ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND RELATED

CRIME INCIDENT IN JOHN PAUL COLLEGE

PATRICK SUAREZ

JERRY VICENTE
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Alcohol is linked to antisocial behavior, which has a negative impact on people's overall
quality of life. It is heavily involved in criminal activity and violence. Excessive drinking can
reduce self-consciousness, impair judgment, and raise the likelihood of aggressive conduct. As a
result, rates of alcohol-related violence and criminality are high across the country. It is certainly
a popular good, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), which estimates that there
are approximately 2 billion alcohol drinkers. While most consumers enjoy alcohol in moderation,
others drink excessively and act unprofessionally, especially when they are unaware that
excessive drinking is linked to detrimental health and social results. It has long been recognized
that the enjoyment of alcohol intake can lead to negative consequences for the consumer.
Because the use of alcohol is legal and widespread, it plays a significant role in the interaction
between crime and other social issues (National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence,
Inc., 2015).

Beer is the most popular drink in the Philippines, followed by lambanog (coconut
whiskey) and wine. Beer is a popular drink during birthday parties, fiestas, and other gatherings.
Even when there is no reason, many Filipinos gather in public places such as the streets, bars, in
front of their homes, and convenience stores to drink gin and tonic, a cheaper alcoholic beverage.
Alcoholism is becoming more prevalent in Filipino culture and social life. Drunkenness or
alcohol intoxication is responsible for a large number of incidences of sexual and drug misuse,
suicide, and violence among Filipinos. According to the Philippine National Police, the number
of recorded crimes in the Philippines grew by 46 percent in the first five months of 2015
compared to the same time in 2014.

This idea has gained widespread acceptance and has proven to be beneficial in
identifying globally representative personality traits (Costa & McCrae, 1992; Goldberg, 1992). It
would be useful to link any of the FFM measures with alcohol consumption scales of student
population in John Paul College to see if there is a significant association between the two
variables.
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE

Violence is of particular interest because of the mental and physical harm it inflicts on
others. The victims, often well known to the executor, include spouses, children, and friends.
Alcohol is frequently a factor in such violence. When the victim is the offender’s spouse, alcohol
is a factor as much as 75 percent of the time. Alcohol consumption is cited also as a common
correlate of violence committed by teenagers. Although the two behaviors often are observed
together, much is still unknown about their association.

Alcohol abuse is a problem in the Philippines. The World Health Organization sounded
the alarm over the harmful use of alcohol which killed 3.3 million people globally in 2012. In
2015, Filipinos are known to be the second highest consumers of alcohol in South East Asia after
Indonesia, and number one in terms or wine drinking. Alcoholic beverages have been a part of
social life for millennia, yet societies have always found it difficult to understand or restrain their
use. A central theme of this study is that to better understand alcohol consumption and its
consequences. Conscientiousness, aggression, sensation-seeking, and impulsivity have all been
studied in relation to alcohol use in the past (Aneshensel & Huba, 1983; Cook, Young, Taylor, &
Beddford, 1997; Hovarth & Zuckerman, 1993; Leonard, Collins, & Quigley, 2003; Wills, Sand,
& Yeager, 2000; Youniss & Yates, 1997).

Caspi, Begg, Dickson, Harrington, Langley, Moffitt, and Silva (1997) used two or more
personality traits. However, because an individual’s personality cannot be dominated and
affected by a single attribute, this technique has significant limits. Various parts of an
individual’s personality are also likely to interact and influence one another. Using single or
selective personality characteristics makes it difficult to see any potential correlations between
personality and other types of behaviors, including alcohol usage. It is vital to measure
personality as a whole to overcome the constraints of utilizing single personality factors to
predict alcohol usage. Miller, Lynam, Zimmerman, Logan, Leukefeld, & Clayton, 2004; Trobst,
Wiggins, Costa, Herbst, McCrae, & Masters III, 2000; Miller, Lynam, Zimmerman, Logan,
Leukefeld, & Clayton, 2004; Miller, Lynam, Zimmerman, Logan, Leukefeld, & Clayton, 2004;
Miller, Lynam, Zimmerman, Logan, Leukefeld, & Clayton, 2004; Miller, Lynam, Zimmer. As a
result, the current study continues this line of inquiry by evaluating the relationship between
personality and alcohol consumption among students using a comprehensive measure of
personality factors.
LIRATURE REVIEW

The Five Factor Model (FFM)

The FFM is a personality framework or empirical personality theory that was developed
in the 1960s. Allport and Odbert, on the other hand, were the first researchers in 1936 to identify
the trait-descriptive words in the English language (Howard & Howard, 1995). As a result, a
personality metaphor (FFM) was retrieved from the language itself. In 1936 Allport and Odbert
were the first researchers to identify the trait-descriptive words in the English language. During
the previous sixty years, about 4500 words have served as the fundamental starting point for
language-based personality characteristic research.

Neuroticism

Costa and McCrae (1992) mention that Neuroticism evaluates emotional stability and
adjustment. Those who score high on this domain are likely or have a tendency to experience
negative effects such as fear, sadness, embarrassment, anger, guilt, and disgust (Parry & Bennets,
1998). Negative affect (NA) or Neuroticism (Howard & Howard, 1995) has been positively
associated with alcohol use. Those scoring high in Neuroticism consume more substances in
their efforts to reduce negative states or increase positive states of feelings (Cooper, Frone,
Russell, & Mudar, 1995). In short, Donovan (2004) indicates that alcohol is often used by
drinkers as a means of coping with stress, anxiety, or depression. Both anxiety and depression
are facets of Neuroticism domain. Given that substance abusers report high levels of trait anxiety
and distress, substance abuse behaviour itself may be seen as a form of maladaptive coping skill
which serves to reduce negative affect (Blane & Leornard, 1987; Wills & Shiffman, 1985).

Impulsivity too has been associated with the use and misuse of substance. Colder and
Chassin (1997) and Holder (1998) found a significant correlation between impulsivity and
alcohol consumption in young adolescents and the traits of sensation seeking. Since impulsivity
is one of the facets of Neuroticism domain, those who are dominated by or score high on this
facet are not likely to resist temptations because they are controlled by their impulses of which
they regret later (Costa & McCrae, 1992). Individuals dominated by impulsivity are likely to
engage more risky behaviours than those who are not (Holder, 1998). They also tend to have
difficulties abstaining from alcohol because they tend to focus more on short-term gratification
than those who are not taking alcohol (Parry & Bennetts, 1998). On the other hand, low
impulsivity suggests less alcohol use and smoking, which may decrease the likelihood of using
other illicit substances as well.

Extraversion
Ruiz et al. (2003) state that there is a positive relationship between the FFM domain of
Extraversion and alcohol related problems. However, according to Leigh and Stall (1993),
certain thrill-seeking individuals may tend to pursue experiences that involve risky sexual
behavioral patterns as well as substance abuse. Leigh and Stall (1993) have proposed a
personality-based mechanism, in which alcohol use and risk-taking sexual behaviour may both
be indicators of a risk-taking or sensation seeking personality type. Individuals high in sensation-
seeking (excitement-seeking) appear to have a biologically based need for stimulation, an
attraction toward risky behaviours, and greater susceptibility to the reinforcing effects of
pleasurable stimuli, all of which predispose them toward substance abuse (Cloninger, 1994;
Zuckerman, 1993; Zuckerman, Ball, & Black, 1990). Sensation-seeking individuals may be
intuitively drawn to the social environment where alcohol and casual sex partners are readily
available.

Sociability has also been linked to alcohol use amongst students. This statement is based
on different findings (Wills, Sand, & Yeager, 2000; Youniss & Yates, 1997). Miller et al. (2004)
also demonstrated that Extraversion is positively related to the number of sexual partners by age
20, using marijuana or alcohol before or during a sexual encounter and an early sexual debut.
However, these relations intuitively make sense in that sex is inherently a social activity because
it requires a partner. In addition, individuals who are high in Extraversion also tend to be socially
dominant and assertive which may be attractive to potential partners and which may make it
easier to pursue opportunities for sexual relations.
Openness to Experience
The dimension of Openness to Experience has also been linked to or associated with
alcohol use (Ruiz, Pincus & Dickinson, 2003). It has further been related to several sexual
behaviours including having sex without using a condom, having a child at an early age, and
having sex at an early age. Stewart and Devine (2000) theorized that high Openness
(adventurousness, preference for variety) on the NEO PI-R would predict increased levels of
Enhancement-motivated alcohol use. Heuchert et al. (2000) found that there were statistically
significant differences in the mean scores of some domains and facets by race in South Africa,
especially on the Openness to Experience domain, particularly in the feelings facet. The White
subgroup scored relatively high, the Black subgroup relatively low, and the Indian subgroup in
an intermediate range. The authors speculate that these differences are primarily the result of
social, economic, and cultural differences between the races rather than the direct product of race
itself.

Agreeableness
Agreeableness was negatively correlated with both drinking quantity and alcohol
problems, a finding consistent with the heavy consumption drinking patterns seen in
enhancement drinkers (Cooper, 1994). In essence, further corroborative existing research
portrays the abuser of drugs and alcohol as more disagreeable or scoring lower on Agreeableness
(e.g. Ruiz et al., 2003; Walton & Roberts, 2004). An antagonistic interpersonal style,
characterized by deceit, distrust, and a general lack of concern for others, was found to be related
to having more sexual partners when using alcohol and drugs. Individuals who score low in the
Agreeableness FFM domain of personality (being egocentric and/or inconsiderate) were found to
be using alcohol more than those who score high (Theakston, Stewart, Dawson, Knowlden-
Loewen, & Lehman, 2004). According to Kuppens (2005), this domain of Agreeableness and
perceived social esteem are negatively related to trait anger as Samuels et al. (2004) mentioned
that angry hostility correlates with alcohol use. However, according to Jones (1971), Abstainers
also have difficulty with interpersonal relationships (e.g. they may be hostile, distrustful,
inexpressive, and judgmental), which corresponds with being disagreeable in the FFM.

Conscientiousness

Miller et al. (2004) mention that Conscientiousness, an individual's tendency to think

before acting, consider potential consequences, follow through on moral obligations and duties,
and persist in the face of boredom or fatigue, was negatively related to the use of alcohol. Given
the element of deliberation, it is not surprising that individual’s low in Conscientiousness would
use alcohol. Individuals who lack self-discipline and tend to act impulsively might choose to
engage in a potentially more dangerous activity (having sex while intoxicated), rather than
delaying gratification (i.e. waiting until sober). According to Kashdan, Velter, and Collins
(2005), Conscientiousness mostly buffers against alcohol use. Individuals who are conscientious
and low in impulsivity report less alcohol use and smoking, which may decrease their likelihood
of using illicit substances. Highly conscientious individuals have greater feelings of personal
control and are more apt to pursue and attain meaningful life goals. The greater self-regulatory
strength of highly conscientious individuals is expected to offer protection against risky health
behaviours (Friedman, Tucker, Schwartz, Martin, Tomlinson-Keasey, Wingard, & Criqui, 1995).
Specifically, such individuals have a greater likelihood of exerting selfcontrol when exposed to
substances and are therefore, less likely to use them.

ALCOHOL AND CRIME

Statistics from the NCADD Fact Sheet Alcohol and Crime show a correlation between alcohol
and crime.

Among violent crimes, the offender is far more likely to have been drinking than under the
influence of other drugs, with the exception of robberies, where other drugs are likely to have
been used such as alcohol.Alcohol is more likely to be a factor in violence, where the attacker
and the victim know each other. Two-thirds of victims who were attacked by an intimate
(including a current or former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend) reported that alcohol had been
involved, and only 31% of victimizations by strangers are alcohol-related. Nearly 500,000
incidents between intimates involve offenders who have been drinking; in addition, 118,000
incidents of family violence (excluding spouses) involve alcohol, as do 744,000 incidents among
acquaintances.

1.4 million incidents of alcohol-related violence are committed against strangers. Individuals
under age 21 were the victims in just over 13% of incidents of alcohol-related violence, and the
offenders in nearly 9%.70% of alcohol-related incidents of violence occur in the home with
greatest frequency after 11:00 p.m...20% of these incidents involve the use of a weapon other
than hands, fists or feet.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study airs are determining the relationship alcohol to crime incidence. Specially, its
seeks to answer the following problems:

1. What is the profile of household respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Marital status

1.3 Family member

1.4 Food expenditure

1.5 Income

2. What is the effect of alcohol consumption to crime incidence?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1. There is a significant relationship between the profile of the respondent and crime
incidence
2. There is an outcome that can be realized where perpetrators with a pattern of heavy
drinking were more likely to have a history of prior aggressive acts; that is, habitual
heavy drinking seems to be associated with habitual partner violence.
3. There is no longer alcohol consumption that can be treated as an excuse for violence
4. There is an enhanced availability in the form of sale of single-serve containers of
alcohol for off- premises consumption
5. There is a clear examination between alcohol availability and homicides committed
by youth and young adults especially at school of John Paul College

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are enumerated as follows:

 1. To have a clear understanding about the possible outcome of abusing alcohol that leads to
crime.
2. To address awareness to the students through proper investigation about alcohol maltreat.
3. To establish personality traits that can differentiate drinking alcohol in moderation to an
extent drunkenness
4. To understand the relationship between neuroticism, extraversion, openness to
experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness and alcohol consumption

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study provides some insight how to direct preventive interventions toward the factors
that actually motivate students to drink in moderation. Having a deep understanding about the
nature of relationship of alcohol and crime is important. If alcohol consumption does indeed lead
to violent behaviors, then it may be possible to reduce violence through changes in policies that
affect the demand for alcohol. Having information about the connection between alcohol
consumption and crime has led many to suggest possible methods of reducing consumption with
the intention that in return this reduces the problems including criminal behavior associated with
alcohol. Any initiative which decreases total absolute alcohol consumption can be expected to
have a beneficial effect on alcohol related crime.

SCOPE AND LIMINATION OF THE STUDY

This study focused on finding the relationship between alcohol consumption and crime incidence
in the Philippines in year 2012. The study used cross-sectional data in measuring consumption
for individuals or groups gathered from Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES). Panel
data was also used in measuring crime and alcohol including the control variables. Data of crime
was taken from the Philippine Statistical Yearbook a publication of the Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA).

DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Age –refers to the age of the household head who consumed alcohol, measured by years

from birth.

• Family Member- refers to the number of members present in the family (PSA).

• Marital Status- refers to the status of an individual in relation to marriage classified as

married, divorced, separated and widowed (PSA).

• Food Expenditure - refers to the expenses that the household spent for their food in peso
(Php).

• Income- refers to the money that an individual or business receives in exchange for providing

a good or service or through investing capital (Investopedia)

• Murder - The crime of unlawfully killing a person especially with malice. This refers to the

number of people who commit murder.

• Rape – refers to the crime of using force or the threat of force to compel a person to submit to

sexual intercourse. This refers to the number of people who commit rape.

• Homicide - homicide is broader in scope than murder. It refers to an act of killing another

person.

• Physical Injury - refers to the number of people who injure a person’s body.

• Theft- refers to the crime in which a person intentionally takes personal property of another

without permission or consent (www.legaldictionary.com)

• Robbery – refers to the number of people who unlawfully taking the property of another by the

use of violence or intimidation.

• Alcohol consumption – refers to the drinking beer, wine, or

• Unemployment - refers to a phenomenon that occurs when distilled spirits such as gin,

whiskey, or vodka, that contains ethyl alcohol a person who is actively

searching for employment is unable to find work.

• Poverty- refers to not having enough money to meet basic needs including food, clothing and

shelter (Economics and Social Inclusion Corporation).

• GRDP- refers to the aggregate of gross value added (GVA) of all resident producer units in

the region (PSA).

• Gini Coefficient- a measure of the extent to which the distribution of income or expenditure

among families or individuals deviates from a perfectly equal distribution, with limits 0 for

perfect equality and 1 for perfect inequality (PSA).

 CHAPTER 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

There are two process of estimation in order to determine the relationship of the variables used.
The first part of this study measures the characteristics of households that determine alcohol
consumption; these are age, gender, marital status, family member, food expenditure, income,
wear expenditure, educational expenditure and transport cost as shown in Figure 1. The next
phase is the estimation of the effect of alcohol consumption and control variables to crime
incidence. The control variables used in this study are unemployment, poverty, GRDP and Gini
coefficient (Figure 2).

Figure 1. Characteristics of the households that determines alcohol consumption.

Households Characteristics:

 Age

 Marital Status Alcohol Consumption

 Family Member (Expenditure)

 Food Expenditure

 Income

Figure 2. The effect of alcohol consumption to crime incidence.

Alcohol Consumption Crime incidence:

 Crime against person

Control variables:  Murder

 Unemployment  Rape

 Poverty  Homicide

 GRDP  Physical Injury

 Crime against property

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

ALCOLOHISM: THE DESEASE THEORY

Alcoholism is a disease that affects the brain and behavior, which makes it difficult for
people to stop drinking. Alcohol addiction can be triggered by many factors such as genetics,
mental health problems, stress or childhood trauma. It doesn’t discriminate and if you are an
alcoholic then it’s likely that your family members have alcoholism too.

Moreover, Alcoholics Anonymous is a group of people with the same problem:

alcoholism. Alcoholism, as defined by the American Society of Addiction Medicine, is “a
primary, chronic disease characterized by impaired control over drinking and preoccupation with
the drug alcohol.” The definition also states that alcoholism is often progressive and fatal.

An alcoholic’s use of alcohol causes harm or distress, a condition known as an alcohol

use disorder, or AUD, by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Most people
are familiar with alcoholism as a disorder.

Alcohol Disorder can Manifest Itself in the Following Ways:

Feeling the physical need to take liquor

When you stop drinking, you experience withdrawal symptoms

More alcohol is needed to achieve the same effects due to increased tolerance levels.

Being unable to stop drinking once you have started

The life of an alcoholic is focused around alcohol, which is their drug of choice. They spend
much of their time figuring out how to obtain it, drinking it, and recovering from its effects.
Everyone and everything around them suffer the consequences of their actions in one form or
another.It is also supported by the disease theory, in which the disease cause is viewed as a
debilitating illness that can be treated. The best treatment is tailored precisely to the individual
patient, and the presence of loved ones can greatly assist recovery.

The third degree of addiction was commonly viewed as morally wrong and even shunned at the
beginning of the 20th century by the general population as bad individuals. These types of
viewpoints led many medical professionals of the time to oppose the common perception and try
to treat patients rather than dismiss them.

A recent study published by a noted psychiatrist and Director of the Yale Center for Alcohol
Studies E. M. Jellinek has contributed to greatly changing perceptions. In his theory, Jellinek
detailed stages of alcoholism that drinkers pass through in stages. During Jellinek’s lifetime,
there was not a drinker who did not experience alcohol use disorder.

SELF-AWARENESS THEORY

A recent psychological theory (Hull, 1981) suggests that alcohol use may be motivated by a
desire to avoid painful states of self-awareness. Highly self-aware individuals who are receiving
failure feedback are hypothesized to use alcohol to reduce their awareness of negative self-
relevant information. However, data in support of this theory are derived largely from laboratory
studies of adult populations. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the theory in predicting
adolescent drinking behavior in the natural environment. The studies also examined the ability of
the model to account for phenomena of clinical importance, namely, indicators of adolescent
problem drinking and drinking among high-risk adolescents (offspring of problem drinkers).
Results showed that adolescent drinking was predictable as a function of demographic variables,
self-awareness, failure feedback, and a family history of alcohol abuse. However, the predictions
of self-awareness theory were not supported. The results are interpreted with regard to describing
boundary conditions within which self-awareness theory is useful in explaining alcohol
consumption.

INTOXICATION AS A CRIME

Alcohol can severely impact an individual’s judgement, response time, actions, and aggression
level. As a result, an intoxicated individual can put themselves and others in extreme danger of
physical and emotional trauma. To protect everyone, all jurisdictions in the United States make it
a crime to be intoxicated under certain circumstances. The most common include:

Driving Under the Influence (DUI)/Driving While Intoxicated (DWI)

Driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol  is extremely dangerous and often
fatal. Drunk drivers are not capable of reacting quickly enough, and they often make bad
decisions. The penalties associated with DUI are generally the most severe of any intoxication
crime, and can lead to serious financial, professional, and personal difficulties, and possibly even
jail time.

Minor in Possession (MIP)

Alcohol can negatively impact developing brains, leading to lifelong problems. Also, children
and teenagers do not have the mental, emotional, or physical maturity to handle intoxication or
its effects. For this reason, the legal drinking age across most of the United States is 21 (other
than a few jurisdictions where it is 18), and it is a crime for anyone younger than this to possess
alcohol. MIP offenses are especially common in college towns.

Public Intoxication/Drunk in Public

Intoxication can make an individual loud, aggressive, belligerent, and disruptive. This can
seriously disturb others and put them in danger. In order to limit damage, most jurisdictions want
to limit alcohol use to designated areas, such as restaurants, bars, and homes. They therefore
make it illegal to be visibly intoxicated in public places. Public intoxication is often problematic
to prove from a legal perspective, and many jurisdictions use this crime primarily to remove
belligerent drunks from public places and sequester them in a jail cell until they sober up.

Open Container

Because public intoxication can be difficult to prove legally and to effectively prevent anyone
from becoming intoxicated in public, many jurisdictions make it illegal to have an open alcohol
container (that an individual could be drinking out of actively) a crime. Open container laws
generally have the least severe penalties of intoxication crimes.

Crimes Commonly Associated with Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol severely impairs an intoxicated person’s judgment, causing them to take risks and
commit actions that they never would have otherwise. It also makes them more likely to be
talked into something that they otherwise wouldn’t. Alcohol also makes many people belligerent,
angry, and prone to violence. These effects are often magnified when other intoxicated people
are present, who often egg each other on or antagonize each other. This combination of factors
makes it more likely that crimes will be committed. However, in no way does alcohol excuse
illegal behavior, it just makes it more likely. Some of the most common crimes that are more
likely to happen under the context of alcohol include:

Assault

An assault is either a threat of attack backed up by the ability to follow through with the attack or
a physical or verbal attack. Perhaps no crime is more associated with alcohol than assault.
Alcohol increases anger levels and irritability, making it more likely that individuals will want to
commit violence against someone else. Alcohol also reduces impulse control, making it more
likely that an intoxicated individual will follow through. Studies have shown that between 25 and
50% of assaults involve alcohol.
 CHAPTER 3

Plan for data analysis and presentation

Research instrument

we as a researcher we made questionare checklist to gather needed data for the person with
alcohol consumption profile. In the preparation of the instrument. The requirements in the
designing of good of data collection were considered. For instance. Statement describing of
situation and issues pertaining was toned down to accomodate the knowledge preparedness of
the respondents. Open-ended options were provided to accomodate to free formatted views
related to the issue or topics. In this way the instrument is authorized to obtain valid responses.
Preference for the used of structures questionnaire os premised on several research assumption
such, a.)cost of being a least expensive means of gathering data , b.)avoidance of personal bias,
c.) Less pressure for immediate response.

Data gathering

we conduct surveys in odiong roxas oriental mindoro. In order to support the validity pf the data,
interview has been conducted to gather information. We also consulted internet, books and
tutorials that are conducive in developing the system. We have visited to another website to have
detailed research and also read the different materials that are relevant to the study being
conducted. And later chose best printed from those gathered information that would best serve
for we.
QUESTIONNAIRE OF THE RESPONDENT

1. Are age of fifteen below has taking alcohol?

A. YES

B. NO

2. When they divorced earlier they have possible to commit crime?

A. YES

B. NO

3. When father is an alcoholic there is an possible to have a family problem?

A. YES

B. NO

4. Did you think expenses spent for their food can cause a problem?

A. YES

B. NO

5. In general, income is the more important to us?

A. YES

B. NO