1.

With the help of a block diagram explain the scientific research process

Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Ask a Question

The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When,
Who, Which, Why, or Where?

2. Do Background Research

Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a savvy
scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and ensure that you don't
repeat mistakes from the past.

3. Construct a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work. It is an attempt to answer your question with an
explanation that can be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to then make a prediction:
"If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen."

State both your hypothesis and the resulting prediction you will be testing. Predictions must be easy to measure.
4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment

Your experiment tests whether your prediction is accurate and thus your hypothesis is supported or not. It is
important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair test by making sure that you change only one
factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the same.

You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results weren't just an
accident.

5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion

Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if they support your
hypothesis or not.

Scientists often find that their predictions were not accurate and their hypothesis was not supported, and in such
cases they will communicate the results of their experiment and then go back and construct a new hypothesis
and prediction based on the information they learned during their experiment. This starts much of the process of
the scientific method over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was supported, they may want to test it
again in a new way.

6. Communicate Your Results

To complete your science fair project you will communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a
display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a
scientific journal or by presenting their results on a poster or during a talk at a scientific meeting. In a science
fair, judges are interested in your findings regardless of whether or not they support your original hypothesis.

2. Explain the structure of a research paper.

Experimental process Section of Paper

What did I do in a nutshell? Abstract

What is the problem? Introduction

How did I solve the problem? Materials and Methods

What did I find out? Results

What does it mean? Discussion

Who helped me out? Acknowledgments (optional)

Whose work did I refer to? References

Extra Information Appendices (optional)

Abstract: What did I do in a nutshell?
One-paragraph summary of the entire study Typically no more than 250 words in length (and in many cases it
is well shorter than that), the Abstract provides an overview of the study.

Introduction: What is the problem?

The first major section of text in the paper, the Introduction commonly describes the topic under investigation,
summarizes or discusses relevant prior research identifies unresolved issues that the current research will
address, and provides an overview of the research that is to be described in greater detail in the sections to
follow.

Materials and Methods: How did I solve the problem?

A section which details how the research was performed. It typically features a description of the
participants/subjects that were involved, the study design, the materials that were used, and the study
procedure. If there were multiple experiments, then each experiment may require a separate Methods
section. A rule of thumb is that the Methods section should be sufficiently detailed for another researcher to
duplicate your research.

Results: What did I find out?

A section which describes the data that was collected and the results of any statistical tests that were
performed. It may also be prefaced by a description of the analysis procedure that was used. If there were
multiple experiments, then each experiment may require a separate Results section.

Discussion: What does it mean?

The final major section of text in the paper. The Discussion commonly features a summary of the results that
were obtained in the study, describes how those results address the topic under investigation and/or the issues
that the research was designed to address, and may expand upon the implications of those findings. Limitations
and directions for future research are also commonly addressed.

Acknowledgments: Who helped me out?

This section is devoted to thanking any persons or institutions that made the research possible.

References: Whose work did I refer to?

The references page should acknowledge all the resources used for obtaining information. The resource should
be cited according to either APA or CBE guidelines.

Appendices: Extra Information

Supplementary information (optional) – in some cases, additional information that is not critical to
understanding the research paper, such as a list of experiment stimuli, details of a secondary analysis, or
programming code, is provided. This is often placed in an Appendix.

3. Explain in detail the various sampling techniques

Deliberate sampling or non-probability sampling - Deliberate selection of particular units of the universe for
constituting a sample which represents the universe.

In systematic sampling, you select sample elements from an ordered frame. A sampling frame is just a list of
participants that you want to get a sample from. For example, in the equal-probability method, choose an
element from a list and then choose every kth element using the equation k = N\n. Small “n” denotes the sample
size and capital “N” equals the size of the population.
Simple Random Sampling chance sampling or probability sampling : Select items completely randomly, so
that each element has the same probability of being chosen as any other element. Each subset of elements has
the same probability of being chosen as any other subset of k elements.

In stratified sampling, sample each subpopulation independently. First, divide the population into
homogeneous (very similar) subgroups before getting the sample. Each population member only belongs to one
group. Then apply simple random or a systematic method within each group to choose the sample. Stratified
Randomization: a sub-type of stratified used in clinical trials. First, divide patients into strata, then randomize
with permuted block randomization.

4. Define hypothesis and write the main steps to develop the hypothesis.
A hypothesis is a tentative assumption drawn from practical knowledge or theory. A hypothesis is used as a
guide in the inquiry of other facts or theories that a researcher does not know. However, the formulation of the
hypothesis is one of the most difficult steps in the entire scientific research process.

1. Define Variables
2. Study In-Depth the Variables
3. Specify the Nature of Relationship
4. Identify Study Population
5. Make Sure Variables are Testable

5. Differentiate between descriptive analysis and inferential analysis.

Descriptive Statistics

It describes the important characteristics/ properties of the data using the measures the central tendency like
mean/ median/mode and the measures of dispersion like range, standard deviation, variance etc.Data can be
summarized and represented in an accurate way using charts, tables and graphs.

Inferential Statistics

It is about using data from sample and then making inferences about the larger population from which the
sample is drawn. The goal of the inferential statistics is to draw conclusions from a sample and generalize them
to the population. It determines the probability of the characteristics of the sample using probability theory. The
most common methodologies used are hypothesis tests, Analysis of variance etc.

Descriptive vs Inferential statistics

6. Describe the main types of Patents?

Different types of patent applications exist so that inventors can protect different kinds of inventions.

Utility patent. This is what most people think of when they think about a patent. It's a long, technical
document that teaches the public how to use a new machine, process, or system. The kinds of inventions
protected by utility patents are defined by Congress. New technologies like genetic engineering and internet-
delivered software are challenging the boundaries of what kinds of inventions can receive utility patent
protection.

Provisional patent. United States law allows inventors to file a less formal document that proves the
inventor was in possession of the invention and had adequately figured out how to make the invention work.
Once that is on file, the invention is patent pending. If, however, the inventor fails to file a formal utility patent
within a year from filing the provisional patent, he or she will lose this filing date. Any public disclosures made
relying on that provisional patent application will now count as public disclosures to the United States Patent
and Trademark Office (USPTO).

Design patent. This patent offer protection for an ornamental design on a useful item. The shape of a bottle
or the design of a shoe, for example, can be protected by a design patent. The document itself is almost entirely
made of pictures or drawings of the design on the useful item. Design patents are notoriously difficult to search
simply because there are very few words used in a design patent. In recent years, software companies have used
design patents to protect elements of user interfaces and even the shape of touchscreen devices.

Plant patent. Just what it sounds like, a plant patent protects new kinds of plants produced by cuttings or
other nonsexual means. Plant patents generally do not cover genetically modified organisms and focus more on
conventional horticulture.

7. Briefly explain the difference between copyright and patent.

Copyright

Copyrights protect the expression of ideas. Artistic works are generally considered to be expressions of ideas –
books, paintings, songs, movies, and computer programs are examples. Copyright will not protect the process
through which a particular work was created or the use of information within it (instructions, etc.).

Patent

A patent is a right, granted by the government, to exclude others from making, using, or selling your invention.
Patents protect inventions such as new processes, machines, or chemicals. The central idea is that patents
protect ideas, not just expressions of them. The main effect of patents is to give their holders the right to
challenge any use of the invention by a third party. He thereby gave a temporary monopoly of exploitation
which can be understood as a financial incentive for inventive industrial activities.

Example
Cookbooks are often used to illustrate the difference between the expression of an idea and the idea itself.
Cookbooks cannot be reproduced without permission because they are an expression of ideas (the recipes).
However, people can still follow the recipes in the cookbook because they are replicating the ideas contained in
the literary work. If the recipes were protected by a patent, users would need permission to follow them, since
patents protect particular ideas from being used without authorization.
8. Which is the specialized agency of UN whose purpose is to promote IPR worldwide?
Give a brief introduction to the agency.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) became a specialized agency of the UN system in 1967. It
originated from the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI), constituted
in 1893, which was set up primarily to safe-guard and promote intellectual property (IP) to encourage creativity
without it being stolen. This is ensured by many legal provisions and rules. Currently, WIPO has 192 member
states and its headquarter is in Geneva, Switzerland. Some of the WIPO treaties are:

• WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)

• Madrid Protocol for the International Registration of Marks
• Marrakesh Treaty
• WIPO Copyright Treaty

9. What is meant by plagiarism? List its various types. Describe any two plagiarism
analysis tools.

• to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
• to use (another's production) without crediting the source
• to commit literary theft
• to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source
In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it
afterward.

1. Direct Plagiarism
2. Self -Plagiarism
3. Mosaic Plagiarism
4. Accidental Plagiarism

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10. Discuss the various types of Literature reviews?

Narrative literature review critiques the literature and summarizes the body of a literature. Narrative review
also draws conclusions about the topic and identifies gaps or inconsistencies in a body of knowledge. You need
to have a sufficiently focused research question to conduct a narrative literature review.

Systematic literature review requires more rigorous and well-defined approach compared to most other types
of literature review. Systematic literature review is comprehensive and details the timeframe within which the
literature was selected. Systematic literature review can be divided into two categories: meta-analysis and meta-
synthesis.

When you conduct meta-analysis you take findings from several studies on the same subject and analyze these
using standardized statistical procedures. In meta-analysis patterns and relationships are detected and
conclusions are drawn. Meta-analysis is associated with deductive research approach.

Meta-synthesis, on the other hand, is based on non-statistical techniques. This technique integrates, evaluates
and interprets findings of multiple qualitative research studies. Meta-synthesis literature review is conducted
usually when following inductive research approach.

Argumentative literature review, as the name implies, examines literature selectively in order to support or
refute an argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the literature.
It should be noted that a potential for bias is a major shortcoming associated with argumentative literature
review.

Integrative literature review reviews, critiques, and synthesizes secondary data about research topic in an
integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. If your research does not
involve primary data collection and data analysis, then using integrative literature review will be your only
option.

Theoretical literature review focuses on a pool of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept,
theory, phenomena. Theoretical literature reviews play an instrumental role in establishing what theories
already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and
to develop new hypotheses to be tested.

Historical Review Few things rest in isolation from historical precedent. Historical reviews are focused on
examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory,
phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The
purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to
identify the likely directions for future research.

Methodological Review A review does not always focus on what someone said [content], but how they said it
[method of analysis]. This approach provides a framework of understanding at different levels (i.e. those of
theory, substantive fields, research approaches, and data collection and analysis techniques), enables researchers
to draw on a wide variety of knowledge ranging from the conceptual level to practical documents for use in
fieldwork in the areas of ontological and epistemological consideration, quantitative and qualitative integration,
sampling, interviewing, data collection and data analysis, and helps highlight many ethical issues which we
should be aware of and consider as we go through our study.