WIRE

MICROWAVES –

It uses high frequency radio signals to transmit data through the air. The transmitter and receiver of a
microwave system should be in line of sight because the radio signal can not bend.
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be properly aligned with
each other. For this reason, transmitting and receiving antenna must be placed on tall buildings or towers ,
hills and mountain peaks. With microwave very long distance transmission is not possible. The distance
covered by the signal is directly proportional to the height of the antenna. In order to overcome the
problem of shorter distance , repeaters are used at intervals of 25 to 30 kilometers apart. When one
repeating tower receives signal, it amplifies the signal and sends it to next tower. The frequency at which
microwave radio signals are transmitted is commonly called Radio frequency. Frequency Range:1GHz –
300GHz. These are majorly used for mobile phone communication and television distribution.
INFRARED(IR) –

It is used for short range communication in a closed area using line- of- sight communication. As infrared
signals have high frequency , it can not penetrate the wall. So it prevents interference of one system to
another system. It is mainly used in the wireless remote control , TV remote, wireless LAN , wireless mouse
and keyboard. It can not be used outside the building because sun rays contain infrared waves that can
interfere with communication.
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. This prevents interference between
systems. Frequency Range:300GHz – 400THz.
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

• Satellite communication is the most common worldwide communication system at present. It uses a
satellite as a repeater. The word satellite refers to an object that revolves around the earth or any other
body in the space. Example : Moon is a natural satellite , thousands of artificial(man-made) satellites
revolving around the earth . The satellite is the repeater that orbits in space. Satellite communication
systems have receivers and transmitters located in ground stations. In this communication, the
microwave signal is transmitted from a transmitter on earth to the satellite at space. The satellite
amplifies the weak signal and transmits it back to the receiver. Satellite communications tend to use
high frequency signals: Ultra High Frequency (UHF), 300 MHz - 3 GHz and Super High Frequency (SHF), 3
- 30 GHz.
• The idea of satellite communication was conceived by Arthur C. Clarke a famous British science writer in
year 1945.
• The 1st man made satellite(Sputnik 1) was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.
• Satellites are specifically made for telecommunication purpose.
• They are used for mobile applications, Radio & TV broadcasting , weather forecasting, Military satellite ,
Satellites for Navigation etc.
ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION:

Advantages of Satellite communication:

• satellite communication independent of location.
• It is used in wide variety of applications such as global mobile communication, Long distance telephone
transmission, weather forecasting, radio/TV signal broadcasting, gathering intelligence in military,
navigation of ships and air crafts, connecting remote areas, television distribution etc.
Disadvantages:
• Design, development, investment and insurance of satellite requires higher cost.
• Satellites are not easy to repair and maintain.
Thank you

Sanjeev katuwal