known signal on a halogen leak detector.To receive this same
intensity signal on the instrument dudng the test of an object containing a 2 percentby volume halogen-air mixture,
the size of the leak in the object causing üe signal would theoretically have to be at least _ times larger than
üe standardleak.
a. 20
b. s0
c. 40
d. 10

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011) 17
 Mass SpectrometerLeak festing Method
Level I

L The sensitivityof a massspectrometer

leak detectionsystemis the massflow rateof Facergas:
a.. that givesa maximummeasurable signal
b. that givesa minimummeasurable signal
c. at standardtemperatureand pressure
d. in a leak

2. The diffusion pump and mechanical fore pump in a mass spectrometerleak detection system:
a. use the same type of oil
b. use different types of oil
c. operate using the same motor
d. use the same principle of operation

3. The helium mass spectrometerdetector-probepressure-testtechnigu-eis:

a. a quantitative test
b. a qualitative test
c. a semiautomatic test
d. none ofthe above

Level II

1. A torr is definedas:
a. 14.7psia
b. I m m o f H g
c. ll'760 of a standard atmosphere
d. 760 mm of Hg

2. When conductinghelium massspectrometertest of a vacuum vesselin the pressurerangeof 10-+to 10-emm Hg,
which type gage could be used to measurethe pressure?
a. alphatron gage
b. -thermionic ionization gage
c. pirani gage
d. thermocouple gage

3. Helium standardleaks in üe range of 10-6to 10-10atm. ccls are known in general terms as:
a. reservoir standardleaks
b. capillary standardleaks
c. permeation standard leaks
d. adjustable standard leaks

PressureChange MeasurementLeak Testing Method

Level I

1. A pressureof 66.0psig,in termsof absolutepressureat sealevel and standa¡dtemperature,

would be approximately:
a. 96.0psia
b. 80.7psia
c. 51.3psia
d. 36.0psia

18 Recommended (2011
PracticeSNT-TC-1A )
2. When conducting a long-duration pressurechangetest, it is necessaryto measureabsolute pressureor gage pressure
plus barometric pressurebecausethe barometric pressurewill:
a. always fall
b. always rise
c. remain constant
d. tend to vary

Which one of the following is the correct relationship for converting temperaturein degreesRankin ('R) to ternpera-
ture in degreesKelvin (K)?
a. K = (5 /9 )" R
b. K = (5 /9 )' R + 2 7 3
c. K=460+oR
d. K = 2 ' 7 3 " R

Level II

l. When a system'sinternaldry bulb's internaltemperatureand, in turn, total pressure,increaseduring a pressure

changeleakage-ratetest,the water vapor pressurein the systemunder test would norm'ally:
a. increase
b. remain the same
c. decrease
d. oscillate

L. For a pneumatically pressurizedconstant-volumesystem at an internal temperatureof 27 "C, what approximate per-

centagechange in the system absolute pressurecan be expectedfor a system internai temperaturechangeof I "C?
a. 3 percent
b. 6 percent
c. 0.3 percent
d. 10 percent

J. One set of intemal dry bulb temperaturedata for a pressurechange ieakage rate test is:
( 7, + T r + h )1 3 = 7 1 .8 7 " F
(To+ T)12 = 72.32 oF
( 75+ T ) 1 2 = 7 2 .6 8 o F
(Tt + Tn + Tr)13 = 73.07 "F

For eac hof t hes e fo u rs e c ti o n s oth

f i s s y s te m.therespecti vew ei ghti ngfactors
are0.27,0.18,0.22,and0.33.The
mean absolutedry bulb temperatureof system air for this test data point is:
a. 532.53"R
b. 345. 5 3 K
c . 532. 4 8" R
d. 532. 4 8 K

Liquid PenetrantTestingMethod
Level I

l. Which of the following is generally the more acceptablemethod for cleaning parts prior to penetranttesting?
a. sand blasting
b. wi¡e brushins
c. grinding
d. vapor degreasing

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-14(2011) 19
 as cracks or fissures is:
z. The term used to define the üendencyof certain üquids to penetrate into small openings such
a. saturation
b. caPillary action
c. blotting
d. wetting agent

visible dye penetrant

3. Which of the following is the most commonly used method for removing non-water-washable
from the surface of a test sPecimen?
a. dipPing in a solvent
b. sPraYing
c. hand wiPing
d. blowing

Level II

indicative of:
1. When conducting a penetrant test, spherical indications on the surface of a part could be
a. fatigue cracks
b. PorositY
. c. weld laps
d. hot tears

material system is by:

Z. A commonly used method of checking on the overall performance of a penetrant
a. determining the viscosify of the penetrant
b, measuring the wettability of the penetrant
c. comparing two sectionsof artificially cracked specimens
d. all of the above

3. Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in a forging?

a. shrinkage crack
b. laP
c. hot tear
d. lamination

MagneticFux LeakageTesting Method

Level I

1. Flux leakageinspectioncannormallybe appliedto:

a. ferromagneticand nonmagneticmaterial
b. nonmagneticmaterialsonlY
c. ferromagneticmaterialsonlY
d. nonconductors onlY

2. The ratio B/H is equivalentto a material's:

a. field strength
b. relucta¡ce
c. PermeabilitY
d. relative PermeabilitY

3. Flux leakagetechniquescan normally be usedto detect:

a. surfacediscontinuitiesonlY
b. subsurfacediscontinuitiesonly
c. discontinuitiesat any location
d. surfaceand near-surfacediscontinuities

(2011)
PracticeSNT-TC-1A
20 Recommended
Level II
the magnetic field in relation to the
l. The highest sensitivity of a Hall effects sensor is obtained when the direction of
largest surface of the Hall probe is:
a. Parallel
b. at an angle of 45 degrees
c. at an angle of 30 or 60 degrees
d. PerPendicular

2. what particular type of defect is not indicated by flux leakage techniques?

a. overlaP
b. slag inclusionwith crack
c. surfacecontamination
d. longitudinal seam

3. Flux leakage is createdat a discontinuity becauseofthe change in:

a. resistivitY
b. inductance
c. PermeabilitY
d. caPacitance

MagneticParticleTesting Method
LevelI

l. Which type of currenthasa "skin effect?"

a. alternatingcurrent
b. directcurrent
c. half-waverectified
d. full-waverectified
alongits lengthis a:
Z. The besttype of magneticfield to useto inspecta tubularproducttbr surfacedefects
a. longitudlnalfield
b. circularfield
c. swingingfield
d. yokemagnetization

3. Which of the following is mostoften usedfor dry magneticparticleinspection?

a. full-cYcledirectcurrent
b. half-wavealtematingcurrent
c. high-voltage,low-amperage current
d. direct currentfrom electrolytic cells

Level II
be:
1. Whentestinga bar with anLlD ratio of 4 in a lO-turncoil, the requiredculrentwould
a. 45 000A
b. unknown;moreinformationis needed
c. 180004
d. 1125A

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC'1A(2011) 21
2. Which of thesecracksmay appearas an irregular,checked,or'scatteredpatternof fine lines usually causedby local
overheating?
a. fatigue cracks
b. grinding cracks
c. cratercracks
d. HAZ cracks

3. If a copperconductoris placedthrougha ferrouscylinderanda currentis passedthroughthe conductor'thenthe

magneticfield (flux density)in the cylinderwill be:
a. the sameintensityandpatternas in the conductor
b. greaterthan in the conductor
c. lessthanin the conductor
d. the sameregarclless of its proximity to the cylinderwall

Neutron RadiographicTesling Method

Level I

l. Neutron penetrationis greatestin which of the following materials?

a. hydrogenousmaterial
b. water
c. lead
d. boron carbide

2. Gadolinium conversion sc¡eensare usually mounted in rigicl holders called:

a. film racks
b. cassettes
c. emulsifiers
d. diaphragms

3. Which element is commonly used for direct neutron radio¡gaphy?

a. Cd
b. In
c. Dy
d. Gd

Level II

1. Which of the followingconversionscreenshasthelongesthalf-life?

a. dysProsium
b. indium
c. cadmium
d. gadolinium

2. Neutronradiographycanbe usedfor inspectingwhich of the following applications?

a- Presence of explosivesin a metal device
b. presence of foreignmaterialssuchasoil
c. lubricantsin metal systeÍrs
d. hYdrogen contentin metals
e. all ofthe above

PracticeSNT'TC'1A(2011)
22 Recommended
3. Real-timeimagingof thermalneutronradiographycanbe performedwith which of the following detecton?
a. gadolinium
b. dysprosium
c. zinc sulfide+ lithium fluoride
d. europium

RadiologicalTesting Method
RadiographicTesting
Level I

1. The most widely used un.itof measurementfor measuring the rate at which the output of a gamria ray source decays
is the:
a. curie
b. roentgeÍr
c. half-life
d. M eV

2. If an exposuretime of 60 secondswere necessaryusing a | .2 m (4 ft) source-to-filmdistancefor a particulÍu expo-

sure, what time would be necessaryif a 0.61 (2 ft) source-to-filmdist¿inceis used and all other variablesremain the
same?
a. 120 seconds
b. 30 sec<xds
c. 15 seconds
d. 240 seconds

3. The sharpnessof the outline in the image of the radiograph is a measureof:

a. subjectcontrast.
b. radiographicdefinition.
c. radiographiccontrast.
d. film contrast.

Level II

1. When radiographingto the 2-2T quality level, an ASTM penetrameterfor 6.35 cm (2.5 in.) steelhas a thicknessof:
a. 1.27cm (0.5 in.)
b. 63.5 mm (2.5 x 10r in.)
c. 127 mm (5 x 10¡ in.)
d. 1270 mm (5 x lO-':in.)

2. The approximate radiographic equivalencefactors for steel and copper at220 kV are 1.0 and 1.4, respectively. If it is
desi¡ableto radiograph a (l .27 cm) 0.5 in. plate of copper, what thickness of steel would require about the sarne
exposurecharacteristics?
a. 1.78cm (0.7 in.) of steel
b. 0.89 cm (0.35 in.) of steel
c. 3.56 cm (1.4 in.) of steel
d. 2.54 cm (1.0 in.) of steel

3. If a specimenwere radiographed at 40 kV and again at 50 kV, with time compensationto give the radiographs the
same density, which of the following statementswould be true?
a. the 40 kV exposure would have lower cont¡ast and greater latitude than the 50 kV exposure
b. the 40 kV exposure would have higher contrast and greater latitude than the 50 Kv exposure
c. the 50 kV exposure would have lower contrast and greater latitude than the 40 kV exposure
d. the 50 kV exposure would have higher conüast and greater latitude than the 40 kV exposure

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A{2011) 23
 ComputedRadiographyTesting
Level I

1. Digital detectorsused for CR employ a unique crystalline material that can best be described as a
when exposedto ionizing radiation.
a. phosphor that stores light energy
b. phosphor that stores radiation
c. crystal that stores electrons
d. phosphor that stores a latent image

2. Computedradiographyuseschangesin in lieu of changesin optical density changeto produce a

visualimage.
a. bits andbvtes
b. pixels
c. shadesof gray
d. digital values

3. Computed radiography uses in lieu of a film densitometer to determine exposure adequacy.

a. lasso tool
b. pixel value tool
c. digital gage
d. none of the above

Level II

1. A commercialcomputedradiographicsystemclassification,such as ASTM 82446, groupsCR systemsusing a

rating in order to characterizetheir relative performance levels.
a. standa¡dimage quality
b. light photometer
c. eguivalentIQI
d. ISO index

2. The phenomenonwhich causesmaterials to emit light in responseto external stimuli is known as:
a. stimulation
b. fluorescence
c. reticulation
d. vibration

3. Photo stimulated luminescence(PSL) is a processin which a phosphor that has ceasedemitting light becauseof
removalofüestimulusonceagainemitslightwhenexcitedbylightwith-thantheemissionwavelength.
a. shorter wavelength
b. longer wavelength
c. higher,frequency
d. lower freouencv

ComputedTomographyTesting Method
Level I

1. The mechanicaVmanipulationsystem has the function of - and -.

a. posiüon the test object befween source and detector; storing the data
b. holding the test object; position the computer
c. moving source and detector; positioning the test object between source and detector
d. holding the test object; positioning the test object between source and detector

24 RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011)
 2. The purpose of the radiation detector is to convert the measuredtransmission of X-rays through the object into
to be handled by electronic processing.
a. a phosphor
b. a crystal
c. an electrical signal
d. none ofthe above

3. I'he extent to which a CT image reproducesan object or feature within an object is influenced by:
a. spatial resolution, detector type. source-to-objectdistance and radiation source
b. spatialresolution,statisticalnoise,slice plane thicknessand artifacts
c. spatialresolution,radiation source,statisticalnoise and detectors
d. spatialresolution,statisticalnoise,detectortype and radiation source

Level II

l. A CT image is a representativemap of at eachpoint in the plane.

a. densitymeasurements
b. linear X-ra¡r attenuationcoefficients
c. noise measurements
d. X-ray scatteredphotons

2. Spatialresolutionhas a iimiting value determinedby of systemand amountof data and

a. designand construction;samplingschema
b. size; X-ray sourceenergy
c. designand construction;X-ray sourceenergy
d. size;samplingschema

3 .C o n tr as t s ens it iv it y re fe rs to th e a b i l i ty t()-th e p resenceorabsenceoffeaturesi nani mage.

a. mask
b. calculate
c. detect
d. none of the above

DigitalRadiographyTestingMethod
Level I

t. A digital detectoranay (DDA) can bestbe definedby a(n):

a. device that utilizes a flexible phosphor plate and a electrical scanning device
b. device that converts the analog radiographic film into a discrete electronic output and is then digitized for
display on a computer monitor
c. device utilizing a digital camera system in conjunction with a phosphor plate providing real-time or static
image capture
d. electronic device that converts penetrating radiation into an analog signal and then digitized for dispiay on
a computer monitor

2. What is one of the prime reasonsto perform a DDA calibration?

a. to ensure all measurementswill be calibrated with an object of known dimensions to compensatefor geo-
metric enlargementif the object is not directly in contact with the detector
b. to increaseüe photon collection rate (PCR)
c. optimize the performance of the DDA
d. to minimize the backscatterto an acceptablelevel especially at high energies

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-IA(2011) 25
3. Changes in the thickness of the specimen a¡e indicated by , in the digital image.
a. a change in area
b. a change in grayscale
c. a lack of resolution in the image sharpness
d. the relationship between exposue and the resultant pixel pitch of the detector

Level II

l. The term "bad pixel" is best describedas a pixel:

a. of a DDA that has performance outside the specification range
b. that is processedor sampled due to frame averaging
c. that must receive some type of correction to ensure all indications regardlessof size resulting from
rejectable discontinuities will be evaluated
d. none of the above are correct

2. Flat panel gain, offset and pixel calibrations ensure:

a. proper probability of detection (POD)
b. measurementswill be calibrated
c. proper defect evaluation
d. none ofthe above

3. One of the main advantagesof DR or flat panel utilization as compared to CR to accomplish an inspection task is
typically:
a. portability
b. inspection speed
c. initial cost
d. detector flexibilitv

Thermal/lnfraredTesting Method
Level I

l. Which of the following IR camera settings may affect a radiomet¡ic temperaturemeasurement?

a. span
b. level
c. palette
d. focus

2. Thermal infrared radiation occurs at wavelengths:

a. shorter than X-rays
b. shorter than visible light
c. longer than visible light
d. longer than radio waves

3. Which of the following camera par¿rmeters

is not adjustablein post-processingcomputer softwa¡e?
a. span
b. level
c. emissiviw
d. range

26 RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-I4 (2011)
Level II

l. Latent heat energy can be described as:

a. the energy that creates or breaks the molecular bonds of the phase state of a material
b. the energy that when added to a material will cause its temperature to increase
c. the energy releasedby a material that will causeits temperatureto decrease
d. the energy releasedby an object that will break the molecular bonds of a material

2. Which of the fbllowing surfaceswill provide the most accurateradiometric temperaturemeasurement?

a. thin film plastic
b. oxidizedaluminum
c. glass
d. water-basedpaint

3. How hot doesan electricalconnectionneedto be for it to be a classifiedas a seriousproblem? -

a. 1 to 5 'C (33,8to 41 "F)
b. 5 t o i 5 ' C (4 1 to 5 9 ' F )
c. greaterthan 15 'C (59 "F)
d. dependson the criticality of equipmentto continuedsafe operation

UltrasonicTestingMethod
Level I

I. The amount of beam divergencefrom a transducerelement is primarily dependenton the:

a. type oftest
b. tightnessof the transducerelementbacking in the searchunit
c. frequencyand transducerelementsize
d. refraction

2. On the area-amplitudeultrasonic standardtest blocks, the flat-bottomed holes in the blocks are:
a. all of the samediameter
b. different in diameter,inc:reasjngby 1164in. (0.39 mm) incrementsfrom the No, 1 block to the
No. 8 b l o c k
c. largestin the No. 1 block and smallestin the No. 8 block
d. drilled to different depths from the front surfaceof the test block

3. On many ultrasonic testing instruments, an operator conducting an immersion test can remove that portion of the
screenpresentationthat representswater distance by adjusting a:
a. pulseJengthcontrol
b. reject control
c. sweep-delaycontrol
d. sweep-lengthcontrol

Level II

l. Ifa contact angle-beamtransducerproduces a4í-degree shear wave in steel (VS = 0.323 cm/s), the angle produced
by the sametransducerin an aluminum specimen (VS = 0.310 cm/s) would be:
a. lessthan 45 degrees.
b. greater than 45 degrees
c. 45 degrees
d. more information is reouired

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-14(2011) 27
2. A discontinuityis locatedhavingan orientationsuchthat its long axis is parallelto the soundbeam.The indication
from sucha discontinuitywill be:
a. largein proportion to the length of the discontinuity
b. smallin proportionto thelengttrof the discontinuity
c. representative ofthe lengthofthe discontinuity
d. suchthatcompletelossof back-reflection will result

3. An ultrasoniclongitudinalwavetravelsin aluminumwith a velocity of 635000 cm/sandhasa freqr.¡ency

of I MHz.
The wavelengthof this ultrasonicwaveis:
a. 6.35ft
b. 3.10in.
c. 6.35mm
d. 30 000A

PhasedArray
Level II

l. Identify the factors that would produce the largest beam steering angles:
a. large elements, small pitch, high-frequency testing low-velocity materials
b. small elements, small pitch, high-frequency testing low-velocity materials
c. largeelements,small pitch, low-frequencytesting high-velocity materials
d. s¡nallelements,smali pitch, low-frequencytestinghigh-velocity materials

2. Which of the following best fits this description "the ultrasonic capabilities of resolving two adjacent defects along
the acoustical axis through a small ultrasonic path":
a. lateral resolution
b. axial resolution
c. resolution
d. sensitivity

3. What happensto the beam spread at higher beam angles when using a swept angle scan from 45 to 70 degrees?
a. the beam spread decreases
b. the beam spreadincreases
c. the beam spread does not change
d. you cannot change beam spread with angle

Time of Flight Diffraction

Level II

1. Time of flight diffraction uses ultrasonic waves that are diffracted from the tips of:
a. cracks only.
b. cracks as well as reflected from the back surface only.
c. cracks as well as transmitted along the scanning surface only.
d cracks as well as transmitted along the scanning surface a¡d reflected from the back surface.

2. Calculate the PCS to focus at a 15 mm depth using a pair of 70-degreeprobes.

a. 4 1 .3mm
b. 54.6mm
c. 82.4 mm
d. 93.8mm

28 RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011)
 3. Calculatethe depthof a defectgiventhe foliowing information:
Tx probedelay:7.8ps (Pulse-echo measured)
Rx probedelay:- 6.2ys (Pulse-echo measured)
PCS59.6mm
BottomTip Signal30¡s
Mate¡ialVelocity5960m/s Longitudinal
3230mls Transverse
3010m/sSurface

a. 29.8mm
b. 37.2mm
c. 61.7mm
d. 69.2mm

VibrationAnalysisTestingMethod
- Level I

1. The vibration amplitudeis really a responsethat is:

a. inverselyproportionalt<lthe dynamic resistancein the system
b. proportional to the amount of displacementin the signal
c. not related at all to the dynamic forces in the system
d. meaninglessuniessit has beeninitially taken in accelerationunits

2. If a magnetic is attachedto an accelerometer,it will:

a. lower the frequency range capability of the accelerator
b. increasethe frequencyrangecapabilityof the accelerator
c. not allow the accelerometerto read in accelerationunits anymore
d. increasethe amplitude range of the accelerometer

3. The enter or storekey on a progrrlrnmableFFT-AnalyzerlDatacollector should be pressed:

a. as soon as the acceleratoris attachedto the mounting surface
b. after a pauseof 30 secondsfrom the time the accelerometeris mounted
- c. after the readingshave settleddown (usually 3 secondsor longer)
d. immediately when a display appearson the screen(to save time)

Level II

1. A Lissajousorbit that has a long elliptical (cigar shape)appearanceis an indication of:

a. unbalance
b. misalignment
c. an oil whirl
d. a rub event

2. The purpose of a Bode or Polar (Nyquist) Plot is to verify the presenceof:

a. an eccentricity
b. a defective bearing
c. a resonance
d. a bent shaft

RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011) 29
3. The two most cornmon problems that will produce a higher amplitude at 2x RPM than at lx RPM in a vibration
spectrum are:
a. an eccentric pulley and mechanical looseness(Type A)
b. offset misalignment and mechanical looseness(Tlpe B)
c. a shaft bent between its bearings and worn gear teeth
d. an unbalanced shaft and mechanical looseness(Type C)

Visual Testing Method

Level I

1. Which of the following is true?

a. All discontinuities are defects.
b. Defects that affect the product's usefulnessare called discontinuities.
c. Discontinuities that affect the product's usefulnessare called defects.
d. All discontinuities are unacceptable

2. The dimensionindicatedon the sketchof a micrometeris:

a, 3.25mm (0.128in.)
b. 5.97mm (0.235in.)
c. 3.20mm (0.126in.)
d. 8.33mm (0.328in.)

3. As a visualexaminer,you shallhaveyour eyescheckedat least:

a. every3 months
b. every6 months
c. everyyear
d. every3 vears

Level II

1. Handheld magnifiers should fall into which of the following ranges?

a. 2 x to 4 x
b. 5x to 10x
c. 10x to 20x
d. 20x to 3x

2. Visual examinerswho perform visual exams using borescopesand fiberscopes must be:
a. colo¡ blinc
b. able to meet far-vision requirements (Snellen 2Ol3O)
c. competentin their use
d. ambidextrous

A narrow field of view produces:

a. higher magnification and a greater depth of field
b. higher magnification and a shorter depth of field
c. less magnification and a greater depth of field
d. less magnification and a shorter depth of freld.

30 RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A (2011)
RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-I4(2011) 31
 Answersto ExampleQuestions
Acoustic Emission Testing Method Mass Spechometer Computed Tomography Testing
Level I Level II Level I Level II Method
1. d ].d 1. b 1^ T. L Level I Level II
2.b t¡. 1. d l.b
2.b 2. c
3. b 3.d 3.b 2.c 2.a
3.b 3.c
ElectromagneticTesting Method
Alternating Current Field PressureChangeMeasurement Digital RadiographyTesting
MeasurementTechnique Level I Level II Method
1. b 1. a 'Level I Level II
Level I Level II
l.bl.d 2.d 2.c 1.d 1. a
2.b 2. b 3.a 3.a 2.c 2.d
3.a3.a 3. ,b 3.b
Liquid PenetrantTestingMethod
Level I Level II Thermal/Infrared Testins
Eddy Current
Level I Level II
1)
l. u 1. b Level I Level II
1. a 1. d 2.b l. l.

2.a2.c 3. c 3.b 2. 2.
3. a 3. c 3. J,

Magnetic Flux LeakageTesting

RemoteField Testing Method Ultrasonic TestingMethod
Level I Level II Level I Level II Level I Level If
1. b 1 .a Lc 1.d l. c 1. a
2.c Z .a z.c 2.c 2.b 2.b
3.a 3 .b 3.d 3.c 3. c 3. c

GuideWaveTestingMethod Magnetic Particle Testing Method PhasedArray

Level I Level II Level I Level [I Level II (only)
1d 1c 1. a l. d l. d
2d 2a 2.b 2. b 2.b
JD 3d 3. b 3.b 3.b

Ground PenetratingRadar Testins Neutron Radiographic Testing Time of Flight Diffraction

Method Method Level fI (only)
Level I Level II l.d
Level I Level II
lblc 2.c
l. c L a
2c2d 3.c
2.b 2. e
3a3c
3. d 3.c
Vibration AnalysisMethod
Leak Testing Method Level I Level II
Radiological Testing Method
Bubble Leak TestingMethod l. a l.b
Level I Level II Radiographic Testing
2.a 2.c
1. d l. c Level I Level II
3. c 3.b
2.a2.a 1. a 1.d
3.d 3 .a 2.c 2.a
Visual Testing Method
3.b 3.c
Level I Level II
HalogenDiodeDetector
ComputedRadiographyTesting 1. c l.b
Level I Level II
Method 2.a 2.c
1. d 1. a
Level I Level II 3. c 3.b
2. c 2.c
3. c 3.b 1.d 1. a
2.c )h

3.b 3.b

32 RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011)
RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-I4(2011) 33
 SNT-TC-IAInterpretationRequestForm
Each inquiry should add¡essa specific section or para- intent of a paragraphor section. Attach additional pagesif
graph of SNT-TC-LA.If submitting multiple inquiries, sub- necessary.
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In the top section of the form, provide complete contact All inquiries should be sent to:
information so that you can be reached should clarification
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In the Inquiry block, state the question in the clearest 1711 Arlingate Lane
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answerif possible. Columbus, OH 43228-0518
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mation that will explain the need for the clarification or the

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Submit
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PanelChair Date:
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34 RecommendedPracticeSNT-TC-1A(2011)