Bugtong, Johann Paul L.

June 20,2022
CDI-7 (10-12) M-Thu
Thursday and Friday Activity:
1. History of Drug Abuse
 1972, the drug problem was just at its incipient stage, with only 20,000
drug users and marijuana as the top choice among the users in the
Philippines. This was the drug scenario when Republic Act 6425, otherwise
known as the “Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972” was approved on March 30,
1972.
 The late President Ferdinand E. Marcos, organized the Dangerous Drugs
Board on November 14, 1972 under the Office of the President.
 Seven national agencies in the country formed part of the Dangerous
Drugs Board. These are the Department of Health, Department of Social
Service and Development, Department of Education, Culture and Sports,
Department of Justice, Department of National Defense, Department of
Finance and the National Bureau of Investigation.
 In the same year, Presidential Proclamation No. 1192 declaring every
second week of November of every year as Drug Abuse Prevention and
Control Week, was promulgated.
 In 1974, the Inter-Agency Committee on Drug Abuse Prevention
Education was formed to strengthen the relationship among the various
agencies and the Dangerous Drugs Board.
 It is also in this decade when the DDB hosted an international program, the
Fourth Regional International Drug Enforcement Association Conference.
 With then First Lady and Metro Manila Governor Imelda R. Marcos waging
an all-out campaign against drug abuse, Anti-Drug Abuse Councils in all
cities and municipalities in Metro Manila were established.
 In 1982, another procedural amendment to RA 6425 was made through
Batas Pambansa 179 which itemized prohibited drugs and its derivatives.
 The number of methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu users was also
seen to have increased in this decade.
 The new millennium has truly brought a lot of changes including in the field
of drug prevention and control. In 2002, Republic Act 9165 or the
“Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002” repealed RA 6425.
 Under the administration of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, drug prevention
and control has become a top priority of the government. The anti-drug
campaign has been enhanced and strengthened through the collaboration of
national government agencies as well as the support of non-government
organizations, faith-based groups and the private sector.
 During this administration, the national plan of action against drugs was
revisited and a new framework of action was established. Known as the
Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy or PADS which has been
institutionalized by virtue of Executive Order Number 66, signed by
President Duterte on 29 October 2018, the plan of action sets our goal in
creating drug-free communities by 2022.
 This anti-illegal drug plan provides a roadmap for national collaboration and
was designed to harmonize drug initiatives with the overarching Social
Development Agenda and the National Security Policy.
2. Seven Categories of Drugs
 (CNS) Central Nervous System Depressants – slow down the
operations of the brain and the body. Examples of CNS depressants
include alcohol, barbiturates, anti-anxiety tranquilizers, Rohypnol, and
many other aanti-depressant.
 CNS Stimulants - accelerate the heart rate and elevate the blood
pressure and "speed-up," or over-stimulate, the body. Examples of
CNS stimulants include cocaine, "crack" cocaine, amphetamines, and
methamphetamine.
 Hallucinogens - cause the user to perceive things differently than they
actually are. Examples include LSD, peyote, psilocybin and MDMA
or Ecstasy.
 Dissociative anesthetics – these are drugs that inhibit pain by cutting
off or dissociating the brain's perception of the pain. Some examples
of this is the dextromethoraphan.
 Narcotic Analgesics - relieve pain, induce euphoria, and create mood
changes in the user. Examples of narcotic analgesics include opium,
heroin, demerol, morphine, methadone, Vicodin, and oxycontin.
 Inhalants - a wide variety of breathable substances that produce
mind-altering results and effects. Examples of inhalants include
Toluene, plastic cement, paint, gasoline, paint thinners, hair sprays,
and various anesthetic gases.
  Cannabis - is the scientific name for marijuana. The active ingredient
in cannabis is delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. This category
includes cannabinoids and synthetics like Dronabinol.
3. Four pharmacological classification
 Stimulants - a class of drugs which enhance central nervous system
activity and block the re-uptake of the neurotransmitters
norepinephrine and dopamine. In which, Norepinephrine enhances
arousal, memory, and attention, while dopamine reinforces a person’s
inclination to positive stimuli.
 Depressants - are drugs that impair the activity of the central nervous
system. Depressants typically make a person feel calm or drowsy.
Since depressants sedate the brain, doctors prescribe some of them as
medications for sleep disorders, anxiety, and stress.
 Hallucinogens - are mind-altering drugs which cause false
perceptions of reality. A hallucinogen may distort how a person
experiences time, motion, colors, and sounds. It affects the brain’s
levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter which regulates cognition and
memory.
 Opioids - are drugs which originate naturally in the Opium poppy
plant. Opioids block sensations of pain by binding to the brain’s
Opioid receptors, it also cause intense sedation and euphoria.
4. Routes of Drug administration
 Oral Route – Taken by mouth.
 Injection route - Given by injection into a vein (intravenously, IV),
into a muscle (intramuscularly, IM), into the space around the spinal
cord (intrathecally), or beneath the skin (subcutaneously)

 Sublingual and buccal route - Placed under the tongue

(sublingually) or between the gums and cheek.

 Rectal route – inserted in the rectum.

 Vaginal route - administered vaginally to women as a solution,
tablet, cream, gel, suppository, or ring. The drug is slowly absorbed
through the vaginal wall. 
 Ocular route- Placed in the eye (by the ocular route)
 Otic route – Placed in the ear (by the otic route)
  Nasal route - Sprayed into the nose and absorbed through the nasal
membranes.

 Inhalation route - Breathed into the lungs, usually through the mouth
(by inhalation)
 Nebulazation route - Breathed into the lungs, usually through the
mouth and nose (by nebulazation)

 Cutaneous route - Applied to the skin (cutaneously) for a local or

bodywide effect.

 Transdermal route - Delivered through the skin by a patch

(transdermally) for a systemic effect.

5. Monitoring factors of drug taking

-The following are the monitoring factors of drug taking:

 Family history of addiction – if a person have a blood relative, such

as parent or siblings with drug addiction, that person has a greater
risk of developing drug addiction or drug taking.
 Mental health disorder – A person who have a mental health
disorder like depression and anxiety, he or she more likely to become
addicted to drugs. Because drug is a way of coping painful feelings
when it was used. But always, remember drug only effective in a
minimum of time it will be back to normal when the effectiveness of
the drug collapsed.
 Peer pressure – It is a strong factor in drug taking which mostly
comes from our friends, particularly for young people. Some of our
friends who is addicted to drugs can be the one who teach us and
make us believe that using drugs is good.
 Lack of family involvement – In a difficult family situations or lack
of bond with your parents and siblings may increase the risk of drug
taking, especially to those parents who never make some time for
their children to be able to guide them and teach them to live in a
better life in order to avoid drug taking. According to research,
young people take drug to ease the pain they are feeling such as
depression and anxiety due to lack of family bonding and parents
support as they grow up.
 Poverty – Poverty can be a factor of drug taking. Some poor people
spend their earnings to get some drugs because some of the drug
 effects is to ease tiredness and hunger. They believe that the effect of
this drug take longer than buying food for themselves. But mostly
poor people has become drug pushers to earn bigger money, for their
family.
6. What is drug dependence, physical dependence, and psychological
dependence

- Drug dependence- It is a chronic, progressive disease directly

associated with persistent and excessive use of drug substance. In
other words, Drug users feel that the drug is a part of their daily life,
in which if they do not take drugs they feel exhausted, tired and
others, so they need to take drugs again to be able to gain their
strength.
- Physical Dependence – It is a condition in which a drug user who
takes a drug overtime, and unpleasant physical symptoms occur if
the drug suddenly stopped. This condition usually happens to those
person who is addicted to drugs, some of the physical effect if they
do not take a drugs is weakening of the body and shaking.
- Psychological dependence – It is a term that describes the emotional
or mental components of substance use disorder. If a drug user
suddenly stopped or does not take drug for a day will feel a strong
craving for the drug. Their minds cannot function and think anything
else, rather than a drugs.

7. What is drug habituation – It is a condition in which a person who take

drugs repeatedly would become his/her habit in his/her daily life. The
person who is habitually addicted to drugs can feel that there is lackings on
him if he doesn’t take a drugs. In other words, if a drug user do not take
drugs he feels that his desires is not fulfill and the feeling of his lackings
are not fulfill if he doesn’t take a drugs.
8. Characteristics of drug habituation
9. Commonly abused drugs

- The following are the drugs that are commonly used

 Shabu – Usually a white powder that is snorted or injected. This

drugs is also known as poor man’s cocaine, ubas, bato, siopao,
shabs or ice.
 Stimulant – A drug that excites the central nervous system,
delaying fatigue and sleep, increases alertness, impale appetite
 and causes a weight loss to those who are taking this kind of
drugs.
 Cocaine – A powerful addictive drug that gives users a euphoric
feeling when ingested. Cocaine is usually snorted as a powder,
but it can also be modified into rock form (crack) and smoked.
Cocaine also known as coke, snow, flake and bow. Cocaine is
from the leaves of the coca plant, a shrub that originated in South
America.
 Opiates/Narcotic – It is the group of drugs that are used
medically relieve pain, but it has a highly possible negative
effects when it is abused.
 Hallucinogens – It is derived from plants chemical substance
which affects the perception, sensation and produces
hallucinations on the user.
 Marijuana – A term that is used to described all the plant
material like leaves, stems, flowers, or roots from a cannabis
plant. Then this leaves are dried up and prepared for smoking or
taken orally.
 Inhalants – It is a drug that has a volatile vapors which is taken
via nose and trachea.

10. Reasons why people turn to drugs

- The following are the reasons why people turn to drugs:

 Peer Pressure
 Depression
 To feel good
 Experimenting
 Self-medicating
 People uses drugs because it makes them feel good
 They uses drugs to forget their problems
 People uses drug due to their curiosity, especially to teens.

11. Contributory factors to drug abuse

 Biological factors – According to a studies, human brain have a

natural “pleasure pathway” that mediates or activate when a
person experiences taking a drug. Biological factors plays a big
role as a contributor to drug abuse, such as genes and the habit
of our parents which we can be inherited as the time pass by.
 Environmental factors – Availability or accessibility of drugs
is one of the factors contributing to the increasing drug abuse.
Environmental factors such as, seller of illegal drugs which we
can encounter everywhere, or drug lords who distributed a tons
of drugs for profit. This is one of the main causes why drug
abuse are increasing around the world.
 Advanced technologies – Advanced technology is also a part of
the increasing drug abuse, because nowadays like internet has
been providing a diversity of benefits. Through internet there are
a lot of transaction of drug selling which make drug user has an
easier way to get some of those drugs.
 Peer pressure and Lack of Family involvement – Still, peer
pressure is a strong factors to the increasing drug abuse
especially for young people. Particularly from our friends who is
addicted and makes us believe that drug is good when we
consume those. In the other hand, lack of family involvement
and parents guidance is also a factor to drug abuse. Many people
are taking drugs because their family is not united and they feel
that their parents doesn’t love them and take drugs as their
revenge.